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Kirschner S, Yuan K, Ingleson MJ. Haloboration: scope, mechanism and utility. NEW J CHEM 2021; 45:14855-14868. [PMID: 34483652 PMCID: PMC8381870 DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02908d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Haloboration, the addition of B–X (X = Cl, Br, I) across an unsaturated moiety e.g., C
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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Y or C
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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Y (Y = C, N, etc.), is dramatically less utilised than the ubiquitous hydroboration reaction. However, haloboration of alkynes in particular is a useful tool to access ambiphilic 1,2-disubstituted alkenes. The stereochemical outcome of the reaction is easily controlled and the resulting products have proven to be valuable building blocks in organic synthesis and materials chemistry. This review aims at providing the reader with a brief summary of the historic development and of the current mechanistic understanding of this transformation. Recent developments are discussed and select examples demonstrating the use of haloboration products are given with a focus on the major areas, specifically, natural product synthesis and the development of boron-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (B-PAHs). Haloboration is a mostly overlooked technique, yet it is a powerful way of transforming alkynes stereoselectively into difunctionalised ambiphilic alkenes, which readily undergo a plethora of highly useful subsequent reactions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kirschner
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Kang Yuan
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Michael J Ingleson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
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2
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Haupa KA, Chen KP, Li YK, Lee YP. Infrared Spectra of ( Z)- and ( E)- •C 2H 3C(CH 3)I Radicals Produced upon Photodissociation of ( Z)- and ( E)-(CH 2I)HC═C(CH 3)I in Solid para-Hydrogen. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5887-5895. [PMID: 32551662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ozonolysis of isoprene to produce Criegee intermediates such as methyl vinyl ketone oxide (MVKO), C2H3C(CH3)OO, is an important process in atmospheric chemistry. MVKO was recently produced and identified in laboratories after photolysis of a gaseous mixture of 1,3-diiodo-but-2-ene, (CH2I)HC═C(CH3)I, and O2, but the mechanism of its formation remains unexplored. We synthesized pure (Z)- and (E)-1,3-diiodo-but-2-ene and measured their distinct IR spectra. Upon irradiation at 280 nm of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-diiodo-but-2-ene in solid p-H2 at 3.3 K, the fission of the terminal C-I bond yields (Z)- and (E)-3-iodo-but-2-en-1-yl [•C2H3C(CH3)I] radicals, respectively. These radicals were characterized with infrared absorption lines at 2962.4, 1423.8, 1265.3, 1120.9/1127.0, 921.4/922.3, and 792.5/791.7 cm-1, and 16 additional weaker lines for (Z)-•C2H3C(CH3)I and 1405.2, 1208.2, 1106.0/1103.9, 934.2/933.4, and 785.1/784.9 cm-1 and five additional weaker ones for (E)-•C2H3C(CH3)I. The assignments were derived according to behavior on secondary photolysis and comparison of the vibrational wavenumbers and the IR intensities of observed lines with those calculated with the B2PLYP-D3/aug-cc-pVTZ-pp method. These observations confirmed that only the terminal I atom, not the central one, was photodissociated at 280 nm and, in solid p-H2, the excess energy after photodissociation induced no change in conformation. These new spectra of •C2H3C(CH3)I radicals can provide valuable information for the understanding of the mechanism of formation of Criegee intermediate MVKO from the source reaction of photolysis of (CH2I)HC═C(CH3)I in O2 in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Anna Haupa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Po Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Kuen Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.,Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Pern Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.,Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.,Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Allred TK, Manoni F, Harran PG. Exploring the Boundaries of “Practical”: De Novo Syntheses of Complex Natural Product-Based Drug Candidates. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11994-12051. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler K. Allred
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles
E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Francesco Manoni
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles
E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Patrick G. Harran
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles
E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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4
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Hügel HM, Smith AT, Rizzacasa MA. Macrolactam analogues of macrolide natural products. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:11301-11316. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02149b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The chemical modification of macrolide natural products into aza- or lactam analogues is a strategy employed to improve their metabolic stability and biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut M. Hügel
- School of Science & Biomedical and Health Innovations Enabling Capability Platform
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Andrew T. Smith
- Griffith Sciences
- Gold Coast campus
- Griffith University
- Australia
| | - Mark A. Rizzacasa
- School of Chemistry
- the Bio21 Institute
- The University of Melbourne
- Australia
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5
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Zhang Q, Jing Y, Myles DC, Li Y, Chen Y. Carboalumination-Epoxide Ring Opening for the Formation of 1,4-Disubstituted (Z)-3,6-Alkadienols. CHINESE J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201300235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Nandy JP, Prakesch M, Khadem S, Reddy PT, Sharma U, Arya P. Advances in Solution- and Solid-Phase Synthesis toward the Generation of Natural Product-like Libraries. Chem Rev 2009; 109:1999-2060. [DOI: 10.1021/cr800188v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti P. Nandy
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael Prakesch
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Shahriar Khadem
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - P. Thirupathi Reddy
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Utpal Sharma
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Prabhat Arya
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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7
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Mulzer J, Prantz K. Total synthesis of epothilones A-F. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2009; 90:55-133. [PMID: 19209841 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-78207-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johann Mulzer
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Wien, Wien, Austria.
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8
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Altmann KH. Preclinical pharmacology and structure-activity studies of epothilones. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2009; 90:157-220. [PMID: 19209843 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-78207-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland.
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9
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Mulzer J, Altmann KH, Höfle G, Müller R, Prantz K. Epothilones – A fascinating family of microtubule stabilizing antitumor agents. CR CHIM 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Altmann KH, Memmert K. Epothilones as lead structures for new anticancer drugs--pharmacology, fermentation, and structure-activity-relationships. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2008; 66:273, 275-334. [PMID: 18416309 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8595-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epothilones (Epo's) A and B are naturally occurring microtubule-stabilizers, which inhibit the growth of human cancer cells in vitro at low nM or sub-nM concentrations. In contrast to taxol (paclitaxel, Taxol) epothilones are also active against different types of multidrug-resistant cancer cell lines in vitro and against multidrug-resistant tumors in vivo. Their attractive preclinical profile has made epothilones important lead structures in the search for improved cytotoxic anticancer drugs and Epo B (EPO906, patupilone) is currently undergoing Phase III clinical trials. Numerous synthetic and semisynthetic analogs have been prepared since the absolute stereochemistry of epothilones was first disclosed in mid-1996 and their in vitro biological activity has been determined. Apart from generating a wealth of SAR information, these efforts have led to the identification of at least six compounds (in addition to Epo B), which are currently at various stages of clinical evaluation in humans. The most advanced of these compounds, Epo B lactam BMS-247550 (ixabepilone), has recently obtained FDA approval for the treatment of metastatic and advanced breast cancer. This chapter will first provide a summary of the basic features of the biological profile of Epo B in vitro and in vivo. This will be followed by a review of the processes that have been developed for the fermentative production of Epo B. The main part of the chapter will focus on the most relevant aspects of the epothilone SAR with regard to effects on tubulin polymerization, in vitro antiproliferative activity, and in vivo antitumor activity. Particular emphasis will be placed on work conducted in the authors' own laboratories, but data from other groups will also be included. In a final section, the current status of those epothilone analogs undergoing clinical development will be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Switzerland.
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11
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Ley SV, Sheppard TD, Myers RM, Chorghade MS. Chiral Glycolate Equivalents for the Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Hydroxycarbonyl Compounds. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.80.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Fürstner A, Fenster MDB, Fasching B, Godbout C, Radkowski K. Toward the total synthesis of spirastrellolide A. Part 2: Conquest of the northern hemisphere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:5510-5. [PMID: 16906500 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200601655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
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13
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Abstract
The aldol reaction is one of the most important methods for the stereoselective construction of polyketide natural products, not only for nature but also for synthetic chemistry. The tremendous development in the field of aldol additions during the last 30 years has led to more and more total syntheses of complicated natural products. This Review illustrates by means of selected syntheses of natural products the new variants of the aldol addition. This includes aldol additions with various metal enolates, as well as metal-complex-catalyzed, organocatalytic, and biocatalytic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schetter
- Chemisches Institut, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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14
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15
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Andrus MB, Hicken EJ, Stephens JC, Bedke DK. Total Synthesis of the Hydroxyketone Kurasoin A Using Asymmetric Phase-Transfer Alkylation. J Org Chem 2006; 71:8651-4. [PMID: 17064051 DOI: 10.1021/jo061395t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor kurasoin A has been achieved using a novel asymmetric phase-transfer-catalyzed glycolate alkylation reaction. 2,5-Dimethoxyacetophenone 7 with cinchonidinium catalyst 9(10 mol %) and hydroxide base with pivaloyl benzyl bromide 8 provided S-alkylation product 10 in high yield (80-99%) and excellent enantioselectivity. Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, Weinreb amide formation, and benzyl Grignard addition to the TES-ether 17 gave the protected target. Lithium hydroxide and peroxide generated kurasoin A ([alpha](D) +8.4 degrees ) without isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merritt B Andrus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602-5700, USA.
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16
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Fürstner A, Fenster MDB, Fasching B, Godbout C, Radkowski K. Toward the Total Synthesis of Spirastrellolide A. Part 2: Conquest of the Northern Hemisphere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200601655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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18
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Altmann KH, Flörsheimer A, O'Reilly T, Wartmann M. 4. The natural products epothilones A and B as lead structures for anticancer drug discovery: chemistry, biology, and SAR studies. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2005; 42:171-205. [PMID: 15003721 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(04)42004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Corporate Research, CH-4002 Basel, WKL-136.5.22, Switzerland
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19
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Rivkin A, Chou TC, Danishefsky SJ. Der Weg zu Fludelon: ein Tumortherapeutikum mit außergewöhnlichen Eigenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Rivkin A, Chou TC, Danishefsky SJ. On the Remarkable Antitumor Properties of Fludelone: How We Got There. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:2838-50. [PMID: 15880547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule natural products are presumably often biosynthesized with a view to optimizing their ability to bind to strategic proteins or other biomolecular targets. Although the ultimate setting in which a drug must function may be very different, the use of such natural products as lead compounds can serve as a significant head start in the hunt for new agents of clinical value. Herein we reveal the synergistic relationship between chemical synthesis and drug optimization in the context of our research program around the epothilones: how synthesis led to the discovery of more-potent epothilone derivatives, and discovery inspired the development of new synthetic routes, thus demonstrating the value of target-directed total synthesis in the quest for new substances of material clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Rivkin
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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21
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Broadrup RL, Sundar HM, Swindell CS. Total synthesis of 12,13-desoxyepothilone B (Epothilone D). Bioorg Chem 2005; 33:116-33. [PMID: 15788167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Revised: 10/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A highly convergent total synthesis of 12,13-desoxyepothilone B (4, Epothilone D) is described involving the coupling of vinyl iodide (5) and olefin (6). Key steps in the synthesis are the introduction of chirality at C15 via highly enantioselective lipase-mediated enzymatic resolution, diastereoselective alkylation at C8, highly diastereoselective Evans aldol reaction to establish C6-C7, and Mukaiyama aldol reaction to introduce chiral center C3. Palladium catalyzed Suzuki coupling of (5) and (6) provided the methyl ester (27), which was converted to 12,13-desoxyepothilone B (4).
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Scheid G, Ruijter E, Konarzycka-Bessler M, Bornscheuer UT, Wessjohann LA. Synthesis and resolution of a key building block for epothilones: a comparison of asymmetric synthesis, chemical and enzymatic resolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Rivkin A, Yoshimura F, Gabarda AE, Chou TC, Dong H, Tong WP, Danishefsky SJ. Complex target-oriented total synthesis in the drug discovery process: the discovery of a highly promising family of second generation epothilones. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:2899-901. [PMID: 12617656 DOI: 10.1021/ja029695p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of a family of (E)-9,10-dehydro derivatives of epothilone D (i.e., 12,13-desoxyepothilone B) is described. The route is particularly concise and amenable to production of new congeners. Furthermore, the chemistry described herein constitutes a major simplification in the total synthesis of EpoD, which is in human clinical trials. This new family of epothilones shows major advantages in terms of their potency and pharmacostability relative to the wild-type saturated analogues in the D series. From the perspective of compound availability through synthesis, potency, and pharmacokinetic properties, these compounds could well warrant advancement to clinical evaluation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Rivkin
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Rivkin A, Biswas K, Chou TC, Danishefsky SJ. On the introduction of a trifluoromethyl substituent in the epothilone setting: chemical issues related to ring forming olefin metathesis and earliest biological findings. Org Lett 2002; 4:4081-4. [PMID: 12423091 DOI: 10.1021/ol0268283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The disclosure herein describes the synthesis of 10,11-dehydro-13,14-desoxy-27-trifluoro-[17]epothilone B via a stereoselective ring-closing metathesis and provides early biological evaluation data pertinent to this compound. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Rivkin
- Laboratories for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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25
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Rivkin A, Njardarson JT, Biswas K, Chou TC, Danishefsky SJ. Total syntheses of [17]- and [18]dehydrodesoxyepothilones B via a concise ring-closing metathesis-based strategy: correlation of ring size with biological activity in the epothilone series. J Org Chem 2002; 67:7737-40. [PMID: 12398497 DOI: 10.1021/jo0204294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A convergent ring-closing metathesis strategy has been employed for the highly concise syntheses of 10,11-dehydro-13,14-[17]desoxyepothilone B ([17]ddEpoB) and 10,11-dehydro-14,15-[18]desoxyepothilone B ([18]ddEpoB), which are 17- and 18-membered ring homologues of 10,11-dehydro-12,13-desoxyepothilone B ([16]ddEpoB or epothilone 490). We have demonstrated that the ring-closing metathesis (RCM) provides [17]ddEpoB or [18]ddEpoB with a high level of stereocontrol in the generation of the desired olefin in the products. These analogues were evaluated for antitumor activity. The results from the in vitro assays revealed that the [17]ddEpoB analogue is highly active against various tumor cell lines with a potency comparable to that of [16]ddEpoB. This is the first example of a 17-membered ring macrolactone epothilone that has retained its antitumor activity. In contrast, the biological data revealed that [18]ddEpoB is significantly less active than either [17]ddEpoB or the parent [16]ddEpoB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Rivkin
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Preclinical Pharmacology Core Facility and Analytical Pharmacology Core Facility, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Biswas K, Lin H, Njardarson JT, Chappell MD, Chou TC, Guan Y, Tong WP, He L, Horwitz SB, Danishefsky SJ. Highly concise routes to epothilones: the total synthesis and evaluation of epothilone 490. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:9825-32. [PMID: 12175242 DOI: 10.1021/ja0262333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A concise modular laboratory construction of the epothilone class of promising antitumor agents has been accomplished. For the first time in the epothilone area, the new synthesis exploits the power of ring-closing olefin metathesis (RCM) in a stereospecific way. Previous attempts at applying RCM to epothilone syntheses have been repeatedly plagued by complete lack of stereocontrol in the generation of the desired 12,13-olefin geometry in the products. The isolation of epothilone 490 (3) prompted us to reevaluate the utility of the RCM procedure for fashioning the 10,11-olefin, with the Z-12,13-olefin geometry already in place. Olefin metathesis of the triene substrate 12 afforded the product diene macrolide in stereoselective fashion. For purposes of greater synthetic convergency, the C3-(S)-alcohol was fashioned late in the synthesis, using chiral titanium-mediated aldol conditions with the entire O-alkyl fragment as a C15 acetate as the enolate component. Examination of the effects of protecting groups on the RCM process showed that deprotection of the C7 alcohol has a beneficial effect on the reaction yield. Performing the RCM as the last synthetic step in the sequence afforded a 64% yield of only the desired E-olefin. Selective diimide reduction of the new 10,11-olefin yielded 12,13-desoxyepothilone B, our current clinical candidate, demonstrating the utility of this new RCM-reduction protocol in efficiently generating the epothilone framework. Furthermore, the new olefin was selectively funtionalized to demonstrate the advantage conferred by this route for the construction of new analogues for SAR studies, in cytoxicity and microtubule affinity screens. Also described is the surprisingly poor in vivo performance of epothilone 490 in xenografts in the light of very promising in vitro data. This disappointing outcome was traced to unfavorable pharmacokinetic features of the drug in murine plasma. By the pharmacokinetic criteria, the prognosis for the effectiveness of 3 in humans is, in principle, much more promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Biswas
- Bioorganic Chemistry, Preclinical Pharmacology Core Facility and Analytical Pharmacology Core Facility, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Chou TC, O'Connor OA, Tong WP, Guan Y, Zhang ZG, Stachel SJ, Lee C, Danishefsky SJ. The synthesis, discovery, and development of a highly promising class of microtubule stabilization agents: curative effects of desoxyepothilones B and F against human tumor xenografts in nude mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:8113-8. [PMID: 11438750 PMCID: PMC35476 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.131153098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have evaluated two synthetic epothilone analogues lacking the 12,13-epoxide functionality, 12,13-desoxyepothilone B (dEpoB), and 12,13-desoxyepothilone F (dEpoF). The concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition (IC(50)) for a variety of anticancer agents were measured in CCRF-CEM/VBL1000 cells (2,048-fold resistance to vinblastine). By using dEpoB, dEpoF, aza-EpoB, and paclitaxel, the IC(50) values were 0.029, 0.092, 2.99, and 5.17 microM, respectively. These values represent 4-, 33.5-, 1,423- and 3,133-fold resistance, respectively, when compared with the corresponding IC(50) in the parent [nonmultiple drug-resistant (MDR)] CCRF-CEM cells. We then produced MDR human lung carcinoma A549 cells by continuous exposure of the tumor cells to sublethal concentrations of dEpoB (1.8 yr), vinblastine (1.2 yr), and paclitaxel (1.8 yr). This continued exposure led to the development of 2.1-, 4,848-, and 2,553-fold resistance to each drug, respectively. The therapeutic effect of dEpoB and paclitaxel was also compared in vivo in a mouse model by using various tumor xenografts. dEpoB is much more effective in reducing tumor sizes in all MDR tumors tested. Analysis of dEpoF, an analog possessing greater aqueous solubility than dEpoB, showed curative effects similar to dEpoB against K562, CCRF-CEM, and MX-1 xenografts. These results indicate that dEpoB and dEpoF are efficacious antitumor agents with both a broad chemotherapeutic spectrum and wide safety margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Chou
- Preclinical Pharmacology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Stachel SJ, Lee CB, Spassova M, Chappell MD, Bornmann WG, Danishefsky SJ, Chou TC, Guan Y. On the interactivity of complex synthesis and tumor pharmacology in the drug discovery process: total synthesis and comparative in vivo evaluations of the 15-aza epothilones. J Org Chem 2001; 66:4369-78. [PMID: 11397179 DOI: 10.1021/jo010275c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The total syntheses of 12,13,15-desoxy-15(S)-aza-epothilone B (aza-dEpoB; dEpoB-lactam) and 12,13,15-desoxy-15(R)-aza-epothilone B (15-epi-aza-dEpoB; 15-epi-dEpoB-lactam) have been accomplished via a highly convergent strategy. We have also successfully oxidized 12,13,15-desoxy-15(S)-aza-epothilone B to aza-epothilone B (aza-EpoB; EpoB-lactam). Aza-epothilone B has been advanced to phase I clinical trials by the Bristol-Myers Squibb group. Our synthesis is efficient and was amenable to the production of significant quantities of these lactams. Using our fully synthetically derived lactams, in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted in comparison with advanced clinical candidates, 12,13-desoxyepothilone B and 12,13-desoxyepothilone F, also derived by total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Stachel
- Laboratories for Bioorganic Chemistry, Preclinical Pharmacology, and the Preparative Synthesis Core Facility, The Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer, Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
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29
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Lee CB, Wu Z, Zhang F, Chappell MD, Stachel SJ, Chou TC, Guan Y, Danishefsky SJ. Insights into long-range structural effects on the stereochemistry of aldol condensations: a practical total synthesis of desoxyepothilone F. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:5249-59. [PMID: 11457387 DOI: 10.1021/ja010039j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A processable total synthesis of a potent antitumor agent, desoxyepothilone F (dEpoF, 21-hydroxy-12,13-desoxyepothilone B, 21-hydroxyepothilone D), has been accomplished. The route is highly convergent. The new technology has also been applied to a total synthesis of 12,13-desoxyepothilone (dEpoB). The crucial point of departure from previous syntheses of dEpoB and dEpoF involves presentation of the C1-C11 sector for Suzuki coupling with C3 in reduced form. Hitherto, the required S stereochemistry at C3 had been implemented via reduction of a keto function after Suzuki coupling. Whereas that chemistry worked quite well in a synthesis of dEpoB, it was not transferable to a high-yielding synthesis of dEpoF. The reduction of the keto group at C3 via a Noyori protocol after Suzuki coupling had proved to be very difficult. In our current approach, two consecutive aldol reactions are used to fashion the acyl sector. In the first aldol condensation, C6 becomes attached to C7. Following protection at C7, a two-carbon acetate equivalent is used to join C2 and C3 with very high asymmetric induction at C3. Only after this center has been implemented is the Suzuki reaction conducted. This major advance allowed us to synthesize dEpoF in a straightforward fashion. These findings found ready application in the total synthesis of dEpoB. Another part of the study involved analysis of the factors associated with aldol condensations joining C6 to C7. In the work described herein, the consequences of the status of C3 in promoting the C6-C7 aldol coupling are probed in detail. Dramatic stereochemical long-range effects uncovered during the study are described, and a working model to explain these effects has emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Lee
- Contribution from The Laboratories for Bioorganic Chemistry, and Preclinical Pharmacology, The Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Sinha SC, Sun J, Miller GP, Wartmann M, Lerner RA. Catalytic Antibody Route to the Naturally Occurring Epothilones: Total Synthesis of Epothilones A-F. Chemistry 2001; 7:1691-702. [PMID: 11349910 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010417)7:8<1691::aid-chem16910>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring epothilones have been synthesized starting from enantiomerically pure aldol compounds 9-11, which were obtained by antibody catalysis. Aldolase antibody 38C2 catalyzed the resolution of (+/-)-9 by enantioselective retro-aldol reaction to afford 9 in 90% ee at 50 % conversion. Compounds 10 and 11 were obtained in more than 99% ee at 50% conversion by resolution of their racemic mixtures using newly developed aldolase antibodies 84G3, 85H6 or 93F3. Compounds 9, 10 and 11 were resolved in multigram quantities and then converted to the epothilones by metathesis processes, which were catalyzed by Grubbs' catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Sinha
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Methodology Based on Chiral Silanes in the Synthesis of Polypropionate‐Derived Natural Products − Total Synthesis of Epothilone A. European J Org Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200105)2001:9<1701::aid-ejoc1701>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Wu Z, Zhang F, Danishefsky SJ. Subtle Variations in the Long-Range Transmission of Stereochemical Information: Matched and Mismatched Aldol Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20001215)112:24<4679::aid-ange4679>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wu Z, Zhang F, Danishefsky SJ. Subtle Variations in the Long-Range Transmission of Stereochemical Information: Matched and Mismatched Aldol Reactions This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (Grant Nos. CA-28824 and HL-25848). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000; 39:4505-4508. [PMID: 11169651 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20001215)39:24<4505::aid-anie4505>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhicai Wu
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University Havemeyer Hall, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027 (USA)
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