1
|
Mokady D, Charish J, Barretto-Burns P, Grisé KN, Coles BLK, Raab S, Ortin-Martinez A, Müller A, Fasching B, Jain P, Drukker M, van der Kooy D, Steger M. Small-Molecule-Directed Endogenous Regeneration of Visual Function in a Mammalian Retinal Degeneration Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1521. [PMID: 38338800 PMCID: PMC10855388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Degenerative retinal diseases associated with photoreceptor loss are a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide, with limited treatment options. Phenotypic profiling coupled with medicinal chemistry were used to develop a small molecule with proliferative effects on retinal stem/progenitor cells, as assessed in vitro in a neurosphere assay and in vivo by measuring Msx1-positive ciliary body cell proliferation. The compound was identified as having kinase inhibitory activity and was subjected to cellular pathway analysis in non-retinal human primary cell systems. When tested in a disease-relevant murine model of adult retinal degeneration (MNU-induced retinal degeneration), we observed that four repeat intravitreal injections of the compound improved the thickness of the outer nuclear layer along with the regeneration of the visual function, as measured with ERG, visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity tests. This serves as a proof of concept for the use of a small molecule to promote endogenous regeneration in the eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daphna Mokady
- Endogena Therapeutics, Inc., 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 0B7, Canada (P.B.-B.)
| | - Jason Charish
- Endogena Therapeutics, Inc., 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 0B7, Canada (P.B.-B.)
| | | | - Kenneth N. Grisé
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre Rm 1110, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Brenda L. K. Coles
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre Rm 1110, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Susanne Raab
- Endogena Therapeutics, AG, Binzmuehlestrasse 170 d, CH-8050 Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Arturo Ortin-Martinez
- Endogena Therapeutics, Inc., 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 0B7, Canada (P.B.-B.)
| | - Alex Müller
- Endogena Therapeutics, AG, Binzmuehlestrasse 170 d, CH-8050 Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Fasching
- Endogena Therapeutics, AG, Binzmuehlestrasse 170 d, CH-8050 Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Payal Jain
- Endogena Therapeutics, Inc., 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 0B7, Canada (P.B.-B.)
| | - Micha Drukker
- Endogena Therapeutics, AG, Binzmuehlestrasse 170 d, CH-8050 Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre Rm 1110, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Matthias Steger
- Endogena Therapeutics, AG, Binzmuehlestrasse 170 d, CH-8050 Zuerich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Thalidomide and its derivatives are powerful cancer therapeutics that are among the best-understood molecular glue degraders (MGDs). These drugs selectively reprogram the E3 ubiquitin ligase cereblon (CRBN) to commit target proteins for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. MGDs create novel recognition interfaces on the surface of the E3 ligase that engage in induced protein-protein interactions with neosubstrates. Molecular insight into their mechanism of action opens exciting opportunities to engage a plethora of targets through a specific recognition motif, the G-loop. Our analysis shows that current CRBN-based MGDs can in principle recognize over 2,500 proteins in the human proteome that contain a G-loop. We review recent advances in tuning the specificity between CRBN and its MGD-induced neosubstrates and deduce a set of simple rules that govern these interactions. We conclude that rational MGD design efforts will enable selective degradation of many more proteins, expanding this therapeutic modality to more disease areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nicolas H Thomä
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gavory G, Ghandi M, d’Alessandro AC, Bonenfant D, Cabanski M, Cantagallo L, Chicas A, Chen Q, Diesslin A, King C, Massafra V, Narayan R, Osmont A, Peck D, Ortiz CP, Schillo M, Singh A, Tiedt R, Tortoioli S, Buonamici S, Janku F, Wallace O, Fasching B. Abstract 3449: Development of MRT-2359, an orally bioavailable GSPT1 molecular glue degrader, for the treatment of lung cancers with MYC-induced translational addiction. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
MYC transcription factors are well-established drivers of human cancers but despite being amongst the most frequently altered oncogenes, no approved therapy targeting MYC-driven tumors has been developed to date. MYC-driven cancers are known to be addicted to protein translation. This addiction creates a dependency on critical components of the translational machinery providing in turn a unique opportunity for therapeutic intervention. We hypothesized that targeting the translation termination factor GSPT1, a key regulator of protein synthesis, would constitute a vulnerability for MYC-driven tumors. Herein we further describe MRT-2359 a potent, selective and orally bioavailable degrader of GSPT1. MRT-2359 was rationally designed using our QuEENTM discovery engine and optimized to achieve a profound and preferential antiproliferative activity in MYC-driven cell lines, such as high N- and L-MYC mRNA expressing non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) lines. In line with expectations, MRT-2359 activity is dependent on both CRBN and the GSPT1 G-loop degron. We further demonstrate using an inducible system that the sole expression of either N- or L-MYC is sufficient to sensitize initially resistant NSCLC cells to MRT-2359. These studies therefore establish a causal link between N- and L-MYC expression and sensitivity to MRT-2359. Unlike MRT-2359, agents targeting the protein translation initiation machinery or repressing MYC transcription (CDK9 inhibitor) failed to show such differential activity. Mechanistically, RiboSeq and polysome profiling revealed that treatment with MRT-2359 in the N- or L-MYC high cell lines induces ribosome stalling at the stop codon, increased monosomes and decreased polysomes. These changes are indicative of translational repression and were confirmed using puromycilation assays. Proteomics and RNAseq studies finally demonstrated a significant reduction in the total levels of N- or L-MYC leading in turn to the downmodulation of MYC target genes. Despite robust degradation of GSPT1, no marked effect was observed in these assays in low N- or L-MYC lines, confirming the selective activity of MRT-2359 in MYC-driven lung cancers. Last, the anti-tumor activity of MRT-2359 was assessed in >80 lung patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). MRT-2359 demonstrated preferential activity in N- and L-MYC high NSCLC and SCLC PDXs, including numerous instances of tumor regressions, when dosed orally daily or intermittently. Similar levels of anti-tumor activity were also observed in neuroendocrine lung cancer and lymphoma PDXs. Together these results warrant further investigations in the clinic. Oral MRT-2359 is currently in a Phase 1/2 clinical trial in selected cancer patients with MYC-driven NSCLC, SCLC, high grade neuroendocrine cancers and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (NCT05546268).
Citation Format: Gerald Gavory, Mahmoud Ghandi, Anne-Cecile d’Alessandro, Debora Bonenfant, Maciej Cabanski, Lisa Cantagallo, Agustin Chicas, Qian Chen, Anna Diesslin, Christopher King, Vittoria Massafra, Rajiv Narayan, Arnaud Osmont, Dave Peck, Carolina Perdomo Ortiz, Martin Schillo, Ambika Singh, Ralph Tiedt, Simone Tortoioli, Silvia Buonamici, Filip Janku, Owen Wallace, Bernhard Fasching. Development of MRT-2359, an orally bioavailable GSPT1 molecular glue degrader, for the treatment of lung cancers with MYC-induced translational addiction [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3449.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qian Chen
- 1Monte Rosa Therapeutics, Inc., Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dave Peck
- 2Monte Rosa Therapeutics, Inc., Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Ambika Singh
- 1Monte Rosa Therapeutics, Inc., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Tiedt
- 1Monte Rosa Therapeutics, Inc., Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gavory G, Ghandi M, d’Alessandro AC, Bonenfant D, Chicas A, Delobel F, Demarco B, Flohr A, King C, Laine AL, Massafra V, Narayan R, Osmont A, Ottaviani G, Peck D, Pessa S, Rubin N, Ryckmans T, Schillo M, Singh A, Tortoioli S, Vigil D, Zarayskiy V, Castle J, Janku F, Wallace O, Buonamici S, Fasching B. Abstract 3929: Identification of MRT-2359 a potent, selective and orally bioavailable GSPT1-directed molecular glue degrader (MGD) for the treatment of cancers with Myc-induced translational addiction. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Myc transcription factors are well-established drivers of human cancers. However, despite being amongst the most frequently mutated, translocated and overexpressed oncogenes, no therapy targeting the Myc family members directly has been developed to date. To sustain uncontrolled cell proliferation and tumor growth, Myc-driven cancers are known to be addicted to protein translation. This addiction creates a dependency on critical components of the translational machinery providing in turn a unique opportunity for therapeutic intervention. We hypothesized that targeting the translational termination factor GSPT1, a key regulator of protein synthesis, would constitute a vulnerability for Myc-driven tumors. GSPT1 contains a well-defined degron allowing for the recruitment of the E3 ligase cereblon (CRBN) and subsequent proteasomal degradation in the presence of molecular glue degraders. Herein we describe a novel orally bioavailable GSPT1-directed small molecule degrader MRT-2359, which has been rationally designed and optimized to selectively induce apoptosis in translationally addicted cells. MRT-2359 promotes complex formation between CRBN and GSPT1 and potently induces GSPT1 degradation in a CRBN- and degron-dependent manner. The high selectivity of MRT-2359 was subsequently demonstrated by the lack of activity in cells expressing a non-degradable GSPT1 mutant. Although MRT-2359 degrades GSPT1 in all the cell lines tested, profiling in a large panel of cancer lines revealed profound and preferential antiproliferative activity in Myc-driven cell lines, such as high N-Myc expressing non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) lines and high L-Myc expressing small cell lung cancer (SCLC) lines. In the Myc-driven cells, degradation of GSPT1 led to translational repression as manifested by a global shift from polysomes to monosomes resulting in the reduction of a subset of proteins as assessed by quantitative proteomics. In particular, N- or L-Myc protein levels decreased and as a consequence the known Myc target genes were downregulated at the mRNA level. Despite the robust degradation of GSPT1, no marked effect was observed in low N-Myc lines, confirming the selective activity of our GSPT1 degrader in Myc-driven lung cancers. Finally, oral administration of MRT-2359 in high N-Myc NSCLC xenografts and PDXs led to complete intratumoral GSPT1 degradation and concomitant decrease in N-Myc protein levels, resulting in tumor regression. In contrast, MRT-2359 had limited or no activity in low N-Myc NSCLC models, further corroborating the selective vulnerability of Myc-driven tumors to GSPT1 degradation. Together these data support the therapeutic potential of GSPT1-directed MGDs in Myc-driven solid tumors addicted to the protein translation machinery and warrant rapid evaluation towards the clinic.
Citation Format: Gerald Gavory, Mahmoud Ghandi, Anne-Cecile d’Alessandro, Debora Bonenfant, Agustin Chicas, Frederic Delobel, Brad Demarco, Alexander Flohr, Christopher King, Anne-Laure Laine, Vittoria Massafra, Rajiv Narayan, Arnaud Osmont, Giorgio Ottaviani, Dave Peck, Sarah Pessa, Nooreen Rubin, Thomas Ryckmans, Martin Schillo, Ambika Singh, Simone Tortoioli, Dominico Vigil, Vladislav Zarayskiy, John Castle, Filip Janku, Owen Wallace, Silvia Buonamici, Bernhard Fasching. Identification of MRT-2359 a potent, selective and orally bioavailable GSPT1-directed molecular glue degrader (MGD) for the treatment of cancers with Myc-induced translational addiction [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3929.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dave Peck
- 2Monte Rosa Therapeutics, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Castle
- 1Monte Rosa Therapeutics, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gavory G, Fasching B, Bonenfant D, Sadok A, Singh A, Schillo M, Massafra V, d’Alessandro AC, Castle J, Ghandi M, Chicas A, Delobel F, Flohr A, Ottaviani G, Ryckmans T, Laine AL, Eidam O, Wang H, Bernett I, Chan L, Gorrini C, Roumiliotis T, Choudhary J, LeBihan YV, Cabry M, Stubbs M, Burke R, Van Montfort R, Caldwell J, Chopra R, Collins I, Buonamici S. Abstract LBA004: Identification of GSPT1-directed molecular glue degrader (MGD) for the treatment of Myc-driven breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-21-lba004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Myc family of transcription factors is a well-established driver of human cancers. However, despite being amongst the most frequently mutated, translocated and overexpressed oncogenes, no therapy directly targeting the Myc family members has been developed to date. Abnormal activation of Myc results in uncontrolled cell growth that is associated with high translational output and ramp up of the protein translational machinery. This creates a dependency to protein translation and in turn represents a potential therapeutic vulnerability for Myc-driven tumors. Based on these considerations, we hypothesized that targeting the translational termination factor GSPT1, a key player of protein synthesis, may constitute a vulnerability for Myc-driven tumors. Using our proprietary Quantitative and Engineered Elimination of Neosubstrates (QuEENTM) platform we characterized and explored the known G-loop degron in GSPT1 that renders it amenable to cereblon-induced degradation by molecular glue degraders (MGDs). We rationally designed and subsequently screened a proprietary library of cereblon-binding small molecules, including GSPT1-directed MGDs, in human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) expressing doxycycline-inducible c-Myc. Doxycycline treatment led to sustained c-Myc expression and as a consequence to the induction of key biomarkers of enhanced protein translation, such as phospho 4EBP1 (p4EBP1). We identified MRT-048 as a potent and highly selective GSPT1 degrader and demonstrated its ability to induce cell death in Myc-driven HMEC cells whilst sparing control cells (EC50 0.64 μM vs 30 μM respectively). This confirmed the selective vulnerability of Myc-driven cell growth to GSPT1 degradation. In follow-up studies, we confirmed the correlation between p4EBP1 as biomarker of Myc-activation and sensitivity to MRT-048 in a large panel of breast cancer cell lines. Moreover, MRT-048 treatment of animals xenografted with breast cancer cells induced tumor regression and was associated with complete GSPT1 degradation. Mechanistically, we observed that GSPT1 degradation induced by MRT-048 led to inhibition of genes regulated by Myc and ribosomal stalling at stop codons of several mRNAs. Additionally, polysome profiling of cancer cells treated with MRT-048 was associated with a global reduction of the intensities of the polysome peaks and concomitant increase in the monosome peaks as previously observed in GSPT1 knockdown experiments, suggesting that GSPT1 degradation by our MGD molecules affects both the termination and initiation stages of protein translation. We believe these data support the therapeutic potential of GSPT1-directed MGDs in Myc-driven tumors dependent on protein translation machinery.
Citation Format: Gerald Gavory, Bernhard Fasching, Debora Bonenfant, Amine Sadok, Ambika Singh, Martin Schillo, Vittoria Massafra, Anne-Cecile d’Alessandro, John Castle, Mahmoud Ghandi, Agustin Chicas, Frederic Delobel, Alexander Flohr, Giorgio Ottaviani, Thomas Ryckmans, Anne-Laure Laine, Oliv Eidam, Hannah Wang, Ilona Bernett, Laura Chan, Chiara Gorrini, Theo Roumiliotis, Jyoti Choudhary, Yann-Vai LeBihan, Marc Cabry, Mark Stubbs, Rosemary Burke, Rob Van Montfort, John Caldwell, Rajesh Chopra, Ian Collins, Silvia Buonamici. Identification of GSPT1-directed molecular glue degrader (MGD) for the treatment of Myc-driven breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC Virtual International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2021 Oct 7-10. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2021;20(12 Suppl):Abstract nr LBA004.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amine Sadok
- 1Monte Rosa Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Ambika Singh
- 1Monte Rosa Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland,
| | | | | | | | - John Castle
- 1Monte Rosa Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Oliv Eidam
- 3Ridgeline Discovery, Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Hannah Wang
- 4The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom,
| | - Ilona Bernett
- 4The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom,
| | - Laura Chan
- 4The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom,
| | - Chiara Gorrini
- 4The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom,
| | | | | | | | - Marc Cabry
- 4The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom,
| | - Mark Stubbs
- 4The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom,
| | - Rosemary Burke
- 4The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom,
| | | | - John Caldwell
- 4The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom,
| | | | - Ian Collins
- 4The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom,
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bendels S, Bissantz C, Fasching B, Gerebtzoff G, Guba W, Kansy M, Migeon J, Mohr S, Peters JU, Tillier F, Wyler R, Lerner C, Kramer C, Richter H, Roberts S. Safety screening in early drug discovery: An optimized assay panel. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 99:106609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
7
|
Cortes Cabrera A, Lucena-Agell D, Redondo-Horcajo M, Barasoain I, Díaz JF, Fasching B, Petrone PM. Aggregated Compound Biological Signatures Facilitate Phenotypic Drug Discovery and Target Elucidation. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:3024-3034. [PMID: 27564241 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Predicting the cellular response of compounds is a challenge central to the discovery of new drugs. Compound biological signatures have risen as a way of representing the perturbation produced by a compound in the cell. However, their ability to encode specific phenotypic information and generating tangible predictions remains unknown, mainly because of the inherent noise in such data sets. In this work, we statistically aggregate signals from several compound biological signatures to find compounds that produce a desired phenotype in the cell. We exploit this method in two applications relevant for phenotypic screening in drug discovery programs: target-independent hit expansion and target identification. As a result, we present here (i) novel nanomolar inhibitors of cellular division that reproduce the phenotype and the mode of action of reference natural products and (ii) blockers of the NKCC1 cotransporter for autism spectrum disorders. Our results were confirmed in both cellular and biochemical assays of the respective projects. In addition, these examples provided novel insights on the information content and biological significance of compound biological signatures from HTS, and their applicability to drug discovery in general. For target identification, we show that novel targets can be predicted successfully for drugs by reporting new activities for nimedipine, fluspirilene, and pimozide and providing a rationale for repurposing and side effects. Our results highlight the opportunities of reusing public bioactivity data for prospective drug discovery, including scenarios where the effective target or mode of action of a particular molecule is not known, such as in phenotypic screening campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Cortes Cabrera
- Pharma Research & Early Development Informatics (pREDi), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Lucena-Agell
- Laboratory
of Microtubule Stabilizing Agents, Department of Physical and Chemical
Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Redondo-Horcajo
- Laboratory
of Microtubule Stabilizing Agents, Department of Physical and Chemical
Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Barasoain
- Laboratory
of Microtubule Stabilizing Agents, Department of Physical and Chemical
Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Fernando Díaz
- Laboratory
of Microtubule Stabilizing Agents, Department of Physical and Chemical
Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernhard Fasching
- Medicinal Chemistry, Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paula M. Petrone
- Pharma Research & Early Development Informatics (pREDi), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aussedat B, Fasching B, Johnston E, Sane N, Nagorny P, Danishefsky SJ. Total synthesis of the α-subunit of human glycoprotein hormones: toward fully synthetic homogeneous human follicle-stimulating hormone. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3532-41. [PMID: 22280541 PMCID: PMC3288947 DOI: 10.1021/ja2111459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Described herein is the first total chemical synthesis of the unique α-subunit of the human glycoprotein hormone (α-hGPH). Unlike the biologically derived glycoprotein hormones, which are isolated as highly complex mixtures of glycoforms, α-hGPH obtained by chemical synthesis contains discrete homogeneous glycoforms. Two such systems have been prepared. One contains the disaccharide chitobiose at the natural N-glycosylation sites. The other contains dodecamer oligosaccharides at these same sites. The dodecamer sugar is a consensus sequence incorporating the key features associated with human glycoproteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Aussedat
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Bernhard Fasching
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Eric Johnston
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Neeraj Sane
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Pavel Nagorny
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Samuel J. Danishefsky
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nagorny P, Sane N, Fasching B, Aussedat B, Danishefsky SJ. Probing the frontiers of glycoprotein synthesis: the fully elaborated β-subunit of the human follicle-stimulating hormone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:975-9. [PMID: 22162182 PMCID: PMC3285374 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernhard Fasching
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027(USA), Fax: (+1)212-772-8691
| | - Baptiste Aussedat
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027(USA), Fax: (+1)212-772-8691
| | - Samuel J. Danishefsky
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027(USA), Fax: (+1)212-772-8691
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nagorny P, Sane N, Fasching B, Aussedat B, Danishefsky SJ. Probing the Frontiers of Glycoprotein Synthesis: The Fully Elaborated β-Subunit of the Human Follicle-Stimulating Hormone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
11
|
Benson S, Collin MP, O'Neil G, Ceccon J, Fasching B, Fenster M, Godbout CÃ, Radkowski K, Goddard R, Fürstner A. Total Synthesis of Spirastrellolideâ
F Methyl EsterâPartâ
2: Macrocyclization and Completion of the Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:9946-50. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
12
|
O'Neil G, Ceccon J, Benson S, Collin MP, Fasching B, Fürstner A. Total Synthesis of Spirastrellolideâ
F Methyl EsterâPartâ
1: Strategic Considerations and Revised Approach to the Southern Hemisphere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:9940-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
13
|
O'Neil G, Ceccon J, Benson S, Collin MP, Fasching B, Fürstner A. Total Synthesis of Spirastrellolide F Methyl Ester-Part 1: Strategic Considerations and Revised Approach to the Southern Hemisphere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
14
|
Benson S, Collin MP, O'Neil G, Ceccon J, Fasching B, Fenster M, Godbout C, Radkowski K, Goddard R, Fürstner A. Total Synthesis of Spirastrellolide F Methyl Ester-Part 2: Macrocyclization and Completion of the Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
15
|
Nagorny P, Fasching B, Li X, Chen G, Aussedat B, Danishefsky SJ. Toward fully synthetic homogeneous beta-human follicle-stimulating hormone (beta-hFSH) with a biantennary N-linked dodecasaccharide. synthesis of beta-hFSH with chitobiose units at the natural linkage sites. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:5792-9. [PMID: 19341309 PMCID: PMC2756579 DOI: 10.1021/ja809554x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A highly convergent synthesis of the sialic acid-rich biantennary N-linked glycan found in human glycoprotein hormones and its use in the synthesis of a fragment derived from the beta-domain of human Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (hFSH) are described. The synthesis highlights the use of the Sinay radical glycosidation protocol for the simultaneous installation of both biantennary side-chains of the dodecasaccharide as well as the use of glycal chemistry to construct the tetrasaccharide core in an efficient manner. The synthetic glycan was used to prepare the glycosylated 20-27aa domain of the beta-subunit of hFSH under a Lansbury aspartylation protocol. The proposed strategy for incorporating the prepared N-linked dodecasaccharide-containing 20-27aa domain into beta-hFSH subunit was validated in the context of a model system, providing protected beta-hFSH subunit functionalized with chitobiose at positions 7 and 24.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Nagorny
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065
| | - Bernhard Fasching
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065
| | - Xuechen Li
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065
| | - Gong Chen
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065
| | - Baptiste Aussedat
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065
| | - Samuel J. Danishefsky
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fürstner A, Fenster MDB, Fasching B, Godbout C, Radkowski K. Toward the total synthesis of spirastrellolide A. Part 2: Conquest of the northern hemisphere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:5510-5. [PMID: 16906500 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200601655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fürstner A, Fasching B, O'Neil GW, Fenster MDB, Godbout C, Ceccon J. Toward the total synthesis of spirastrellolide A. Part 3: Intelligence gathering and preparation of a ring-expanded analogue. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:3045-7. [PMID: 17639136 DOI: 10.1039/b707835h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Different methods for the formation of the C.25-C.26 bond of spirastrellolide A () are evaluated that might qualify for the end game of the projected total synthesis, with emphasis on metathetic ways to forge the macrocyclic frame.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fürstner A, Fenster MDB, Fasching B, Godbout C, Radkowski K. Toward the Total Synthesis of Spirastrellolide A. Part 2: Conquest of the Northern Hemisphere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200601655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
19
|
Fürstner A, Fenster MDB, Fasching B, Godbout C, Radkowski K. Cover Picture: Toward the Total Synthesis of Spirastrellolide A. Part 1: Strategic Considerations and Preparation of the Southern Domain / Toward the Total Synthesis of Spirastrellolide A. Part 2: Conquest of the Northern Hemisphere (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 33/2006). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200690112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
20
|
Fürstner A, Fenster MDB, Fasching B, Godbout C, Radkowski K. Titelbild: Toward the Total Synthesis of Spirastrellolide A. Part 1: Strategic Considerations and Preparation of the Southern Domain / Toward the Total Synthesis of Spirastrellolide A. Part 2: Conquest of the Northern Hemisphere (Angew. Chem. 33/2006). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200690112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
21
|
Fürstner A, Fenster MDB, Fasching B, Godbout C, Radkowski K. Toward the Total Synthesis of Spirastrellolide A. Part 1: Strategic Considerations and Preparation of the Southern Domain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200601654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
22
|
Fürstner A, Fenster MDB, Fasching B, Godbout C, Radkowski K. Toward the Total Synthesis of Spirastrellolide A. Part 1: Strategic Considerations and Preparation of the Southern Domain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:5506-10. [PMID: 16823782 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200601654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Obermair A, Schmid BC, Stimpfl M, Fasching B, Preyer O, Leodolter S, Crandon AJ, Zeillinger R. Novel MUC1 splice variants are expressed in cervical carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2001; 83:343-7. [PMID: 11606095 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.2001.6396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The MUC1 antigen can be used to identify epithelial cells from the background of hemopoietic cells. The present investigation describes patterns of overexpression of two novel MUC1 splice variants in human cervical carcinoma cell lines. METHODS RT-PCR was carried out to determine MUC1 splice variants in the cervical cancer cell lines C-4 II, C-33A, DoTc 2 4510, C-4 I, SiHa, HT3, Hs 636 T (C4-I), and HeLa. RESULTS The novel MUC1 splice variant D was expressed in all cell lines and the novel MUC1 splice variant C was expressed in all cell lines but C-33A. Variants A and B were expressed in all (variant A) and all but one (variant B) cell line. MUC1/REP was expressed in all cell lines and MUC1/SEC was positive in all but two cell lines (C-33 A, DoTc 2 4510). All but one cell line (C-33A) expressed MUC1/X and MUC1/Y, and two cell lines (C-33 A, DoTc 2 4510) did not express MUC1/Z, respectively. MUC1 variants A, D, and REP could be demonstrated consistently among all eight cervical carcinoma cell lines we have examined. CONCLUSIONS The present study describes the feasibility of detecting a large number of MUC1 variants, including MUC1 variants C and D which are described for cervical carcinoma cells for the first time. Further studies will examine the presence of MUC1 splice variants' expression in human cervical carcinoma tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Obermair
- Queensland Centre for Gynaecological Cancer, Royal Brisbane Hospital, 6th Floor, Ned Hanlon Building, Teaching and Research, Herston, Brisbane, 4029, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zeillinger R, Schmid B, Tong D, Fasching B, Schiebl I, Stimpfl M, Obermair A, Leodolter S. Expression of variant forms of the MUC1 gene correlates with the invasiveness of breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 2000. [PMCID: PMC3300816 DOI: 10.1186/bcr117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
25
|
Stauder R, Hamader S, Fasching B, Kemmler G, Thaler J, Huber H. Adhesion to high endothelial venules: a model for dissemination mechanisms in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Blood 1993; 82:262-7. [PMID: 7686787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of human lymphoma cells with high endothelial venules (HEVs) on sections of lymphatic tissues was studied in 44 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) with the in vitro HEV binding assay. The relative adherence ratio (RAR) of lymphoma cells to HEVs as related to that of reactive lymphocytes was 0.29 to 4.64 in 38 cases of B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 1.15 and 1.54 in two cases of immunocytic NHL, 1.12 and 0.70 in two cases of centrocytic NHL, 1.98 in one case of a peripheral T-NHL, whereas plasma cell leukemia cells adhered very weakly (RAR 0.1). Among the patients suffering from CLL a pronounced HEV binding ability of tumor cells correlated significantly with the more unfavorable Binet stages B and C (median 1.32) as well as with a widespread lymphatic dissemination, which strongly indicates a hematogenous, HEV-mediated spread (median 1.34). In contrast, weak adherence to HEVs was associated with Binet stage A (median 0.85; P < .05) and with a lacking or only localized clinical involvement of lymph nodes (median 0.84; P < .01). Thus, specific HEV recognition processes even operate in lymphoid neoplasms and via this mechanism seem to influence the dissemination of tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Stauder
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Greil R, Fasching B, Weger A, Loidl P. Investigation of nuclear c-MYC oncoprotein expression in human hematopoiesis: suitability of a rapid and reliable semiquantitative evaluation system. J Transl Med 1992; 66:251-60. [PMID: 1735958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The biologic functions mediated by the nuclear protooncogene, c-MYC are correlated to gene dosage. Since automated quantification programs are expensive, time-consuming and not easily available, and since analysis by flow cytometry is difficult in the case of nuclear antigens, we examined the suitability and reproducibility of a semiquantitative in situ evaluation system. This system was based on the percentage of nuclear area staining positively, and comprised the following categories: 0: negative, 1+: single scattered grains of the immunocytochemical staining product, 2+: confluence of grains to patches but less than 50% nuclear area positive, and 3+: greater than 50% positive nuclear area. In addition, sensitivity and specificity of two anti-c-MYC antibodies were investigated. Although both antibodies differed slightly in staining pattern and sensitivity, the four quantification categories were applicable for immunostainings of both antisera and highly reproducible when re-evaluated by the same observer (r = 0.98; p = 0.0001) or a second investigator (rAb155 = 0.98, rAb DCPm = 0.96; p = 0.0001), both reading blindly and independently. Comparing our semiquantitative evaluation categories and results of computer-assisted image analysis, the percentage of positive nuclear area (p less than 0.0001), the median staining intensity (p less than 0.0001), and the product of both (p less than 0.0001) differed significantly in the four evaluation categories. This result still held true after correction for nuclear size, which differed appreciably in various cell types (p less than 0.0001). The product of positive nuclear area, staining intensity and nuclear size (microns 2), which best approximates the absolute amount of c-MYC within a certain cell, was clearly different within the four staining categories (p less than 0.0001) and did not depend on cellular morphology within the staining categories 0 to 2. Also, the immunocytochemical technique proved highly reproducible (median day/day variance 0.65% (0-13); r = 0.995). The practicability of this system for semiquantification was demonstrated by (a) correlation of H score values of immunocytochemical stainings with densitometric scans of Western blots and (b) by the fact that peripheral blood lymphocytes, Phytohemagglutinin stimulated blasts, 13 cases of multiple myeloma and HL-60 cells differed concerning their estimated c-MYC amounts (p = 0.0125). This confirms on the effector molecule level results previously reported from mRNA in situ and Northern blotting analyses. We conclude that a simple and highly reproducible evaluation system can be used for in situ comparison of nuclear oncogene dosage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Greil
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Greil R, Loidl P, Fasching B, Huber H. Differential expression of c-myc-mRNA and c-MYC-protein during terminal neoplastic B-cell differentiation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1992; 182:215-21. [PMID: 1490357 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-77633-5_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Greil
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Greil R, Fasching B, Loidl P, Huber H. Expression of the c-myc proto-oncogene in multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: an in situ analysis. Blood 1991; 78:180-91. [PMID: 2070052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-myc gene plays a pivotal role in mediating the competence state for cell cycle transversion. This biologic role is in contradiction to reports of elevated expression of the gene in multiple myeloma, a tumor with restricted self-renewal capacity. To more clearly define the role of this gene in plasma cells of myeloma patients, c-myc messenger RNA (mRNA) and/or oncoprotein expression were semiquantitatively analyzed on the single cell level in 19 cases of multiple myeloma, among them 1 biclonal case and 1 case with coexistent chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Performing anti-sense/mRNA in situ hybridization, mature c-myc gene transcripts were detected in 92% (12 of 13) of cases and could definitely be attributed to the plasma cells by our study. The number of Ki 67-positive plasma cells actively passing the cell cycle was less than 1% and independent of c-myc gene expression. However, because the presence of the 152-c-MYC epitope was correlated to extent of marrow plasmacytosis (r = .64; P = .043) and content of plasmablasts (P = .09), the c-myc gene might serve a function different from proliferative activity, but also associated with tumor cell mass. In CLL cells (21 of 22 cases) and their benign counterparts, ie, bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocytes, the anti-sense/c-myc mRNA hybridization signals remained below the threshold considered as cutpoint between negative and positive. The low amounts of c-myc transcripts were correlated to neither stage of disease (P = .52) nor lymphocyte counts (P = .24). Because the numbers of peripheral blood lymphoma cells were independent of tumor mass and of c-myc gene transcripts expressed, peripheral blood lymphocytosis might more likely reflect homing processes than proliferative activity in CLL.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Bone Marrow/metabolism
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Division
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Genes, myc/genetics
- Genes, myc/physiology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Multiple Myeloma/genetics
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Greil
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Greil R, Fasching B, Huber H. In situ hybridization for the detection of low copy numbers of c-abl oncogene mRNA in lymphoma cells: technical approach and comparison with results with anti-oncoprotein antibodies. J Transl Med 1989; 60:574-82. [PMID: 2651801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the practical value of antisense RNA/mRNA in situ hybridization for the detection of low level expression of the c-abl oncogene in non-Hodgkin lymphomas. This is of clinical relevance, since we recently showed that low level expression of this proto-oncogene mainly occurs in advanced stage disease of non-Hodgkin lymphomas and in cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with progressive course of the disease (Greil R, Gattringer C, Fasching B, Cleveland J, Thaler J, Radaskiewicz T, Gastl G, Huber C, Rapp U, Huber H: Int J Cancer 42:529 1988). When numerous technical parameters were tested for the adaptation of the method, fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde, gelatin coating of the slides, the time concentration product of proteinase K, and the kind of labeling had the greatest impact on results and successful performance of the technique. When the optimized method was applied to the v-abl-transformed NIH 3T3-, the K 562 CML blast cell line and to nine cases of lowly malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas it semiquantitatively discriminated the varying amounts of v-abl, bcr/c-abl and c-abl mRNA expressed within these cells. Parallel analysis with Northern blotting confirmed the specificity of the method and pointed to a very high sensitivity, including the capacity to detect only few c-abl mRNA molecules/cell. An essential advantage of in situ hybridization was the detection of inhomogeneous expression of the c-abl mRNA within subpopulations of the malignant clone. In addition, this technique might be of particular importance when a gene is only weakly expressed on a small fraction of cells which might easily escape the detection by Northern blotting. Immunocytochemical investigation suggested parallel expression of the oncoprotein in six of seven c-abl mRNA positive cases as well as high specificity and sensitivity for the polyclonal and to a lesser extent for one monoclonal antibody. However, because of the high potential of cross-reactivity of anti-oncoprotein antibodies, parallel investigations on the mRNA level should be performed particularly when new anti-oncoprotein antibodies are applied. Our results demonstrate that this can be performed using in situ hybridization, even when the number of mRNA targets is very low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Greil
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Greil K, Gattringer C, Fasching B, Cleveland J, Thaler J, Radaskiewicz T, Gastl G, Huber C, Rapp U, Huber H. abl oncogene expression in non-Hodgkin lymphomas: correlation to histological differentiation and clinical status. Int J Cancer 1988; 42:529-38. [PMID: 3049401 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910420410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Eight reactive lymphatic tissues, 166 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) and 11 cases of multiple myeloma were investigated for expression of the c-abl protein using the poly-clonal anti-abl antibody 4411 and an indirect peroxidase technique. In selected cases the results were compared to those obtained with a second polyclonal and 2 monoclonal anti-abl antibodies. In 7 cases, Northern blot analysis of abl-mRNA was performed in parallel. In reactive lymphatic tissues, cells positive for the 4411 antibody were confined to the B-cell areas, i.e., to the mantle zone and parts of the germinal center. In NHL, a positive staining of the cell membrane was predominantly detectable in lymphomas putatively originating in the germinal center or mantle zone (in particular in centrocytic NHL), independent of their proliferative activity. Clinically, 7 out of 8 abl-positive cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) had a more aggressive course of disease, whereas "progressive disease" occurred in only 7 out of 19 c-abl antigen-negative cases. When the clinical status of 78 patients with NHL and 11 patients with multiple myeloma was related to c-abl expression, c-abl-positivity was mostly confined to patients in advanced tumor stages [p less than 0.001 (NHL)].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Greil
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Innsbruck
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|