1
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Zhang M, Bai LB, Yau LF, Tong TT, Zhang W, Jiang ZH. Identification of Cannabidivarin Metabolites in Different Mouse Organs Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to a Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:386-396. [PMID: 36342908 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: As a natural analog of cannabidiol (CBD), nonpsychoactive cannabidivarin (CBDV) has therapeutic potential. However, the precise metabolism of CBDV either in vivo or in vitro has not been fully understood. Objective and Experimental Approach: Therefore, mice were intragastrically administered CBDV, and metabolite-rich and potential target organs and tissues were collected and analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The metabolic pathways of CBDV in mice were illustrated more comprehensively for the first time. Results: Twenty-one metabolites were found, all of which, except decarbonylated CBDV, were initially identified. Compared with CBD, the newly identified metabolic pathways were single dehydrogenation, combined decarbonylation and monohydroxylation, and glutathione conjugations of CBDV and its phase I metabolite. Conclusions: According to the very low response in plasma and the extremely high response in intestinal contents 1 h later after the administration, it was assumed that the oral bioavailability of CBDV was as poor as that of CBD, and the major forms to excrete were conjugates of glutathione and glucuronic acid. In contrast to CBDV, decarbonylated CBDV in the keto form and enol form had considerable responses in plasma and preferred to target fatty tissues and organs owing to their higher lipophilicity. Whether these forms can function as genuine active substances in vivo instead of CBDV is worthy of investigation. These results and supposes contribute notable information regarding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of CBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Long-Bo Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Lee-Fong Yau
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Tian-Tian Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
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2
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Cocco E, Iapadre D, Brusa A, Allegrini P, Thomas SP, Pesciaioli F, Carlone A. Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction to unlock an 8-step synthesis of 7-hydroxy cannabidiol. RSC Adv 2024; 14:2741-2744. [PMID: 38229717 PMCID: PMC10790624 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08392f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
A scalable synthesis of 7-hydroxy cannabidiol (7-OH CBD), a primary metabolite of (-)-cannabidiol (CBD), is highly desirable, from an industrial point of view, to enable future clinical trials. A Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction was key to enable a mild deprotection and a concise synthesis of 7-OH CBD from commercially available CBD, in 31% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Cocco
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila via Vetoio 67100 L'Aquila Italy https://www.carloneresearch.eu/
| | - Debora Iapadre
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila via Vetoio 67100 L'Aquila Italy https://www.carloneresearch.eu/
| | - Alessandro Brusa
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila via Vetoio 67100 L'Aquila Italy https://www.carloneresearch.eu/
| | | | - Stephen P Thomas
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Fabio Pesciaioli
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila via Vetoio 67100 L'Aquila Italy https://www.carloneresearch.eu/
| | - Armando Carlone
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila via Vetoio 67100 L'Aquila Italy https://www.carloneresearch.eu/
- INSTM, Consorzio Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali RU L'Aquila Italy
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3
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Zhang Z, Luo Z, Sun Y, Deng D, Su K, Li J, Yan Z, Wang X, Cao J, Zheng W, Ang S, Feng Y, Zhang K, Ma H, Wu P. Discovery of novel cannabidiol derivatives with augmented antibacterial agents against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106911. [PMID: 37832223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Drug-resistant bacterium infections are a severe threat to public health and novel antimicrobial agents combating drug-resistant bacteria are an unmet medical need. Although cannabidiol (CBD) has been reported to show antibacterial effects, whether its antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be improved remains unclear. Herein, a series of novel CBD derivatives were designed and synthesized using various chemical approaches including amidation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation, and Negishi cross-coupling reaction for the modifications at the C-7, C-2', C-4', and C-6' positions of CBD skeleton. Derivative 21f showed augmented antibacterial activity against MRSA with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 4 μM without cytotoxic effect in microglia BV2 cells. Further mechanistic studies suggested that 21f inhibited the formation of biofilms, induced excess reactive oxygen species, and reduced bacterial metabolism, which collectively led to the acceleration of bacterial death. Findings from this study expand the understanding of CBD derivatives as promising antibacterial agents, which provides useful information for the development of cannabinoid-based antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Zhujun Luo
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Ying Sun
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Duanyu Deng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Kaize Su
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Jinxuan Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Zhenping Yan
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Jifan Cao
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Wende Zheng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Song Ang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Yanxian Feng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China.
| | - Hang Ma
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China.
| | - Panpan Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China.
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4
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Wang X, Zhang H, Liu Y, Xu Y, Yang B, Li H, Chen L. An overview on synthetic and biological activities of cannabidiol (CBD) and its derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106810. [PMID: 37659147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Cannabidiol is a class of non-psychoactive plant cannabinoids derived from cannabis plants. Currently, Epidiolex (Cannabidiol) has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of two rare and severe forms of epilepsy related diseases, namely Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and Dravet (DS). In addition, Cannabidiol and its structural analogues have received increasing attention due to their potential therapeutic effects such as neuroprotection, anti-epilepsy, anti-inflammation, anti-anxiety, and anti-cancer. Based on literature review, no comprehensive reviews on the synthesis of Cannabidiol and its derivatives have been found in recent years. Therefore, this article summarizes the published synthesis methods of Cannabidiol and the synthesis routes of Cannabidiol derivatives, and introduces the biological activities of some Cannabidiol analogues that have been studied extensively and have significant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Huanbang Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang 150006, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bingyou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang 150006, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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5
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Banerjee A, Hayward JJ, Trant JF. "Breaking bud": the effect of direct chemical modifications of phytocannabinoids on their bioavailability, physiological effects, and therapeutic potential. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:3715-3732. [PMID: 36825573 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00068k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the two "major cannabinoids". However, their incorporation into clinical and nutraceutical preparations is challenging, owing to their limited bioavailability, low water solubility, and variable pharmacokinetic profiles. Understanding the organic chemistry of the major cannabinoids provides us with potential avenues to overcome these issues through derivatization. The resulting labile pro-drugs offer ready cannabinoid release in vivo, have augmented bioavailability, or demonstrate interesting pharmacological properties in their own right. This review identifies and discusses a subset of these advanced derivatization strategies for the major cannabinoids, where the starting material is the pure phytocannabinoid itself, and the final product either a cannabinoid pro-drug, or a novel pharmacoactive material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinandan Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - John J Hayward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - John F Trant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.
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6
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Minor Phytocannabinoids: A Misleading Name but a Promising Opportunity for Biomedical Research. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081084. [PMID: 36008978 PMCID: PMC9406211 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the very large number of phytocannabinoids isolated from Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.), bioactivity studies have long remained focused on the so called “Big Four” [Δ9-THC (1), CBD (2), CBG (3) and CBC (4)] because of their earlier characterization and relatively easy availability via isolation and/or synthesis. Bioactivity information on the chemical space associated with the remaining part of the cannabinome, a set of ca 150 compounds traditionally referred to as “minor phytocannabinoids”, is scarce and patchy, yet promising in terms of pharmacological potential. According to their advancement stage, we sorted the bioactivity data available on these compounds, better referred to as the “dark cannabinome”, into categories: discovery (in vitro phenotypical and biochemical assays), preclinical (animal models), and clinical. Strategies to overcome the availability issues associated with minor phytocannabinoids are discussed, as well as the still unmet challenges facing their development as mainstream drugs.
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7
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Marzullo P, Maiocchi A, Paladino G, Ciriello U, Lo Presti L, Passarella D. Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Cannabidiol‐C4. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Marzullo
- Università degli Studi di Milano: Universita degli Studi di Milano Chimica ITALY
| | - Alice Maiocchi
- Università degli Studi di Milano: Universita degli Studi di Milano Chemistry ITALY
| | | | | | - Leonardo Lo Presti
- Università degli Studi di Milano: Universita degli Studi di Milano Chemistry ITALY
| | - Daniele Passarella
- Universit� degli Studid di Milano Chimica Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano ITALY
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8
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Blaskovich MAT, Kavanagh AM, Elliott AG, Zhang B, Ramu S, Amado M, Lowe GJ, Hinton AO, Pham DMT, Zuegg J, Beare N, Quach D, Sharp MD, Pogliano J, Rogers AP, Lyras D, Tan L, West NP, Crawford DW, Peterson ML, Callahan M, Thurn M. The antimicrobial potential of cannabidiol. Commun Biol 2021; 4:7. [PMID: 33469147 PMCID: PMC7815910 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance threatens the viability of modern medicine, which is largely dependent on the successful prevention and treatment of bacterial infections. Unfortunately, there are few new therapeutics in the clinical pipeline, particularly for Gram-negative bacteria. We now present a detailed evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of cannabidiol, the main non-psychoactive component of cannabis. We confirm previous reports of Gram-positive activity and expand the breadth of pathogens tested, including highly resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Clostridioides difficile. Our results demonstrate that cannabidiol has excellent activity against biofilms, little propensity to induce resistance, and topical in vivo efficacy. Multiple mode-of-action studies point to membrane disruption as cannabidiol's primary mechanism. More importantly, we now report for the first time that cannabidiol can selectively kill a subset of Gram-negative bacteria that includes the 'urgent threat' pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Structure-activity relationship studies demonstrate the potential to advance cannabidiol analogs as a much-needed new class of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A T Blaskovich
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Angela M Kavanagh
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Alysha G Elliott
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Bing Zhang
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Soumya Ramu
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Maite Amado
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Gabrielle J Lowe
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Alexandra O Hinton
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Do Minh Thu Pham
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Neil Beare
- BDG Synthesis, Wellington, 5045, New Zealand
| | - Diana Quach
- Linnaeus Bioscience Inc., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Marc D Sharp
- Linnaeus Bioscience Inc., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Joe Pogliano
- Linnaeus Bioscience Inc., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ashleigh P Rogers
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Lendl Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - David W Crawford
- Perfectus Biomed, LLC (formerly Extherid Biosciences), 3545 S Park Dr, Jackson, WY, 83001, USA
| | - Marnie L Peterson
- Perfectus Biomed, LLC (formerly Extherid Biosciences), 3545 S Park Dr, Jackson, WY, 83001, USA
| | - Matthew Callahan
- Botanix Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Level 1, 50 Angove Street, North Perth, WA, 6005, Australia
| | - Michael Thurn
- Botanix Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Level 1, 50 Angove Street, North Perth, WA, 6005, Australia
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9
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Monroe AZ, Gordon WH, Wood JS, Martin GE, Morgan JB, Williamson RT. Structural revision of a Wnt/β-catenin modulator and confirmation of cannabielsoin constitution and configuration. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5658-5661. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01971f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we revise the structure for a previously reported synthetic product proposed to be the 1R,2S-cannabidiol epoxide and reassign it as cannabielsoin using anisotropic NMR and synthetic chemistry methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Z. Monroe
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- University of North Carolina Wilmington
- Wilmington
- USA
| | - William H. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- University of North Carolina Wilmington
- Wilmington
- USA
| | - Jared S. Wood
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- University of North Carolina Wilmington
- Wilmington
- USA
| | - Gary E. Martin
- Department of Chemistry
- Seton Hall University
- South Orange
- USA
| | - Jeremy B. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- University of North Carolina Wilmington
- Wilmington
- USA
| | - R. Thomas Williamson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- University of North Carolina Wilmington
- Wilmington
- USA
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10
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Dawson DD, Martin RW. Investigation of Chocolate Matrix Interference on Cannabinoid Analytes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5699-5706. [PMID: 32357297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The first known findings of chocolate matrix interference on cannabinoid analytes is reported. Stock solutions of four biogenic cannabinoids (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinol, and cannabigerol) and one synthetic cannabinoid (cannabidiol dimethyl ether) are subjected to milk chocolate, dark chocolate, and cocoa powder. A clear trend of matrix interference is observed, which correlates to several chemical factors. The amount of chocolate present is directly proportional to the degree of matrix interference, which yields lower percent recovery rates for the cannabinoid analyte. Structural features on the cannabinoid analytes are shown to affect matrix interference, because cannabinoids with fewer phenolic -OH groups suffer from increased signal suppression. Additionally, aromatization of the p-menthyl moiety appears to correlate with enhanced matrix effects from chocolate products high in cocoa solids. These findings represent the first known documentation of chocolate matrix interference in cannabinoid analysis, which potentially has broad implications for complex matrix testing in the legal Cannabis industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Dawson
- CW Analytical, 851 81st Avenue, Suite D, Oakland, California 94621, United States
| | - Robert W Martin
- CW Analytical, 851 81st Avenue, Suite D, Oakland, California 94621, United States
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11
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Li H, Liu Y, Tian D, Tian L, Ju X, Qi L, Wang Y, Liang C. Overview of cannabidiol (CBD) and its analogues: Structures, biological activities, and neuroprotective mechanisms in epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 192:112163. [PMID: 32109623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, 11 general types of natural cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa as well as 50 (-)-CBD analogues with therapeutic potential were described. The underlying molecular mechanisms of CBD as a therapeutic candidate for epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases were comprehensively clarified. CBD indirectly acts as an endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonist to exert its neuroprotective effects. CBD also promotes neuroprotection through different signal transduction pathways mediated indirectly by cannabinoid receptors. Furthermore, CBD prevents the glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) hyperphosphorylation caused by Aβ and may be developed as a new therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Danni Tian
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Lei Tian
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Xingke Ju
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Liang Qi
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Yongbo Wang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China.
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12
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Jung B, Lee JK, Kim J, Kang EK, Han SY, Lee HY, Choi IS. Synthetic Strategies for (-)-Cannabidiol and Its Structural Analogs. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3749-3762. [PMID: 31529613 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Cannabidiol ((-)-CBD), a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid from Cannabis, and its structural analogs have received growing attention in recent years because of their potential therapeutic benefits, including neuroprotective, anti-epileptic, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and anti-cancer properties. (-)-CBD and its analogs have been obtained mainly based on extraction from the natural source; however, the conventional extraction-based methods have some drawbacks, such as poor quality control along with purification difficulty. Chemical-synthetic strategies for (-)-CBD could tackle these issues, and, additionally, generate novel (-)-CBD analogs that exhibit advanced biological activities. This review concisely summarizes the historic and recent milestones in the synthetic strategies for (-)-CBD and its analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jungkyu K Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Jungnam Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Eunhye K Kang
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | | | - Hee-Yoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Insung S Choi
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
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Morales P, Reggio PH, Jagerovic N. An Overview on Medicinal Chemistry of Synthetic and Natural Derivatives of Cannabidiol. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:422. [PMID: 28701957 PMCID: PMC5487438 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) has been traditionally used in Cannabis-based preparation, however historically, it has received far less interest as a single drug than the other components of Cannabis. Currently, CBD generates considerable interest due to its beneficial neuroprotective, antiepileptic, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the CBD scaffold becomes of increasing interest for medicinal chemists. This review provides an overview of the chemical structure of natural and synthetic CBD derivatives including the molecular targets associated with these compounds. A clear identification of their biological targets has been shown to be still very challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Morales
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, GreensboroNC, United States
| | - Patricia H. Reggio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, GreensboroNC, United States
| | - Nadine Jagerovic
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Química Médica/Universidad Rey Juan CarlosMadrid, Spain
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Ujváry I, Hanuš L. Human Metabolites of Cannabidiol: A Review on Their Formation, Biological Activity, and Relevance in Therapy. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2016; 1:90-101. [PMID: 28861484 PMCID: PMC5576600 DOI: 10.1089/can.2015.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), the main nonpsychoactive constituent of Cannabis sativa, has shown a wide range of therapeutically promising pharmacological effects either as a sole drug or in combination with other drugs in adjunctive therapy. However, the targets involved in the therapeutic effects of CBD appear to be elusive. Furthermore, scarce information is available on the biological activity of its human metabolites which, when formed in pharmacologically relevant concentration, might contribute to or even account for the observed therapeutic effects. The present overview summarizes our current knowledge on the pharmacokinetics and metabolic fate of CBD in humans, reviews studies on the biological activity of CBD metabolites either in vitro or in vivo, and discusses relevant drug–drug interactions. To facilitate further research in the area, the reported syntheses of CBD metabolites are also catalogued.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lumír Hanuš
- Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel
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Minuti L, Ballerini E, Barattucci A, Bonaccorsi PM, Di Gioia ML, Leggio A, Siciliano C, Temperini A. A unified strategy for the synthesis of three conicol marine natural products. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.03.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Tsuna K, Noguchi N, Nakada M. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Ophiobolin A. Chemistry 2013; 19:5476-86. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Minuti L, Ballerini E. High-Pressure Access to the Δ9-cis- and Δ9-trans-Tetrahydrocannabinols Family. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5392-403. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200796b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Minuti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Ballerini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Ballerini E, Minuti L, Piermatti O. High-Pressure Diels−Alder Cycloadditions between Benzylideneacetones and 1,3-Butadienes: Application to the Synthesis of (R,R)-(−)- and (S,S)-(+)-Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabinol. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4251-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jo100785w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Ballerini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucio Minuti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Oriana Piermatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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20
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Ballerini E, Minuti L, Piermatti O, Pizzo F. High Pressure Diels−Alder Approach to Hydroxy-Substituted 6a-Cyano-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-ones: A Route to Δ6-Cis-Cannabidiol. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4311-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9005365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Ballerini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucio Minuti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Oriana Piermatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Pizzo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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21
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Sheldrake HM, Jamieson C, Pascu SI, Burton JW. Synthesis of the originally proposed structures of elatenyne and an enyne from Laurencia majuscula. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:238-52. [DOI: 10.1039/b814953d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Marvin CC, Voight EA, Suh JM, Paradise CL, Burke SD. Synthesis of (+)-didemniserinolipid B: application of a 2-allyl-4-fluorophenyl auxiliary for relay ring-closing metathesis. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8452-7. [PMID: 18811201 DOI: 10.1021/jo801666t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of didemniserinolipid B utilizing a ketalization/ring-closing metathesis (K/RCM) strategy is described. In the course of this work, a novel 2-allyl-4-fluorophenyl auxiliary for relay ring-closing metathesis (RRCM) was developed, which increased the yield of the RCM. The resulting 6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octene core was selectively functionalized by complimentary dihydroxylation and epoxidation routes to install the C10 axial alcohol. This bicyclic ketal core was further functionalized by etherification and an alkene cross metathesis with an unsaturated alpha-phenylselenyl ester en route to completing the total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Marvin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison,1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, USA
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Mechoulam R, Peters M, Murillo-Rodriguez E, Hanus LO. Cannabidiol--recent advances. Chem Biodivers 2007; 4:1678-92. [PMID: 17712814 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200790147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present some of the recent publications on cannabidiol (CBD; 2), a major non-psychoactive constituent of Cannabis, and to give a general overview. Special emphasis is laid on biochemical and pharmacological advances, and on novel mechanisms recently put forward, to shed light on some of the pharmacological effects that can possibly be rationalized through these mechanisms. The plethora of positive pharmacological effects observed with CBD make this compound a highly attractive therapeutic entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Mechoulam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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Tessier G, Barriault L. THE CONQUEST OF VINIGROL. CREATIVITY, FRUSTRATIONS, AND HOPE. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00304940709458591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kobayashi Y, Takeuchi A, Wang YG. Synthesis of Cannabidiols via Alkenylation of Cyclohexenyl Monoacetate. Org Lett 2006; 8:2699-702. [PMID: 16774235 DOI: 10.1021/ol060692h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Because of the lack of potency binding to the receptors responsible for psychoactivity, cannabidiol has received much attention as a lead compound to develop a nonpsychotropic drug. Herein, we establish a method to access not only cannabidiol but also its analogues. The key reaction is nickel-catalyzed allylation of 2-cyclohexene-1,4-diol monoacetate with a new reagent, (alkenyl)ZnCl/TMEDA, which gives a S(N)2-type product with 94% regioselectivity in good yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kobayashi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
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26
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Paquette LA, Efremov I, Liu Z. Exploratory studies aimed at a synthesis of vinigrol. 2. Attempts to exploit ring-closing metathesis for construction of the central cyclooctane belt. J Org Chem 2005; 70:505-9. [PMID: 15651793 DOI: 10.1021/jo048458x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A program directed to the possible adaptation of ring closing metathesis to a total synthesis of vinigrol is described. With a convenient route to intermediates of general type 3 available from a prior investigation, several candidate substrates were prepared. These included the epoxy dienes 10 and 22, the diacetoxy triene 42, and the heavily functionalized cyclohexane 48. The central issue of this approach was to convey a maximum degree of conformational flexibility to these functionalized intermediates, such that the olefinic termini of the side chains could enter into intramolecular carbon-carbon bond formation. In no example was ring closure observed to operate. Instead, the strategically placed pi-bonds were seen to migrate internally to the chain in select examples. Although the pivotal transformations failed, the deployment of a number of useful stereo-controlled reactions has ultimately resulted in the preparation of heavily substituted cis-decalins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo A Paquette
- Evans Chemical Laboratories, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Hanus LO, Tchilibon S, Ponde DE, Breuer A, Fride E, Mechoulam R. Enantiomeric cannabidiol derivatives: synthesis and binding to cannabinoid receptors. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:1116-23. [PMID: 15750656 DOI: 10.1039/b416943c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major, non psychotropic constituent of cannabis. It has been shown to cause numerous physiological effects of therapeutic importance. We have reported that CBD derivatives in both enantiomeric series are of pharmaceutical interest. Here we describe the syntheses of the major CBD metabolites, (-)-7-hydroxy-CBD and (-)-CBD-7-oic acid and their dimethylheptyl (DMH) homologs, as well as of the corresponding compounds in the enantiomeric (+)-CBD series. The starting materials were the respective CBD enantiomers and their DMH homologs. The binding of these compounds to the CB(1) and CB(2) cannabinoid receptors are compared. Surprisingly, contrary to the compounds in the (-) series, which do not bind to the receptors, most of the derivatives in the (+) series bind to the CB(1) receptor in the low nanomole range. Some of these compounds also bind weakly to the CB(2) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumír O Hanus
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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28
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Gilgun-Sherki Y, Melamed E, Mechoulam R, Offen D. The CB1 cannabinoid receptor agonist, HU-210, reduces levodopa-induced rotations in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 2003; 93:66-70. [PMID: 12899667 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0773.2003.930202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease of the extrapyramidal system associated with dopaminergic neuronal loss in the basal ganglia. However, several other neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, gamma-amino-butyric acid and glutamate, are also related to the symptoms of Parkinson's disease patients and their response to levodopa treatment. The co-expression of cannabinoid and dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia suggests a potential role for endocannabinoids in the control of voluntary movement in Parkinson's disease. In the present study we treated unilaterally 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenethylamine (6-hydroxydopamine)-lesioned rats with the enantiomers of the synthetic cannabinoid 7-hydroxy-delta6-tetrahydrocannabinol 1,1-dimethylheptyl. Treatment with its (-)- (3R, 4R) enantiomer (code-name HU-210), a potent cannabinoid receptor type 1 agonist, reduced the rotations induced by levodopa/carbidopa or apomorphine by 34% and 44%, respectively. In contrast, treatment with the (+)- (3S, 4S) enantiomer (code-name HU-211), an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, as well as the psychotropically inactive cannabis constituent: cannabidiol and its primary metabolite, 7-hydroxy-cannabinol, did not show any reduction of rotational behavior. Our results indicate that activation of the CB1 stimulates the dopaminergic system ipsilaterally to the lesion, and may have implications in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Gilgun-Sherki
- Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel
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Mechoulam R, Hanus L. Cannabidiol: an overview of some chemical and pharmacological aspects. Part I: chemical aspects. Chem Phys Lipids 2002; 121:35-43. [PMID: 12505688 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(02)00144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years considerable attention has focused on cannabidiol (CBD), a major non-psychotropic constituent of Cannabis. In Part I of this review we present a condensed survey of the chemistry of CBD; in Part II, to be published later, we shall discuss the anti-convulsive, anti-anxiety, anti-psychotic, anti-nausea and anti-rheumatoid arthritic properties of CBD. CBD does not bind to the known cannabinoid receptors and its mechanism of action is yet unknown. In Part II we shall also present evidence that it is conceivable that, in part at least, its effects are due to its recently discovered inhibition of anandamide uptake and hydrolysis and to its anti-oxidative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Mechoulam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Medical Faculty, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem Campus, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Bisogno T, Hanuš L, De Petrocellis L, Tchilibon S, Ponde DE, Brandi I, Moriello AS, Davis JB, Mechoulam R, Di Marzo V. Molecular targets for cannabidiol and its synthetic analogues: effect on vanilloid VR1 receptors and on the cellular uptake and enzymatic hydrolysis of anandamide. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:845-52. [PMID: 11606325 PMCID: PMC1573017 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 851] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2001] [Revised: 07/19/2001] [Accepted: 08/03/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. (-)-Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotropic component of Cannabis with possible therapeutic use as an anti-inflammatory drug. Little is known on the possible molecular targets of this compound. We investigated whether CBD and some of its derivatives interact with vanilloid receptor type 1 (VR1), the receptor for capsaicin, or with proteins that inactivate the endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide (AEA). 2. CBD and its enantiomer, (+)-CBD, together with seven analogues, obtained by exchanging the C-7 methyl group of CBD with a hydroxy-methyl or a carboxyl function and/or the C-5' pentyl group with a di-methyl-heptyl (DMH) group, were tested on: (a) VR1-mediated increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations in cells over-expressing human VR1; (b) [(14)C]-AEA uptake by RBL-2H3 cells, which is facilitated by a selective membrane transporter; and (c) [(14)C]-AEA hydrolysis by rat brain membranes, which is catalysed by the fatty acid amide hydrolase. 3. Both CBD and (+)-CBD, but not the other analogues, stimulated VR1 with EC(50)=3.2 - 3.5 microM, and with a maximal effect similar in efficacy to that of capsaicin, i.e. 67 - 70% of the effect obtained with ionomycin (4 microM). CBD (10 microM) desensitized VR1 to the action of capsaicin. The effects of maximal doses of the two compounds were not additive. 4. (+)-5'-DMH-CBD and (+)-7-hydroxy-5'-DMH-CBD inhibited [(14)C]-AEA uptake (IC(50)=10.0 and 7.0 microM); the (-)-enantiomers were slightly less active (IC(50)=14.0 and 12.5 microM). 5. CBD and (+)-CBD were also active (IC(50)=22.0 and 17.0 microM). CBD (IC(50)=27.5 microM), (+)-CBD (IC(50)=63.5 microM) and (-)-7-hydroxy-CBD (IC(50)=34 microM), but not the other analogues (IC(50)>100 microM), weakly inhibited [(14)C]-AEA hydrolysis. 6. Only the (+)-isomers exhibited high affinity for CB(1) and/or CB(2) cannabinoid receptors. 7. These findings suggest that VR1 receptors, or increased levels of endogenous AEA, might mediate some of the pharmacological effects of CBD and its analogues. In view of the facile high yield synthesis, and the weak affinity for CB(1) and CB(2) receptors, (-)-5'-DMH-CBD represents a valuable candidate for further investigation as inhibitor of AEA uptake and a possible new therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bisogno
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto per la Chimica di Molecole di Interesse Biologico, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, Fabbricato 70, 80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Lumír Hanuš
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Luciano De Petrocellis
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Cibernetica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, Fabbricato 70, 80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Susanna Tchilibon
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Datta E Ponde
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ines Brandi
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto per la Chimica di Molecole di Interesse Biologico, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, Fabbricato 70, 80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Aniello Schiano Moriello
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Cibernetica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, Fabbricato 70, 80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - John B Davis
- Neurology-CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto per la Chimica di Molecole di Interesse Biologico, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, Fabbricato 70, 80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
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