1
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Guo YF, Yu JC, Dong H. Regioselective Glycosylation of Mannoside and Galactoside Acceptors Containing 2,4-OH Achieved by Altering Protecting Groups at the 1,3,6-Positions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8706-8720. [PMID: 38825808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we systematically investigated the regioselective glycosylation of 2,4-OH mannoside and galactoside acceptors since regioselective protection of their 3- and 6-OHs is readily achieved. By altering the protecting groups at 1-, 3-, and 6-positions of such acceptors, we finally screened p-methoxyphenyl 3-OBn, 6-OTBDPS, α-mannoside, and β-galactoside acceptors whose 2-OHs exhibited excellent selectivity for glycosylation with various glycosyl donors, leading to 1,2-linked products in 70-82% yields. By utilizing such acceptors, a series of 2,4-linked trisaccharide products (53-65% yields over two steps) have been highly efficiently synthesized without the need for complex protection/deprotection operations at the 2- and 4-positions of these acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Fan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Cheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Hai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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2
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Mohammed ASA, Tian W, Zhang Y, Peng P, Wang F, Li T. Leishmania lipophosphoglycan components: A potent target for synthetic neoglycoproteins as a vaccine candidate for leishmaniasis. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 237:116120. [PMID: 32241437 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania is an obligate intracellular pathogen that invades phagocytic host cells. Due to its high morbidity and mortality rates, leishmaniasis attracts significant attention. The disease, which is caused by Leishmania parasites, is distributed worldwide, particularly among developing communities, and causes fatal complications if not treated expediently. Unfortunately, the existing treatments are not preventive and do not impede Leishmania infection. Many drugs available for leishmaniasis are becoming less effective due to emerging resistance in some Leishmania species. Other drugs have drawbacks such as low cost-effectiveness, toxicity, and side effects. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers leishmaniasis to be a major public health problem and suggests that the best prevention is to develop a vaccine for this dangerous disease. In this review, we focus on the unique components of lipophosphoglycan (LPG), a component of the Leishmania cell wall, particularly [Galp(1 → 4)-β-[Manp-(1 → 2)-α-Manp-(1 → 2)-α]-Manp] in the cryptic tetrasaccharide cap, and on synthetic approaches as a potent candidate for a leishmaniasis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Saleh A Mohammed
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Weilu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Youqin Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Peng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Fengshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Tianlu Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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3
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Rintelmann CL, Grinnage-Pulley T, Ross K, Kabotso DEK, Toepp A, Cowell A, Petersen C, Narasimhan B, Pohl N. Design and synthesis of multivalent α-1,2-trimannose-linked bioerodible microparticles for applications in immune response studies of Leishmania major infection. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:623-632. [PMID: 30931004 PMCID: PMC6423605 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, currently infects approximately 12 million people worldwide with 1 to 2 million new cases each year in predominately underdeveloped countries. The treatment of the disease is severely underdeveloped due to the ability of the Leishmania pathogen to evade and abate immune responses. In an effort to develop anti-leishmaniasis vaccines and adjuvants, novel carbohydrate-based probes were made to study the mechanisms of immune modulation. In this study, a new bioerodible polyanhydride microparticle was designed and conjugated with a glycodendrimer molecular probe. This molecular probe incorporates a pathogen-like multivalent display of α-1,2-trimannose, for which a more efficient synthesis was designed, with a tethered fluorophore. Further attachment of the glycodendrimer to a biocompatible, surface eroding microparticle allows for targeted uptake and internalization of the pathogen-associated oligosaccharide by phagocytic immune cells. The α-1,2-trimannose-linked bioerodible microparticles were found to be safe after administration into the footpad of mice and demonstrated a similar response to α-1,2-trimannose-coated latex beads during L. major footpad infection. Furthermore, the bioerodible microparticles allowed for investigation of the role of pathogen-associated oligosaccharides for recognition by pathogen-recognition receptors during L. major-induced leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Rintelmann
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, USA
| | - Tara Grinnage-Pulley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 105 River Street, S444 CPHB, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, 2500 Crosspark Road, MTF B166 Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, 2114 Sweeney Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-2230, USA
| | - Kathleen Ross
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, 2114 Sweeney Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-2230, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 618 Bissell Road, Ames, Iowa 50011-2230, USA
| | - Daniel E K Kabotso
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, USA
| | - Angela Toepp
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 105 River Street, S444 CPHB, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, 2500 Crosspark Road, MTF B166 Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA
| | - Anne Cowell
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, USA
| | - Christine Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 105 River Street, S444 CPHB, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, 2500 Crosspark Road, MTF B166 Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, 2114 Sweeney Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-2230, USA
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, 2114 Sweeney Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-2230, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 618 Bissell Road, Ames, Iowa 50011-2230, USA
| | - Nicola Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, USA.,Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, 2114 Sweeney Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-2230, USA
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4
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Baumann A, Marchner S, Daum M, Hoffmann-Röder A. Synthesis of Fluorinated Leishmania
Cap Trisaccharides for Diagnostic Tool and Vaccine Development. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Baumann
- Center For Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität; Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Stefan Marchner
- Center For Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität; Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Markus Daum
- Center For Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität; Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Anja Hoffmann-Röder
- Center For Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität; Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
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5
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Riveira MJ, Mata EG. Cross-Metathesis on Immobilized Substrates - Application to the Generation of Synthetically and Biologically Relevant Structures. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martín J. Riveira
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICETUNR); Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Suipacha 531 2000 Rosario Argentina
| | - Ernesto G. Mata
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICETUNR); Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Suipacha 531 2000 Rosario Argentina
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6
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Multivalent display of minimal Clostridium difficile glycan epitopes mimics antigenic properties of larger glycans. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11224. [PMID: 27091615 PMCID: PMC4838876 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cell-surface glycans are promising vaccine candidates against Clostridium difficile. The complexity of large, highly antigenic and immunogenic glycans is a synthetic challenge. Less complex antigens providing similar immune responses are desirable for vaccine development. Based on molecular-level glycan–antibody interaction analyses, we here demonstrate that the C. difficile surface polysaccharide-I (PS-I) can be resembled by multivalent display of minimal disaccharide epitopes on a synthetic scaffold that does not participate in binding. We show that antibody avidity as a measure of antigenicity increases by about five orders of magnitude when disaccharides are compared with constructs containing five disaccharides. The synthetic, pentavalent vaccine candidate containing a peptide T-cell epitope elicits weak but highly specific antibody responses to larger PS-I glycans in mice. This study highlights the potential of multivalently displaying small oligosaccharides to achieve antigenicity characteristic of larger glycans. The approach may result in more cost-efficient carbohydrate vaccines with reduced synthetic effort. Immunologically-active glycans are promising vaccine candidates but can be difficult to synthesize. Here, the authors show that pentavalent display of a minimal disaccharde epitope on a chemical scaffold can mimic a native C. difficile glycan antigen, representing a simple approach to synthetic vaccine production.
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7
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Mukherjee MM, Basu N, Ghosh R. Expeditious synthesis of the tetrasaccharide cap domain of the Leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan using one-pot glycosylation reactions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03856e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Expeditious syntheses of the tetrasaccharide cap related to the lipophosphoglycan ofLeishmania donovaniwere achieved by sequential one-pot glycosylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nabamita Basu
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Rina Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
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8
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Anish C, Schumann B, Pereira CL, Seeberger PH. Chemical biology approaches to designing defined carbohydrate vaccines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:38-50. [PMID: 24439205 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate antigens have shown promise as important targets for developing effective vaccines and pathogen detection strategies. Modifying purified microbial glycans through synthetic routes or completely synthesizing antigenic motifs are attractive options to advance carbohydrate vaccine development. However, limited knowledge on structure-property correlates hampers the discovery of immunoprotective carbohydrate epitopes. Recent advancements in tools for glycan modification, high-throughput screening of biological samples, and 3D structural analysis may facilitate antigen discovery process. This review focuses on advances that accelerate carbohydrate-based vaccine development and various technologies that are driving these efforts. Herein we provide a critical overview of approaches and resources available for rational design of better carbohydrate antigens. Structurally defined and fully synthetic oligosaccharides, designed based on molecular understanding of antigen-antibody interactions, offer a promising alternative for developing future carbohydrate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakkumkal Anish
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Schumann
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claney Lebev Pereira
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Ramawat KG, Mérillon JM. Major Advances in the Development of Synthetic Oligosaccharide-Based Vaccines. POLYSACCHARIDES 2015. [PMCID: PMC7123674 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their involvement in a variety of different biological processes and their occurrence onto pathogens and malignant cell surface, carbohydrates have been identified as ideal candidates for vaccine formulation. However, as free oligosaccharides are poorly immunogenic and do not induce immunological memory in the most at risk population (infants and young children, elderly and immunocompromised patients), glycoconjugate vaccines containing the same carbohydrate antigen covalently linked to an immunogenic carrier protein have gained a prominent role. Accordingly, a number of glycoconjugate vaccines mostly directed against infections caused by bacterial pathogens have been licensed and are currently available on the market. However, also glycoconjugate vaccines suffer from significant drawbacks. The challenging procedures required for the isolation and purification of the carbohydrate antigen from its natural source often lead to poor homogeneity and presence of biological contaminants, resulting in batch-to-batch variability. Moreover, in some cases, the overwhelming immunogenicity of the carrier protein may induce the carbohydrate epitope suppression, causing hyporesponsiveness. The development of synthetic oligosaccharide-based vaccine candidates, characterized by the presence of pure and well-defined synthetic oligosaccharide structures, is expected to meet the requirement of homogeneous and highly reproducible preparations. In the present chapter, we report on the major advances in the development of synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines. First of all, we describe different strategies developed during the last years to circumvent the inherent difficulties of classical oligosaccharide synthesis, such as the one-pot glycosylation and the solid-phase synthesis, and their application to the preparation of carbohydrate antigens apt to conjugation with protein carriers. Next, we discuss the most representative methodologies employed for the chemical ligation of oligosaccharide structures to proteins. Finally, in the last section, we report significant examples of fully synthetic vaccines exploiting the multivalency effect. These constructs are based on the concept that the conjugation of multiple copies of synthetic oligosaccharide antigens to multivalent scaffolds, such as dendrimers, (cyclo)peptides, gold nanoparticles, and calixarenes, raises cooperative interactions between carbohydrates and immune receptors, leading to strong enhancement of the saccharide antigen immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Michel Mérillon
- Groupe d’Etude des Substances Végétales à Activité Biologique, Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Gilmore
- Department for Biomolecular Systems; Max-Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces; Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department for Biomolecular Systems; Max-Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces; Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin; Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
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11
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Broecker F, Aretz J, Yang Y, Hanske J, Guo X, Reinhardt A, Wahlbrink A, Rademacher C, Anish C, Seeberger PH. Epitope recognition of antibodies against a Yersinia pestis lipopolysaccharide trisaccharide component. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:867-73. [PMID: 24479563 DOI: 10.1021/cb400925k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Today, the process of selecting carbohydrate antigens as a basis for active vaccination and the generation of antibodies for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes is based on intuition combined with trial and error experiments. In efforts to establish a rational process for glycan epitope selection, we employed glycan array screening, surface plasmon resonance, and saturation transfer difference (STD)-NMR to elucidate the interactions between antibodies and glycans representing the Yersinia pestis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A trisaccharide epitope of the LPS inner core glycan and different LPS-derived oligosaccharides from various Gram-negative bacteria were analyzed using this combination of techniques. The antibody-glycan interaction with a heptose substructure was determined at atomic-level detail. Antibodies specifically recognize the Y. pestis trisaccharide and some substructures with high affinity and specificity. No significant binding to LPS glycans from other bacteria was observed, which suggests that the epitopes for just one particular bacterial species can be identified. On the basis of these results we are beginning to understand the rules for structure-based design and selection of carbohydrate antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Broecker
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Aretz
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - You Yang
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jonas Hanske
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaoqiang Guo
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anika Reinhardt
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Wahlbrink
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Chakkumkal Anish
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Major Advances in the Development of Synthetic Oligosaccharide-Based Vaccines. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_65-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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13
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Snyder N, Seeberger P, Mukosera G, Held E. 9.05 Technology-Enabled Synthesis of Carbohydrates. COMPREHENSIVE ORGANIC SYNTHESIS II 2014. [PMCID: PMC7173493 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-097742-3.00914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Automated solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis has revolutionized the emerging field of glycomics. The automation process, in which selectively functionalized monosaccharide building blocks are added sequentially to a growing oligosaccharide chain connected via an inert linker to a solid support, has been used to prepare a number of biologically relevant oligosaccharide-based constructs in record time and on scales that would have been impossible using standard solution-phase synthetic techniques. This review highlights recent developments in automated solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis including engineering advancements that have led to the design of a fully automated platform, new and improved linker strategies that have broadened the scope of the chemical reactions that can be used in automation, and recent developments in the synthesis of functionalized monosaccharide building blocks. The automated solid-phase synthesis of biologically relevant carbohydrate constructs including bacterial and viral antigens, cancer antigens, vaccine candidates, and N-linked core oligosaccharides is also presented.
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14
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Martin CE, Broecker F, Oberli MA, Komor J, Mattner J, Anish C, Seeberger PH. Immunological evaluation of a synthetic Clostridium difficile oligosaccharide conjugate vaccine candidate and identification of a minimal epitope. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9713-22. [PMID: 23795894 DOI: 10.1021/ja401410y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is the cause of emerging nosocomial infections that result in abundant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Thus, the development of a vaccine to kill the bacteria to prevent this disease is highly desirable. Several recently identified bacterial surface glycans, such as PS-I and PS-II, are promising vaccine candidates to preclude C. difficile infection. To circumvent difficulties with the generation of natural PS-I due to its low expression levels in bacterial cultures, improved chemical synthesis protocols for the pentasaccharide repeating unit of PS-I and oligosaccharide substructures were utilized to produce large quantities of well-defined PS-I related glycans. The analysis of stool and serum samples obtained from C. difficile patients using glycan microarrays of synthetic oligosaccharide epitopes revealed humoral immune responses to the PS-I related glycan epitopes. Two different vaccine candidates were evaluated in the mouse model. A synthetic PS-I repeating unit CRM197 conjugate was immunogenic in mice and induced immunoglobulin class switching as well as affinity maturation. Microarray screening employing PS-I repeating unit substructures revealed the disaccharide Rha-(1→3)-Glc as a minimal epitope. A CRM197-Rha-(1→3)-Glc disaccharide conjugate was able to elicit antibodies recognizing the C. difficile PS-I pentasaccharide. We herein demonstrate that glycan microarrays exposing defined oligosaccharide epitopes help to determine the minimal immunogenic epitopes of complex oligosaccharide antigens. The synthetic PS-I pentasaccharide repeating unit as well as the Rha-(1→3)-Glc disaccharide are promising novel vaccine candidates against C. difficile that are currently in preclinical evaluation.
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15
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Sunasee R, Narain R. Glycopolymers and Glyco-nanoparticles in Biomolecular Recognition Processes and Vaccine Development. Macromol Biosci 2012; 13:9-27. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Sureshkumar G, Hotha S. AuBr3 mediated glycosidations: synthesis of tetrasaccharide motif of the Leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan. Glycoconj J 2012; 29:221-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Hsu CH, Hung SC, Wu CY, Wong CH. Toward automated oligosaccharide synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:11872-923. [PMID: 22127846 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates have been shown to play important roles in biological processes. The pace of development in carbohydrate research is, however, relatively slow due to the problems associated with the complexity of carbohydrate structures and the lack of general synthetic methods and tools available for the study of this class of biomolecules. Recent advances in synthesis have demonstrated that many of these problems can be circumvented. In this Review, we describe the methods developed to tackle the problems of carbohydrate-mediated biological processes, with particular focus on the issue related to the development of the automated synthesis of oligosaccharides. Further applications of carbohydrate microarrays and vaccines to human diseases are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hsiung Hsu
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Hsu CH, Hung SC, Wu CY, Wong CH. Auf dem Weg zur automatisierten Oligosaccharid- Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Nikolaev AV, Sizova OV. Synthetic neoglycoconjugates of cell-surface phosphoglycans of Leishmania as potential anti-parasite carbohydrate vaccines. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2011; 76:761-73. [PMID: 21999537 PMCID: PMC5496670 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911070066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania are a genus of sandfly-transmitted protozoan parasites that cause a spectrum of debilitating and often fatal diseases in humans throughout the tropics and subtropics. During the parasite life cycle, Leishmania survive and proliferate in highly hostile environments. Their survival strategies involve the formation of an elaborate and dense cell-surface glycocalyx composed of diverse stage-specific glycoconjugates that form a protective barrier. Phosphoglycans constitute the variable structural and functional domain of major cell-surface lipophosphoglycan and secreted proteophosphoglycans. In this paper, we discuss structural aspects of various phosphoglycans from Leishmania with the major emphasis on the chemical preparation of neoglycoconjugates (neoglycoproteins and neoglycolipids) based on Leishmania lipophosphoglycan structures as well as the immunological evaluation for some of them as potential anti-leishmaniasis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Nikolaev
- College of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, UK.
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Lepenies B, Seeberger PH. The promise of glycomics, glycan arrays and carbohydrate-based vaccines. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 32:196-207. [DOI: 10.3109/08923970903292663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Stallforth P, Lepenies B, Adibekian A, Seeberger PH. Carbohydrates: A Frontier in Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5561-77. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900819p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Stallforth
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Recent advances in carbohydrate-based vaccines. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:354-9. [PMID: 19560394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.05.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinations provide an efficient and cost-effective way to combat devastating human diseases. Besides pathogenic protein markers, cell surface carbohydrates from biological sources are widely used as vaccines. Recently, synthetic immunogenic carbohydrate-protein conjugates have been advanced to vaccine candidates. Progress in the chemical synthesis of oligosaccharides and conjugation methods stimulated the development of novel carbohydrate-based vaccine candidates.
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Oberli MA, Bindschädler P, Werz DB, Seeberger PH. Synthesis of a Hexasaccharide Repeating Unit from Bacillus anthracis Vegetative Cell Walls. Org Lett 2008; 10:905-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ol7030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias A. Oberli
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Bindschädler
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel B. Werz
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Jaipuri FA, Pohl NL. Toward solution-phase automated iterative synthesis: fluorous-tag assisted solution-phase synthesis of linear and branched mannose oligomers. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:2686-91. [DOI: 10.1039/b803451f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Werz DB, Ranzinger R, Herget S, Adibekian A, von der Lieth CW, Seeberger PH. Exploring the structural diversity of mammalian carbohydrates ("glycospace") by statistical databank analysis. ACS Chem Biol 2007; 2:685-91. [PMID: 18041818 DOI: 10.1021/cb700178s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of three major classes of mammalian carbohydrates, mainly glycolipids and O- and N-linked glycans, deposited in the databank GLYCOSCIENCES.de was subjected to statistical analyses. Size, chain length, and branching complexity were accessed and revealed that the average oligosaccharide is composed of about eight monosaccharide units. About a quarter of all oligosaccharides are strictly linear, and the remainder are branched at least once. Glucosamine, galactose, and mannose are dominating and comprise ~75% of the monosaccharides within mammalian oligosaccharide frameworks. alpha-Linked sialic acid, alpha-linked fucose, and beta-linked galactose decorate the majority of reducing termini. Glucose as the most abundant carbohydrate in mammals plays only a very minor role within these structures. Particular emphasis was placed on analyzing the way the monosaccharide units are linked within the oligomeric framework. Just 11 monosaccharide connections account for >75% of all linkages. Thus, the number of structural combinations found in nature, the part of the occupied mammalian glycospace, is much smaller than expected. As a result, a potential set of building blocks for oligosaccharide assembly is presented. This potential building block set was correlated with the accessible 3299 mammalian carbohydrate structures in the GLYCOSCIENCES.de databank. Only 36 building blocks are required to construct 75% of the 3299 mammalian oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Werz
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, HCI F 315, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Present address: Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - René Ranzinger
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herget
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Adibekian
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, HCI F 315, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, HCI F 315, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Peptides and oligonucleotides are prepared by automated synthesizers that can be operated by non-specialists. Carbohydrates have been hard to assemble, but the increasing awareness of the biological importance of this class of complex repeating biopolymers has prompted efforts to accelerate their synthesis. This tutorial review defines the state of the art of automated solid phase oligosaccharide synthesis and identifies areas in need of further innovation. Application of the automated synthesis method to prepare a malaria vaccine candidate is briefly highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Seeberger
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, HCI F 315, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Our understanding of the different glycoconjugates present on cells, proteins and entire organisms is lagging far behind advances in genomics and proteomics. Carbohydrate sequencing and the synthesis of defined oligosaccharides are two key technologies that have contributed to progress in glycomics research. Synthetic tools and high-throughput experiments such as carbohydrate arrays are beginning to affect biological research. These techniques are now being applied to the development of carbohydrate-based diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Seeberger
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Of the three classes of biopolymers—nucleic acids, proteins and glycoconjugates, nucleic acids
and proteins have seen the most breakthroughs in understanding their biological role, in part due to their
ready availability. The automation of oligonucleotide and peptide synthesis has been fruitful in providing
biologists and biochemists with pure, well-defined structures. This work reviews the recent developments
in the automated synthesis of oligosaccharides, the third class of biopolymers. Both glycosyl phosphates
and glycosyl trichloroacetimidates have been used successfully in the automated assembly of oligosaccharides
employing an octenediol-functionalized polystyrene resin. The product was cleaved either by methanolysis
of an ester bond or by olefin cross metathesis. Several biologically important carbohydrates have been
synthesized by automation, in a fraction of the time needed to synthesize them by traditional methods.
For example, the tumor associated antigens Lewis Y, Ley-Lex,
were synthesized by automation. A Leishmania cap tetrasaccharide
and a malaria toxin vaccine candidate were also assembled.
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Coullerez G, Seeberger PH, Textor M. Merging Organic and Polymer Chemistries to Create Glycomaterials for Glycomics Applications. Macromol Biosci 2006; 6:634-47. [PMID: 16881090 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200600090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
[Image: see text] Oligosaccharides at cell surfaces are known to play a critical role in many biological processes such as biorecognition, interactions between cells and with artificial surfaces, immune response, infection and inflammation. In order to facilitate studies of the role of sugars, an increasing number of novel tools are becoming available. New synthetic strategies now provide much more efficient access to complex carbohydrates or glycoconjugates. Branched carbohydrates and hybrids of carbohydrates conjugated to polymers have been prepared using solution and/or solid-phase synthesis and advanced methods of polymerization. These materials are essential for the development of methodologies to study and map the molecular structure-function relationship at interfaces. This article highlights recent advances in the synthesis of carbohydrates and polymer hybrids mimicking the properties and functionalities of the natural oligosaccharides, as well as selected applications in biology, biotechnology and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Coullerez
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, BioInterfaceGroup, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Synthetic carbohydrates and glycoconjugates are used to study their roles in biological important processes such as inflammation, cell-cell recognition, immunological response, metastasis, and fertilization. The development of an automated oligosaccharide synthesizer greatly accelerates the assembly of complex, naturally occurring carbohydrates as well as chemically modified oligosaccharide structures and promises to have major impact on the field of glycobiology. Tools such as microarrays, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, and fluorescent carbohydrate conjugates to map interactions of carbohydrates in biological systems are presented. Case studies of the successful application of carbohydrates as active agents are discussed, for example, fully synthetic oligosaccharide vaccines to combat tropical diseases (e.g., malaria), bacterial infections (e.g., tuberculosis), viral infections such as HIV, and cancer. Aminoglycosides serve as examples of drugs acting through carbohydrate-nucleic-acid interactions, while heparin works by carbohydrate-protein interactions. A general, modular strategy for the complete stereoselective synthesis of defined heparin oligosaccharides is presented. A carbohydrate-functionalized fluorescent polymer has been shown to detect miniscule amounts of bacteria faster than commonly used methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Werz
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, ETH-Hönggerberg, HCI F315, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Ramasamy V, Ramakrishnan B, Boeggeman E, Ratner DM, Seeberger PH, Qasba PK. Oligosaccharide Preferences of β1,4-Galactosyltransferase-I: Crystal Structures of Met340His Mutant of Human β1,4-Galactosyltransferase-I with a Pentasaccharide and Trisaccharides of the N-Glycan Moiety. J Mol Biol 2005; 353:53-67. [PMID: 16157350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2005] [Revised: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase-I (beta4Gal-T1) transfers galactose from UDP-galactose to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues of the branched N-linked oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins. In an N-linked biantennary oligosaccharide chain, one antenna is attached to the 3-hydroxyl-(1,3-arm), and the other to the 6-hydroxyl-(1,6-arm) group of mannose, which is beta-1,4-linked to an N-linked chitobiose, attached to the aspargine residue of a protein. For a better understanding of the branch specificity of beta4Gal-T1 towards the GlcNAc residues of N-glycans, we have carried out kinetic and crystallographic studies with the wild-type human beta4Gal-T1 (h-beta4Gal-T1) and the mutant Met340His-beta4Gal-T1 (h-M340H-beta4Gal-T1) in complex with a GlcNAc-containing pentasaccharide and several GlcNAc-containing trisaccharides present in N-glycans. The oligosaccharides used were: pentasaccharide GlcNAcbeta1,2-Manalpha1,6 (GlcNAcbeta1,2-Manalpha1,3)Man; the 1,6-arm trisaccharide, GlcNAcbeta1,2-Manalpha1,6-Manbeta-OR (1,2-1,6-arm); the 1,3-arm trisaccharides, GlcNAcbeta1,2-Manalpha1,3-Manbeta-OR (1,2-1,3-arm) and GlcNAcbeta1,4-Manalpha1,3-Manbeta-OR (1,4-1,3-arm); and the trisaccharide GlcNAcbeta1,4-GlcNAcbeta1,4-GlcNAc (chitotriose). With the wild-type h-beta4Gal-T1, the K(m) of 1,2-1,6-arm is approximately tenfold lower than for 1,2-1,3-arm and 1,4-1,3-arm, and 22-fold lower than for chitotriose. Crystal structures of h-M340H-beta4Gal-T1 in complex with the pentasaccharide and various trisaccharides at 1.9-2.0A resolution showed that beta4Gal-T1 is in a closed conformation with the oligosaccharide bound to the enzyme, and the 1,2-1,6-arm trisaccharide makes the maximum number of interactions with the enzyme, which is in concurrence with the lowest K(m) for the trisaccharide. Present studies suggest that beta4Gal-T1 interacts preferentially with the 1,2-1,6-arm trisaccharide rather than with the 1,2-1,3-arm or 1,4-1,3-arm of a bi- or tri-antennary oligosaccharide chain of N-glycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velavan Ramasamy
- Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Seeberger PH, Werz DB. Automated synthesis of oligosaccharides as a basis for drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005; 4:751-63. [PMID: 16138107 DOI: 10.1038/nrd1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates present both potential and problems - their biological relevance has been recognized, but problems in procuring sugars rendered them a difficult class of compounds to handle in drug discovery efforts. The development of the first automated solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesizer and other methods to assemble defined oligosaccharides rapidly has fundamentally altered this situation. This review describes how quick access to oligosaccharides has not only contributed to biological, biochemical and biophysical investigations, but also to drug discovery. Particular focus will be placed on the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines, defined heparin oligosaccharides and aminoglycosides that have recently begun to affect drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Seeberger
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, HCI F315, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Baytas SN, Wang Q, Karst NA, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Solid-phase chemoenzymatic synthesis of C-sialosides. J Org Chem 2004; 69:6900-3. [PMID: 15387620 PMCID: PMC4135478 DOI: 10.1021/jo0491298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chemoenzymatic regioselective acylation of Neu5Ac followed by SmI2-mediated C-glycosylation on a solid support is described for five C-glycosides. This method should facilitate the construction of combinatorial libraries of inhibitors of neuraminidase activity and hemagglutinin interaction as potential antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan N. Baytas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Qun Wang
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Product Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Nathalie A. Karst
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Product Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
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Abstract
A personal review by the first graduate student of Professor R. Bruce Merrifield of the evolution of solid-phase synthesis and its acceptance by various subsets of the chemistry community. Solid-phase synthesis, as currently practised in the synthesis of biopolymers, combinatorial solid-phase organic chemistry, synthesis of natural products, catalyst selection, chemical ligation and materials development, has proven a paradigm shift for the chemistry community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garland R Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University Medical School, 700 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obadiah J Plante
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
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Hewitt MC, Snyder DA, Seeberger PH. Rapid synthesis of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-based malaria vaccine using automated solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:13434-6. [PMID: 12418894 DOI: 10.1021/ja027538k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Described is an automated synthesis of hexasaccharide malarial toxin 1, currently under development as a malaria vaccine candidate. Using a combination of automated solid-phase methods and solution-phase fragment coupling, the target glycosylphosphatidylinositol was assembled in a matter of days, compared with several weeks for a comparable solution-phase synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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Bosse F, Marcaurelle LA, Seeberger PH. Linear synthesis of the tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens Globo-H, SSEA-3, and Gb3. J Org Chem 2002; 67:6659-70. [PMID: 12227795 DOI: 10.1021/jo025834+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens Globo-H, SSEA-3, and Gb3 were synthesized in a linear fashion using glycosyl phosphate monosaccharide building blocks. All of the building blocks were prepared from readily available common precursors. The difficult alpha-(1-->4-cis)-galactosidic linkage was installed using a galactosyl phosphate donor with high selectivity. Introduction of the beta-galactosamine unit required the screening a variety of amine protecting groups to ensure good donor reactivity and protecting group compatibility. An N-trichloroacetyl-protected galactosamine donor performed best for the installation of the beta-glycosidic linkage. Conversion of the trichloroacetyl group to the N-acetyl group was achieved under mild conditions, fully compatible with the presence of multiple glycosidic bonds. This synthetic strategy is expected to be amenable to the synthesis of the globo-series of tumor antigens on solid-support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folkert Bosse
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Abstract
The application of combinatorial chemistry to the synthesis of carbohydrate-based compound collections has received increased attention in recent years. New strategies for the solution-phase synthesis of oligosaccharide libraries have been reported, and the use of monosaccharides as scaffolds in the generation of combinatorial libraries has been described. Novel approaches to the assembly of carbohydrate-based antibiotics, such as aminoglycoside analogs and vancomycin derivatives, have also been disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Marcaurelle
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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