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Srivastava A, Nair A, Pandey SP, Kluck GEG, Mesquita I, Ghosh T, Bose A, Baral R, Silvestre R, Bodhale N, Saha B. Toll-like receptor 2 selectively modulates Ras isoforms expression in Leishmania major infection. Cytokine 2023; 169:156301. [PMID: 37515982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania infection of macrophages results in altered Ras isoforms expression and Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) expression and functions. Therefore, we examined whether TLR2 would selectively alter Ras isoforms' expression in macrophages. We observed that TLR2 ligands- Pam3CSK4, peptidoglycan (PGN), and FSL- selectively modulated the expression of Ras isoforms in BALB/c-derived elicited macrophages. Lentivirally-expressed TLR1-shRNA significantly reversed this Ras isoforms expression profile. TLR2-deficient L. major-infected macrophages and the lymph node cells from the L. major-infected mice showed similarly reversed Ras isoforms expression. Transfection of the macrophages with the siRNAs for the adaptors- Myeloid Differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and Toll-Interleukin-1 Receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP)- or Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases (IRAKs)- IRAK1 and IRAK4- significantly inhibited the L. major-induced down-regulation of K-Ras, and up-regulation of N-Ras and H-Ras, expression. The TLR1/TLR2-ligand Pam3CSK4 increased IL-10 and TGF-β expression in macrophages. Pam3CSK4 upregulated N-Ras and H-Ras, but down-regulated K-Ras, expression in C57BL/6 wild-type, but not in IL-10-deficient, macrophages. IL-10 or TGF-β signaling inhibition selectively regulated Ras isoforms expression. These observations indicate the specificity of the TLR2 regulation of Ras isoforms and their selective modulation by MyD88, TIRAP, and IRAKs, but not IL-10 or TGF-β, signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arathi Nair
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Surya P Pandey
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - George Eduardo Gabriel Kluck
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Inês Mesquita
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Tithi Ghosh
- Chittaranjan National Cancer Research Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Anamika Bose
- Chittaranjan National Cancer Research Institute, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Neelam Bodhale
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
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Soto-Olguín N, Zamora-Chimal J, Delgado-Domínguez J, Becker I. Leishmania mexicana Lipophosphoglycan Activates Dermal γδ T Cells with Participation of TLR2. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:122-129. [PMID: 36434381 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00639-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Leishmania transmission by sand flies is detected by dermal cells that recognize ligands, such as lipophosphoglycan (LPG) on the promastigote glycocalyx. Resident dermal cells include γδ T cells, that recognize antigens by TCR or innate receptors, such as TLRs. We analyzed the response of dermal γδ T cells to Leishmania mexicana infections or inoculation of LPG, and whether parasite LPG activates γδ T cells through TLR2. METHODS We stimulated γδ T cells with LPG and analyzed colocalization of LPG and TLR2 by confocal microscopy. Activation of TLR2 was evaluated by IκBα phosphorylation. BALB/c mice were inoculated with L. mexicana or LPG in the dermis of earlobes, and LPG+ TLR2+ γδ T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. TNF+ γδ T cells were examined in earlobe dermis by confocal microscopy. RESULTS Stimulation with purified LPG showed activation of TLR2 with IκBα phosphorylation in γδ T cells. Inoculation of L. mexicana parasites or LPG into earlobe dermis showed co-expression of LPG+ and TLR2+ in γδ T cells, demonstrating their interaction during infections. A subset of γδ T cells (LPG+ and TLR2-) provided evidence that additional receptors recognize LPG. Inoculation of LPG enhanced overall γδ T cell numbers, including those expressing TNF, whereas infection with the parasite mostly enhanced γδ T cells expressing TNF. CONCLUSION L. mexicana LPG is a ligand recognized by TLR2 on γδ-T cells leading to their activation, although contribution of other receptors cannot be ruled out and need to be analyzed to elucidate their contribution during Leishmania infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Soto-Olguín
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, 06726, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Zamora-Chimal
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, 06726, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Delgado-Domínguez
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, 06726, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, 06726, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Pizzuto M, Pelegrin P, Ruysschaert JM. Lipid-protein interactions regulating the canonical and the non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 87:101182. [PMID: 35901922 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory response is a complex regulated effector mechanism of the innate immune system that is initiated after tissue injury or infection. The NLRP3 inflammasome is an important initiator of inflammation by regulating the activation of caspase-1, the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the induction of pyroptotic cell death. Numerous studies demonstrate that the NLRP3 inflammasome could be modulated by lipids, existing a relation between lipids and the activation of different inflammatory processes. In this review we will summarize how the mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation is regulated by different lipids and how these lipids control specific cellular localization of NLRP3 during activation. Although being a cytosolic protein, NLRP3 interacts with lipids accessible in neighbor membranes. Also, the modulation of NLRP3 by endogenous lipids has been found causative of different metabolic diseases and bacterial-pathogenic lipids lead to NLRP3 activation during infection. The understanding of the modulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by lipids has resulted not only in a better knowledge about the mechanism of NLRP3 activation and its implication in disease, but also opens a new avenue for the development of novel therapeutics and vaccines, as NLRP3 could be modulated by synthetic lipids used as adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvina Pizzuto
- Molecular Inflammation Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain; Laboratoire de Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Pablo Pelegrin
- Molecular Inflammation Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Spain.
| | - Jean-Marie Ruysschaert
- Laboratoire de Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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Mohammed ASA, Tian W, Zhang Y, Peng P, Wang F, Li T. Leishmania lipophosphoglycan components: A potent target for synthetic neoglycoproteins as a vaccine candidate for leishmaniasis. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 237:116120. [PMID: 32241437 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania is an obligate intracellular pathogen that invades phagocytic host cells. Due to its high morbidity and mortality rates, leishmaniasis attracts significant attention. The disease, which is caused by Leishmania parasites, is distributed worldwide, particularly among developing communities, and causes fatal complications if not treated expediently. Unfortunately, the existing treatments are not preventive and do not impede Leishmania infection. Many drugs available for leishmaniasis are becoming less effective due to emerging resistance in some Leishmania species. Other drugs have drawbacks such as low cost-effectiveness, toxicity, and side effects. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers leishmaniasis to be a major public health problem and suggests that the best prevention is to develop a vaccine for this dangerous disease. In this review, we focus on the unique components of lipophosphoglycan (LPG), a component of the Leishmania cell wall, particularly [Galp(1 → 4)-β-[Manp-(1 → 2)-α-Manp-(1 → 2)-α]-Manp] in the cryptic tetrasaccharide cap, and on synthetic approaches as a potent candidate for a leishmaniasis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Saleh A Mohammed
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Weilu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Youqin Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Peng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Fengshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Tianlu Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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Azevedo LG, de Queiroz ATL, Barral A, Santos LA, Ramos PIP. Proteins involved in the biosynthesis of lipophosphoglycan in Leishmania: a comparative genomic and evolutionary analysis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:44. [PMID: 32000835 PMCID: PMC6993435 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania spp. are digenetic parasites capable of infecting humans and causing a range of diseases collectively known as leishmaniasis. The main mechanisms involved in the development and permanence of this pathology are linked to evasion of the immune response. Crosstalk between the immune system and particularities of each pathogenic species is associated with diverse disease manifestations. Lipophosphoglycan (LPG), one of the most important molecules present on the surface of Leishmania parasites, is divided into four regions with high molecular variability. Although LPG plays an important role in host-pathogen and vector-parasite interactions, the distribution and phylogenetic relatedness of the genes responsible for its synthesis remain poorly explored. The recent availability of full genomes and transcriptomes of Leishmania parasites offers an opportunity to leverage insight on how LPG-related genes are distributed and expressed by these pathogens. RESULTS Using a phylogenomics-based framework, we identified a catalog of genes involved in LPG biosynthesis across 22 species of Leishmania from the subgenera Viannia and Leishmania, as well as 5 non-Leishmania trypanosomatids. The evolutionary relationships of these genes across species were also evaluated. Nine genes related to the production of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor were highly conserved among compared species, whereas 22 genes related to the synthesis of the repeat unit presented variable conservation. Extensive gain/loss events were verified, particularly in genes SCG1-4 and SCA1-2. These genes act, respectively, on the synthesis of the side chain attached to phosphoglycans and in the transfer of arabinose residues. Phylogenetic analyses disclosed evolutionary patterns reflective of differences in host specialization, geographic origin and disease manifestation. CONCLUSIONS The multiple gene gain/loss events identified by genomic data mining help to explain some of the observed intra- and interspecies variation in LPG structure. Collectively, our results provide a comprehensive catalog that details how LPG-related genes evolved in the Leishmania parasite specialization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Gentil Azevedo
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Biotechnology and Investigative Medicine, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, Bahia Brazil
| | - Artur Trancoso Lopo de Queiroz
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Biotechnology and Investigative Medicine, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, Bahia Brazil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii-INCT), São Paulo, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Luciane Amorim Santos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia Brazil
| | - Pablo Ivan Pereira Ramos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Biotechnology and Investigative Medicine, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, Bahia Brazil
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Lázaro-Souza M, Matte C, Lima JB, Arango Duque G, Quintela-Carvalho G, de Carvalho Vivarini Á, Moura-Pontes S, Figueira CP, Jesus-Santos FH, Gazos Lopes U, Farias LP, Araújo-Santos T, Descoteaux A, Borges VM. Leishmania infantum Lipophosphoglycan-Deficient Mutants: A Tool to Study Host Cell-Parasite Interplay. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:626. [PMID: 29675001 PMCID: PMC5896263 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is the major surface glycoconjugate of metacyclic Leishmania promastigotes and is associated with virulence in various species of this parasite. Here, we generated a LPG-deficient mutant of Leishmania infantum, the foremost etiologic agent of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. The L. infantum LPG-deficient mutant (Δlpg1) was obtained by homologous recombination and complemented via episomal expression of LPG1 (Δlpg1 + LPG1). Deletion of LPG1 had no observable effect on parasite morphology or on the presence of subcellular organelles, such as lipid droplets. While both wild-type and add-back parasites reached late phase in axenic cultures, the growth of Δlpg1 parasites was delayed. Additionally, the deletion of LPG1 impaired the outcome of infection in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. Although no significant differences were observed in parasite load after 4 h of infection, survival of Δlpg1 parasites was significantly reduced at 72 h post-infection. Interestingly, L. infantum LPG-deficient mutants induced a strong NF-κB-dependent activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) promoter compared to wild type and Δlpg1 + LPG1 parasites. In conclusion, the L. infantum Δlpg1 mutant constitutes a powerful tool to investigate the role(s) played by LPG in host cell-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Lázaro-Souza
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Legal Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Christine Matte
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique -Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Jonilson B Lima
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western of Bahia, Barreiras, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Arango Duque
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique -Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Graziele Quintela-Carvalho
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Legal Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano (IFBaiano), Alagoinhas, Brazil
| | - Áislan de Carvalho Vivarini
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Center of Health Science, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sara Moura-Pontes
- Department of Legal Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cláudio P Figueira
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Flávio H Jesus-Santos
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Legal Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Gazos Lopes
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Center of Health Science, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo P Farias
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Théo Araújo-Santos
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western of Bahia, Barreiras, Brazil
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique -Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Valéria M Borges
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Legal Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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Nogueira PM, Guimarães AC, Assis RR, Sadlova J, Myskova J, Pruzinova K, Hlavackova J, Turco SJ, Torrecilhas AC, Volf P, Soares RP. Lipophosphoglycan polymorphisms do not affect Leishmania amazonensis development in the permissive vectors Lutzomyia migonei and Lutzomyia longipalpis. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:608. [PMID: 29246180 PMCID: PMC5732482 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2568-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is a dominant surface molecule of Leishmania promastigotes. Its species-specific polymorphisms are found mainly in the sugars that branch off the conserved Gal(β1,4)Man(α1)-PO4 backbone of repeat units. Leishmania amazonensis is one of the most important species causing human cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World. Here, we describe LPG intraspecific polymorphisms in two Le. amazonensis reference strains and their role during the development in three sand fly species. Results Strains isolated from Lutzomyia flaviscutellata (PH8) and from a human patient (Josefa) displayed structural polymorphism in the LPG repeat units, possessing side chains with 1 and 2 β-glucose or 1 to 3 β-galactose, respectively. Both strains successfully infected permissive vectors Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia migonei and could colonize their stomodeal valve and differentiate into metacyclic forms. Despite bearing terminal galactose residues on LPG, Josefa could not sustain infection in the restrictive vector Phlebotomus papatasi. Conclusions LPG polymorphisms did not affect the ability of Le. amazonensis to develop late-stage infections in permissive vectors. However, the non-establishment of infection in Ph. papatasi by Josefa strain suggested other LPG-independent factors in this restrictive vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Nogueira
- Instituto René Rachou/FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Departamento de Parasitologia, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Rafael R Assis
- Instituto René Rachou/FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jovana Sadlova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Myskova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Pruzinova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hlavackova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Salvatore J Turco
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ana C Torrecilhas
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Farmácia, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Allahverdiyev AM, Cakir Koc R, Bagirova M, Elcicek S, Baydar SY, Oztel ON, Abamor ES, Ates SC, Topuzogullari M, Isoglu Dincer S, Akdeste Z. A new approach for development of vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis: Lipophosphoglycan and polyacrylic acid conjugates. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:877-86. [PMID: 29080616 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the antileishmanial vaccine effectiveness of lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and polyacrylic acids (PAA) conjugates on in vivo mice models. METHODS LPG molecule was isolated and purified from large-scale Leishmania donovani parasite culture. Protection efficacies of LPG alone, in combination with Freund's adjuvant, in a physical mixture and in conjugate (consisting of various LPG concentrations) with PAA, were comparatively determined by various techniques, such as cultivation with the micro-culture method, assessment of in vitro infection rates of peritoneal macrophages, determination of parasite load in liver with Leishman-Donovan Units, and detection of cytokine responses. RESULTS Obtained results demonstrated that the highest vaccine-mediated immune protection was provided by LPG-PAA conjugate due to all parameters investigated. According to the Leishman-Donovan Units results, the sharpest decline in parasite load was seen with a ratio of 81.17% when 35 μg LPG containing conjugate was applied. This value was 44.93% for the control group immunized only with LPG. Moreover, decreases in parasite load were 53.37%, 55.2% and 65.8% for the groups immunized with 10 μg LPG containing LPG-PAA conjugate, a physical mixture of the LPG-PAA, and a mixture of LPG + Freund's adjuvant, respectively. Furthermore, cytokine results supported that Th1 mediated protection occurred when mice were immunized with LPG-PAA conjugate. CONCLUSIONS It has been demonstrated in this study that conjugate of LPG and PAA has an antileishmanial vaccine effect against visceral leishmaniasis. In this respect, the present study may lead to new vaccine approaches based on high immunogenic LPG molecule and adjuvant polymers in fighting against Leishmania infection.
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Halliday A, Bates PA, Chance ML, Taylor MJ. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays a role in controlling cutaneous leishmaniasis in vivo, but does not require activation by parasite lipophosphoglycan. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:532. [PMID: 27716391 PMCID: PMC5053327 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Despite several studies reporting involvement of the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in the recognition of surface glycolipids from Leishmania parasites in vitro, the role of TLR2 and its co-receptors during cutaneous leishmaniasis infection in vivo is unknown. Methods To explore the role of TLR2 and its co-receptors in cutaneous leishmaniasis, mice deficient in either TLR2, 4, 1 or 6, or wild-type (WT) controls, were infected with either Leishmania major promastigotes, L. mexicana promastigotes, L. mexicana amastigotes, or LPG1−/−L. mexicana promastigotes. For each infection, lesion sizes were monitored and parasite burden was assessed at various time points. To assess immune responses, draining lymph node (DLN) cells were re-stimulated with parasite antigens and the production of cytokines and parasite-specific antibody isotypes in blood was determined by ELISA. Results Mice deficient in TLR2 and TLR4 presented with larger lesions and higher parasite burdens than WT controls. Mice lacking TLR2 co-receptors TLR1 or TLR6 did not show exacerbated infection, suggesting that TLR2 does not require either co-receptor in the recognition of Leishmania infection. Furthermore, it appears that lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is not the major mediator of TLR2 activation during infection with L. mexicana, as parasites lacking LPG (axenic amastigotes and LPG1−/− promastigotes) also resulted in exacerbated disease in TLR2−/− mice. Infected TLR2−/− mice show a skewed Th2 immune response to Leishmania parasites, as demonstrated by elevated IL-4, IL-13 and IL-10 production by DLN cells from L. mexicana infected mice in response to antigen. Furthermore, L. major infected TLR2−/− mice have elevated antigen-specific IgG1 antibodies. Conclusions TLR2 deficiency leads to exacerbation of disease and parasite burden through promotion of Th2 immunity. TLR2 activation in vivo occurs independently of parasite LPG, suggesting other parasite ligands are involved in TLR2 recognition of Leishmania. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1807-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Halliday
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Paul A Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Furness Building, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Michael L Chance
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Mark J Taylor
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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Myšková J, Dostálová A, Pěničková L, Halada P, Bates PA, Volf P. Characterization of a midgut mucin-like glycoconjugate of Lutzomyia longipalpis with a potential role in Leishmania attachment. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:413. [PMID: 27457627 PMCID: PMC4960694 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmania parasites are transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies and a crucial step in their life-cycle is the binding to the sand fly midgut. Laboratory studies on sand fly competence to Leishmania parasites suggest that the sand flies fall into two groups: several species are termed “specific/restricted” vectors that support the development of one Leishmania species only, while the others belong to so-called “permissive” vectors susceptible to a wide range of Leishmania species. In a previous study we revealed a correlation between specificity vs permissivity of the vector and glycosylation of its midgut proteins. Lutzomyia longipalpis and other four permissive species tested possessed O-linked glycoproteins whereas none were detected in three specific vectors examined. Results We used a combination of biochemical, molecular and parasitological approaches to characterize biochemical and biological properties of O-linked glycoprotein of Lu. longipalpis. Lectin blotting and mass spectrometry revealed that this molecule with an apparent molecular weight about 45–50 kDa corresponds to a putative 19 kDa protein with unknown function detected in a midgut cDNA library of Lu. longipalpis. We produced a recombinant glycoprotein rLuloG with molecular weight around 45 kDa. Anti-rLuloG antibodies localize the native glycoprotein on epithelial midgut surface of Lu. longipalpis. Although we could not prove involvement of LuloG in Leishmania attachment by blocking the native protein with anti-rLuloG during sand fly infections, we demonstrated strong binding of rLuloG to whole surface of Leishmania promastigotes. Conclusions We characterized a novel O-glycoprotein from sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. It has mucin-like properties and is localized on the luminal side of the midgut epithelium. Recombinant form of the protein binds to Leishmania parasites in vitro. We propose a role of this molecule in Leishmania attachment to sand fly midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Myšková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Anna Dostálová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Pěničková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Halada
- Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Videňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Paul A Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Passero LF, Assis RR, da Silva TN, Nogueira PM, Macedo DH, Pessoa NL, Campos MA, Laurenti MD, Soares RP. Differential modulation of macrophage response elicited by glycoinositolphospholipids and lipophosphoglycan from Leishmania (Viannia) shawi. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:32-5. [PMID: 25619843 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, some aspects of the glycobiology of Leishmania shawi were examined, as it is a causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World. Additionally, the interaction of L. shawi's main glycoconjugates [lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPLs)] with macrophages was evaluated in vitro. L. shawi LPG was devoid of side-chains in its repeat units, whereas monosaccharide analysis showed that GIPLs were suggestive of mannose-rich (type I or hybrid). In order to evaluate the biological roles of those molecules, BALB/c resident peritoneal macrophages were incubated with these glycoconjugates for 24h, and the levels of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-12p70 and IL-10, were determined. In general, the GIPLs exhibited a greater proinflammatory role than the LPGs did. However, for the first time, the GIPLs from this species were able to trigger the production of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. In conclusion, L. shawi glycoconjugates were able to interact with the innate immune compartment. These data reinforce the role of parasite glycoconjugates during parasite and host cell interactions.
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