1
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Yu L, Nagata Y, Nakamura H. Atroposelective Total Synthesis of Cihunamide B. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2549-2555. [PMID: 38240691 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
A short, atroposelective synthesis of cihunamide B (1) is reported. The feature of this report is the decagram-scale SNAr reaction of l-tryptophan derivatives, followed by atroposelective Larock macrocyclization. This strategy allowed the construction of a Trp-Trp cross-linkage with unprecedented atropisomerism. The atroposelectivity of this Larock macrocyclization has been investigated through a combination of experimental and computational chemistry, yielding detailed insights into the synthesis of biaryl linkages. It also enabled the concise synthesis of cihunamide B (1), which is expected to be a potential antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhui Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yuuya Nagata
- WPI Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hugh Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong 999077, China
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2
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Fragkiadakis M, Anastasiou PK, Zingiridis M, Triantafyllou-Rundell ME, Reyes Romero A, Stoumpos CC, Neochoritis CG. Instant Macrocyclizations via Multicomponent Reactions. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12709-12715. [PMID: 37596972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Macrocycles fascinate chemists due to both their structure and their applications. However, we still lack efficient and sustainable synthetic methods, giving us straightforward access to them. Herein, a rapid macrocyclization utilizing a two-step, one-pot approach based on orthogonal multicomponent reaction (MCR) tactics is introduced. This synthetic protocol, which is based on Ugi and Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé reactions with isocyanides tethered to alkyl tosylates, yields medium sized macrocycles that are otherwise difficult to achieve. Single crystal structures reveal conformational reorganization via intramolecular hydrogen bonding, and modeling studies profile the synthesized libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marios Zingiridis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Atilio Reyes Romero
- Genetic Intelligence Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, P.O. Box 24144, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Constantinos C Stoumpos
- Department of Materials Science & Technology, University of Crete, Voutes, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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3
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Bechtler C, Lamers C. Macrocyclization strategies for cyclic peptides and peptidomimetics. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1325-1351. [PMID: 34447937 PMCID: PMC8372203 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00083g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides are a growing therapeutic class due to their unique spatial characteristics that can target traditionally "undruggable" protein-protein interactions and surfaces. Despite their advantages, peptides must overcome several key shortcomings to be considered as drug leads, including their high conformational flexibility and susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage. As a general approach for overcoming these challenges, macrocyclization of a linear peptide can usually improve these characteristics. Their synthetic accessibility makes peptide macrocycles very attractive, though traditional synthetic methods for macrocyclization can be challenging for peptides, especially for head-to-tail cyclization. This review provides an updated summary of the available macrocyclization chemistries, such as traditional lactam formation, azide-alkyne cycloadditions, ring-closing metathesis as well as unconventional cyclization reactions, and it is structured according to the obtained functional groups. Keeping peptide chemistry and screening in mind, the focus is given to reactions applicable in solution, on solid supports, and compatible with contemporary screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Bechtler
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel Klingelbergstr. 50 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Christina Lamers
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel Klingelbergstr. 50 4056 Basel Switzerland
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4
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Dömling A, Zheng Q, Boltjes A. An Ugi Reaction/Intramolecular Cyclization/Oxidation Cascade towards Tetrazole-Linked Dibenzoxazepines. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1706642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA series of tetrazole-linked dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepines is synthesized through a short sequence involving an Ugi tetrazole reaction. The intermediate tetrazole undergoes a potassium carbonate mediated SNAr cyclization, followed by oxidation to afford the target tricyclic heterocyclic scaffold. The optimization, scope and limitations of this two-step and efficient methodology are investigated. A 1000-member library of tetrazole-linked dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepines is generated and the physicochemical properties are analyzed. great
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6
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Fouad MA, Abdel-Hamid H, Ayoup MS. Two decades of recent advances of Ugi reactions: synthetic and pharmaceutical applications. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42644-42681. [PMID: 35514898 PMCID: PMC9058431 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07501a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are powerful synthetic tools in which more than two starting materials couple with each other to form multi-functionalized compounds in a one-pot process, the so-called “tandem”, “domino” or “cascade” reaction, or utilizing an additional step without changing the solvent, the so-called a sequential-addition procedure, to limit the number of synthetic steps, while increasing the complexity and the molecular diversity, which are highly step-economical reactions. The Ugi reaction, one of the most common multicomponent reactions, has recently fascinated chemists with the high diversity brought by its four- or three-component-based isonitrile. The Ugi reaction has been introduced in organic synthesis as a novel, efficient and useful tool for the preparation of libraries of multifunctional peptides, natural products, and heterocyclic compounds with stereochemistry control. In this review, we highlight the recent advances of the Ugi reaction in the last two decades from 2000–2019, mainly in the synthesis of linear or cyclic peptides, heterocyclic compounds with versatile ring sizes, and natural products, as well as the enantioselective Ugi reactions. Meanwhile, the applications of these compounds in pharmaceutical trials are also discussed. We highlight the recent advances of the Ugi reaction in the last two decades from 2000–2019, mainly in the synthesis of linear or cyclic peptides, heterocyclic compounds with versatile ring sizes, and natural products, as well as the enantioselective Ugi reactions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Ahmed Fouad
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Alexandria University
- Alexandria 21321
- Egypt
| | - Hamida Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Alexandria University
- Alexandria 21321
- Egypt
| | - Mohammed Salah Ayoup
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Alexandria University
- Alexandria 21321
- Egypt
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7
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Abstract
Tetrazole derivatives are a prime class of heterocycles, very important to medicinal chemistry and drug design due to not only their bioisosterism to carboxylic acid and amide moieties but also to their metabolic stability and other beneficial physicochemical properties. Although more than 20 FDA-approved drugs contain 1 H- or 2 H-tetrazole substituents, their exact binding mode, structural biology, 3D conformations, and in general their chemical behavior is not fully understood. Importantly, multicomponent reaction (MCR) chemistry offers convergent access to multiple tetrazole scaffolds providing the three important elements of novelty, diversity, and complexity, yet MCR pathways to tetrazoles are far from completely explored. Here, we review the use of multicomponent reactions for the preparation of substituted tetrazole derivatives. We highlight specific applications and general trends holding therein and discuss synthetic approaches and their value by analyzing scope and limitations, and also enlighten their receptor binding mode. Finally, we estimated the prospects of further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos G. Neochoritis
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ting Zhao
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Abdelraheem EMM, Shaabani S, Dömling A. Macrocycles: MCR synthesis and applications in drug discovery. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 29:11-17. [PMID: 30471668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrocycles are an emerging and largely underexploited part of chemical space where potential drugs for difficult genomic targets can be discovered. Macrocycles can have advantages over their natural twins such as better control over synthesis, physicochemical properties and target binding. Fast and convergent synthesis pathways are underdeveloped. Multicomponent reaction (MCR) chemistry is very well suited for the synthesis of a diverse range of macrocycles and is also able to generate great levels of molecular diversity and complexity at low synthetic costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M M Abdelraheem
- University of Groningen, Department of Drug Design, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Shabnam Shaabani
- University of Groningen, Department of Drug Design, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Dömling
- University of Groningen, Department of Drug Design, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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9
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Valvi A, Tiwari S. “Zero VOC” Synthetic Strategy - Aromatic Amination Reactions in Deep Eutectic Solvents. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Valvi
- Department of Chemistry; Institute of Chemical Technology; 400 019 Mumbai INDIA
| | - Shraeddha Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry; Institute of Chemical Technology; 400 019 Mumbai INDIA
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10
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Abstract
Artificial macrocycles recently became popular as a novel research field in drug discovery. As opposed to their natural twins, artificial macrocycles promise to have better control on synthesizability and control over their physicochemical properties resulting in druglike properties. Very few synthetic methods allow for the convergent, fast but diverse access to large macrocycles chemical space. One synthetic technology to access artificial macrocycles with potential biological activity, multicomponent reactions, is reviewed here, with a focus on our own work. We believe that synthetic chemists have to acquaint themselves more with structure and activity to leverage the design aspect of their daily work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M M Abdelraheem
- University of Groningen, Department of Drug Design, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands,
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Shabnam Shaabani
- University of Groningen, Department of Drug Design, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands,
| | - Alexander Dömling
- University of Groningen, Department of Drug Design, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands,
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11
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Abdelraheem EMM, Khaksar S, Dömling A. Concise Synthesis of Macrocycles by Multicomponent Reactions. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2018; 50:1027-1038. [PMID: 31439965 PMCID: PMC6706064 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1590946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A short reaction pathway was devised to synthesize a library of artificial 18-27-membered macrocycles. The five-step reaction sequence involves ring opening of a cyclic anhydride with a diamine, esterification, coupling with an amino acid isocyanide, saponification, and, finally, macro-ring closure using an Ugi or, alternatively, a Passerini multicomponent reaction. Three out of the five steps allow for the versatile introduction of linker elements, side chains, and substituents with aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic character. The versatile pathway is described for 15 different target macrocycles on a mmol scale. Artificial macrocycles have recently become of great interest due to their potential to bind to difficult post-genomic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M. M. Abdelraheem
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Samad Khaksar
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Chemistry Department, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Pérez-Labrada K, Cruz-Mendoza MA, Chávez-Riveros A, Hernández-Vázquez E, Torroba T, Miranda LD. Diversity-oriented synthesis and cytotoxic activity evaluation of biaryl-containing macrocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:2450-2458. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of biaryl-containing macrocycles has been carried out through a four-step approach comprising two Ugi four component reactions and a Suzuki–Miyaura macrocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karell Pérez-Labrada
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior S.N
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Coyoacán
| | - Marco A. Cruz-Mendoza
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior S.N
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Coyoacán
| | - Alejandra Chávez-Riveros
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior S.N
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Coyoacán
| | - Eduardo Hernández-Vázquez
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior S.N
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Coyoacán
| | - Tomás Torroba
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Burgos
- 09001 Burgos
- Spain
| | - Luis D. Miranda
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior S.N
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Coyoacán
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13
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Abdelraheem EM, Shaabani S, Dömling A. Artificial Macrocycles by Ugi Reaction and Passerini Ring Closure. J Org Chem 2016; 81:8789-8795. [PMID: 27598302 PMCID: PMC6280654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Artificial macrocycles can be convergently synthesized by a sequence of an Ugi multicomponent reaction (MCR) followed by an intramolecular Passerini MCR used to close the macrocycle. Significantly, in this work, the first intramolecular macrocyclization through a Passerini reaction is described. We describe 21 macrocycles of a size of 15-20. The resulting macrocyclic depsipeptides are model compounds for natural products and could find applications in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M.M. Abdelraheem
- University of Groningen, Department of Drug Design, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Shabnam Shaabani
- University of Groningen, Department of Drug Design, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Dömling
- University of Groningen, Department of Drug Design, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Hoogenboom J, Lutz M, Zuilhof H, Wennekes T. Exploring the Chemistry of Bicyclic Isoxazolidines for the Multicomponent Synthesis of Glycomimetic Building Blocks. J Org Chem 2016; 81:8826-8836. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorin Hoogenboom
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Wennekes
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Maddirala AR, Andreana PR. Synthesis of 3-Substituted 2-Indolinones by a Multicomponent Coupling Isocyanide-Dependent Microwave-Assisted Intramolecular Transamidation Process. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Kröger D, Schlüter T, Fischer M, Geibel I, Martens J. Three-component reaction toward polyannulated quinazolinones, benzoxazinones, and benzothiazinones. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2015; 17:202-7. [PMID: 25625884 DOI: 10.1021/co500165a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
An efficient conversion of readily accessible cyclic imines with acid chlorides, that are able to take part in nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions is realized in a new three-component, one-pot reaction, giving at least tricyclic annulated quinazolinones, benzoxazinones, and benzothiazinones as a result of the employed nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur nucleophiles, respectively. Especially in the case of quinazolinones, this convenient strategy enables the access to heterocycles of heightened diversity, which offer the development of efficient derivatizations of the elaborated heterocyclic scaffolds. In a subsequent Heck or Ullmann cyclization, further annulations to the mentioned quinazolinones can be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Kröger
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Fakultät für Mathematik
und Naturwissenschaften Institut für Chemie Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9−11, 26129 Oldenburg, Deutschland
| | - Torben Schlüter
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Fakultät für Mathematik
und Naturwissenschaften Institut für Chemie Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9−11, 26129 Oldenburg, Deutschland
| | - Malte Fischer
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Fakultät für Mathematik
und Naturwissenschaften Institut für Chemie Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9−11, 26129 Oldenburg, Deutschland
| | - Irina Geibel
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Fakultät für Mathematik
und Naturwissenschaften Institut für Chemie Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9−11, 26129 Oldenburg, Deutschland
| | - Jürgen Martens
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Fakultät für Mathematik
und Naturwissenschaften Institut für Chemie Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9−11, 26129 Oldenburg, Deutschland
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17
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Moghanian H, Ebrahimi S. Three component, one-pot synthesis of amidoalkyl naphthols using polyphosphate ester under solvent-free conditions. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Koopmanschap G, Ruijter E, Orru RVA. Isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions towards cyclic constrained peptidomimetics. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:544-98. [PMID: 24605172 PMCID: PMC3943360 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent past, the design and synthesis of peptide mimics (peptidomimetics) has received much attention. This because they have shown in many cases enhanced pharmacological properties over their natural peptide analogues. In particular, the incorporation of cyclic constructs into peptides is of high interest as they reduce the flexibility of the peptide enhancing often affinity for a certain receptor. Moreover, these cyclic mimics force the molecule into a well-defined secondary structure. Constraint structural and conformational features are often found in biological active peptides. For the synthesis of cyclic constrained peptidomimetics usually a sequence of multiple reactions has been applied, which makes it difficult to easily introduce structural diversity necessary for fine tuning the biological activity. A promising approach to tackle this problem is the use of multicomponent reactions (MCRs), because they can introduce both structural diversity and molecular complexity in only one step. Among the MCRs, the isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions (IMCRs) are most relevant for the synthesis of peptidomimetics because they provide peptide-like products. However, these IMCRs usually give linear products and in order to obtain cyclic constrained peptidomimetics, the acyclic products have to be cyclized via additional cyclization strategies. This is possible via incorporation of bifunctional substrates into the initial IMCR. Examples of such bifunctional groups are N-protected amino acids, convertible isocyanides or MCR-components that bear an additional alkene, alkyne or azide moiety and can be cyclized via either a deprotection-cyclization strategy, a ring-closing metathesis, a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition or even via a sequence of multiple multicomponent reactions. The sequential IMCR-cyclization reactions can afford small cyclic peptide mimics (ranging from four- to seven-membered rings), medium-sized cyclic constructs or peptidic macrocycles (>12 membered rings). This review describes the developments since 2002 of IMCRs-cyclization strategies towards a wide variety of small cyclic mimics, medium sized cyclic constructs and macrocyclic peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs Koopmanschap
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Ruijter
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Romano VA Orru
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Sun C, Ji SJ, Liu Y. A Novel, Simple and Efficient Synthesis of 3-Amino-Benzo[d]imidazo[2,1-b]Thiazole Derivatives via a Multicomponent Procedure. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200800043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Xu Z, De Moliner F, Cappelli AP, Hulme C. Aldol reactions in multicomponent reaction based domino pathways: a multipurpose enabling tool in heterocyclic chemistry. Org Lett 2013; 15:2738-41. [PMID: 23718233 DOI: 10.1021/ol401068u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aldol reaction has been evaluated in combination with the Ugi multicomponent reaction to assemble richly decorated mono- and polycyclic systems via expeditious cascade pathways. A small collection of pyrrolinones was generated thereof, and the scarcely accessible pyridoquinoxalinedione scaffold was also prepared by designing an additional nucleophilic substitution step in this domino sequence requiring minimal operational effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, BIO5 Oro Valley, The University of Arizona, Oro Valley, Arizona 85737, USA
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21
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Islas-Jácome A, González-Zamora E, Gámez-Montaño R. A short microwave-assisted synthesis of tetrahydroisoquinolin-pyrrolopyridinones by a triple process: Ugi-3CR–aza Diels–Alder/S-oxidation/Pummerer. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.07.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Foroughifar N, Mobinikhaledi A, Moghanian H, Mozafari R, Esfahani HRM. Ammonium Chloride–Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzo[α]xanthen-11-one Derivatives Under Solvent-Free Conditions. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2010.515340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Bararjanian M, Hosseinzadeh S, Balalaie S, Bijanzadeh HR, Wolf E. Palladium-catalyzed stereoselective synthesis of 3-(aminomethylene)-oxindoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Palladium catalyzed stereoselective synthesis of 3-(anilinoarylmethylene)-2-oxindoles as Hesperadin analogoues. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gulevich AV, Zhdanko AG, Orru RVA, Nenajdenko VG. Isocyanoacetate Derivatives: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Application. Chem Rev 2010; 110:5235-331. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900411f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton V. Gulevich
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander G. Zhdanko
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Romano V. A. Orru
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valentine G. Nenajdenko
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Foroughifar N, Mobinikhaledi A, Moghanian H. Simple and Efficient Procedure for the Synthesis of Novel 1,3-Diphenyl-2-azaphenalene Derivatives via One-Pot Multicomponent Reactions. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910903161835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bouma M, Masson G, Zhu J. Zinc Chloride Promoted Formal Oxidative Coupling of Aromatic Aldehydes and Isocyanides to α-Ketoamides. J Org Chem 2010; 75:2748-51. [PMID: 20302346 DOI: 10.1021/jo100302y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marinus Bouma
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Banfi L, Basso A, Riva R. Synthesis of Heterocycles Through Classical Ugi and Passerini Reactions Followed by Secondary Transformations Involving One or Two Additional Functional Groups. SYNTHESIS OF HETEROCYCLES VIA MULTICOMPONENT REACTIONS I 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2009_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yue T, Wang MX, Wang DX, Masson G, Zhu J. Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Enantioselective Three-Component Reaction Involving the α Addition of Isocyanides to Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:6717-21. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yue T, Wang MX, Wang DX, Masson G, Zhu J. Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Enantioselective Three-Component Reaction Involving the α Addition of Isocyanides to Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Erb W, Neuville L, Zhu J. Ugi-Post Functionalization, from a Single Set of Ugi-Adducts to Two Distinct Heterocycles by Microwave-Assisted Palladium-Catalyzed Cyclizations: Tuning the Reaction Pathways by Ligand Switch. J Org Chem 2009; 74:3109-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900210x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Erb
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Luc Neuville
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Morel AF, Maldaner G, Ilha V. Cyclopeptide alkaloids from higher plants. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2009; 67:79-141. [PMID: 19827366 DOI: 10.1016/s1099-4831(09)06702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ademir Farias Morel
- Departamento de Química, NPPN, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Sureshbabu VV, Narendra N, Nagendra G. Chiral N-Fmoc-β-Amino Alkyl Isonitriles Derived from Amino Acids: First Synthesis and Application in 1-Substituted Tetrazole Synthesis. J Org Chem 2008; 74:153-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo801527d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vommina V. Sureshbabu
- Peptide Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Chemistry, Central College Campus, Bangalore University, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi, Bangalore 560 001, India
| | - N. Narendra
- Peptide Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Chemistry, Central College Campus, Bangalore University, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi, Bangalore 560 001, India
| | - G. Nagendra
- Peptide Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Chemistry, Central College Campus, Bangalore University, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi, Bangalore 560 001, India
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Bonger KM, Wennekes T, Filippov DV, Lodder G, van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS. The Effect of Lewis Acids on the Stereochemistry in the Ugi Three-Component Reaction withD-lyxo-Pyrroline. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhas Chandra Pan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Jia Y, Bois-Choussy M, Zhu J. Synthesis of Diastereomers of Complestatin and Chloropeptin I: Substrate-Dependent Atropstereoselectivity of the Intramolecular Suzuki–Miyaura Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:4167-72. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Jia Y, Bois-Choussy M, Zhu J. Synthesis of Diastereomers of Complestatin and Chloropeptin I: Substrate-Dependent Atropstereoselectivity of the Intramolecular Suzuki–Miyaura Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200800599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hulme C, Lee YS. Emerging approaches for the syntheses of bicyclic imidazo[1,2-x]-heterocycles. Mol Divers 2008; 12:1-15. [PMID: 18409015 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-008-9072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Imidazo-[1,2-x]heterocycles are versatile building blocks for use in both a 'drug hunters' quest to discover new leads and a chemical biologists search for effective molecular tools in 'cell perturbation' studies. At the front end of the drug discovery flow chart, the last 5-10 years have witnessed the discovery of new high-throughput methodologies which very quickly have enabled access to virtual libraries of these chemo-types in the realm of 10(7) derivatives. Interestingly, these often neglected cores in patent cooperation treaty (PCT) applications appear in several highly effective marketed drugs, completing the medicinal chemists search for clinical success. Such rigid chemo-types, all containing a bridgehead nitrogen atom, are thus poised for an ever increasing impact on the discovery and development of new molecular therapeutics. The following mini-review will briefly cover therapeutic utility, chemical methodologies and automation developed to enable preparation of arrays of these chemo-types in a high-throughput manner. Synthetic emphasis is placed on a 3-component-3-center isocyanide based multi-component reaction (IMCR), which spans solution, solid phase, flourous and microwave assisted organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hulme
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Organic Chemistry, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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Bonnaterre F, Bois-Choussy M, Zhu J. Synthesis of dihydrophenanthridines by a sequence of Ugi-4CR and palladium-catalyzed intramolecular C-H functionalization. Beilstein J Org Chem 2008; 4:10. [PMID: 18665200 PMCID: PMC2395297 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.4.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small polyfunctionalized heterocyclic compounds play important roles in the drug discovery process and in the isolation and structural identification of biological macromolecules. It is expected that ready access to diverse sets of heterocycles can not only help improving the known biological and pharmacokinetic properties of drugs, but also assist the discovery of molecules that exhibit biological effects beyond those associated with previously known macromolecules. By virtue of their inherent convergence, high productivity, their exploratory and complexity-generating power, multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are undoubtedly well suited for creating molecular diversity. The combination of MCRs with an efficient post-functionalization reaction has proven to be an efficient strategy to increase the skeleton diversity. Results The Ugi reaction of an o-iodobenzaldehyde (2), an aniline (3), an isocyanide (4), and a carboxylic acid (5) afforded α-acetamido-α-phenylacetamide (6) in good to excellent yields. The palladium-catalyzed intramolecular C-H functionalization of these adducts under ligandless conditions provided the functionalized dihydrophenanthridines (1). Conclusion Highly functionalized dihydrophenanthridines are synthesized in only two steps from readily accessible starting materials in good to excellent overall yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bonnaterre
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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Salcedo A, Neuville L, Zhu J. Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular C-Arylation of Benzylic Carbon: Synthesis of 3-Benzoxazolylisoindolinones by a Sequence of Ugi-4CR/Postfunctionalization. J Org Chem 2008; 73:3600-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jo800266y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Salcedo
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Luc Neuville
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Xu X, Zhou J, Yang L, Hu W. Selectivity control in enantioselective four-component reactions of aryl diazoacetates with alcohols, aldehydes and amines: an efficient approach to synthesizing chiral β-amino-α-hydroxyesters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:6564-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b816104f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pirali T, Tron GC, Masson G, Zhu J. Ammonium chloride promoted three-component synthesis of 5-iminooxazoline and its subsequent transformation to macrocyclodepsipeptide. Org Lett 2007; 9:5275-8. [PMID: 17990892 DOI: 10.1021/ol7024372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A three-component reaction of an alpha,alpha-disubstituted alpha-isocyanoacetamide, an aldehyde and an amino alcohol afforded the 5-iminooxazoline, which, upon saponification, cyclized under acidic conditions to provide the macrocyclodepsipeptide in good overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Pirali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche and Drug and Food Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Sunderhaus JD, Dockendorff C, Martin SF. Applications of Multicomponent Reactions for the Synthesis of Diverse Heterocyclic Scaffolds. Org Lett 2007; 9:4223-6. [PMID: 17887692 DOI: 10.1021/ol7018357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A four-component coupling process involving sequential reactions of aldehydes, primary amines, acid chlorides, and nucleophiles has been developed to prepare multifunctional substrates that may be employed in subsequent ring-forming reactions to generate a diverse array of functionalized heterocyclic scaffolds. This new approach to diversity-oriented synthesis was then applied to the first total synthesis of the isopavine alkaloid (+/-)-roelactamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Sunderhaus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin Texas 78712, USA
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Ngouansavanh T, Zhu J. IBX-Mediated Oxidative Ugi-Type Multicomponent Reactions: Application to the N and C1 Functionalization of Tetrahydroisoquinoline. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:5775-8. [PMID: 17591732 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tifelle Ngouansavanh
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Ngouansavanh T, Zhu J. IBX-Mediated Oxidative Ugi-Type Multicomponent Reactions: Application to the N and C1 Functionalization of Tetrahydroisoquinoline. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200701603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bonnaterre F, Bois-Choussy M, Zhu J. Rapid access to oxindoles by the combined use of an Ugi four-component reaction and a microwave-assisted intramolecular Buchwald-Hartwig amidation reaction. Org Lett 2007; 8:4351-4. [PMID: 16956224 DOI: 10.1021/ol061755z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A two-step sequence involving an Ugi four-component reaction (Ugi-4CR) and a palladium-catalyzed intramolecular amidation of aryl iodide has been developed for rapid access to functionalized oxindole (1). Microwave heating was used to accelerate and to improve the efficiency of the intramolecular Buchwald-Hartwig reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bonnaterre
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Abstract
This protocol describes a procedure for the Ugi four-component condensation. It describes the general mechanism as well as the effects of the nature of the components on the Ugi reaction. It also describes the effects of the reaction conditions on the reaction, along with special procedures and workup. The experimental procedure is exemplified by a description of the preparation of N-cyclohexyl 2-[N-(2-chloroacetyl)-N-(4-chlorobenzyl)]amino-2-(4-chlorophenyl)acetamide, a typical Ugi product, that is subsequently used for the synthesis of a 2,5-diketopiperazine, an example of an important type of pharmaceutical compound. The experimental procedure is then extended to the synthesis of a 1,5-disubstituted tetrazole via Ugi four-component condensation. The protocol describes the preparation and characterization of the new 1-cyclohexyl-5-(1-phenylamino-2-methyl)propyltetrazole. The total time for the synthesis and isolation of the two example reactions in parallel is 3 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Marcaccini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica Ugo Schiff, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia, 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Chattopadhyay SK, Bandyopadhyay A, Pal BK. A short route to the macrocyclic core of biaryl ether-based cyclopeptides. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.03.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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