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Smiejkowska N, Oorts L, Van Calster K, De Vooght L, Geens R, Mattelaer HP, Augustyns K, Strelkov SV, Lamprecht D, Temmerman K, Sterckx YGJ, Cappoen D, Cos P. A high-throughput target-based screening approach for the identification and assessment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis mycothione reductase inhibitors. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0372323. [PMID: 38315026 PMCID: PMC10913476 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03723-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization's goal to combat tuberculosis (TB) is hindered by the emergence of anti-microbial resistance, therefore necessitating the exploration of new drug targets. Multidrug regimens are indispensable in TB therapy as they provide synergetic bactericidal effects, shorten treatment duration, and reduce the risk of resistance development. The research within our European RespiriTB consortium explores Mycobacterium tuberculosis energy metabolism to identify new drug candidates that synergize with bedaquiline, with the aim of discovering more efficient combination drug regimens. In this study, we describe the development and validation of a luminescence-coupled, target-based assay for the identification of novel compounds inhibiting Mycobacterium tuberculosis mycothione reductase (MtrMtb), an enzyme with a role in the protection against oxidative stress. Recombinant MtrMtb was employed for the development of a highly sensitive, robust high-throughput screening (HTS) assay by coupling enzyme activity to a bioluminescent readout. Its application in a semi-automated setting resulted in the screening of a diverse library of ~130,000 compounds, from which 19 hits were retained after an assessment of their potency, selectivity, and specificity. The selected hits formed two clusters and four fragment molecules, which were further evaluated in whole-cell and intracellular infection assays. The established HTS discovery pipeline offers an opportunity to deliver novel MtrMtb inhibitors and lays the foundation for future efforts in developing robust biochemical assays for the identification and triaging of inhibitors from high-throughput library screens. IMPORTANCE The growing anti-microbial resistance poses a global public health threat, impeding progress toward eradicating tuberculosis. Despite decades of active research, there is still a dire need for the discovery of drugs with novel modes of action and exploration of combination drug regimens. Within the European RespiriTB consortium, we explore Mycobacterium tuberculosis energy metabolism to identify new drug candidates that synergize with bedaquiline, with the aim of discovering more efficient combination drug regimens. In this study, we present the development of a high-throughput screening pipeline that led to the identification of M. tuberculosis mycothione reductase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Smiejkowska
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lauren Oorts
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kevin Van Calster
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Linda De Vooght
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rob Geens
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Henri-Philippe Mattelaer
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sergei V. Strelkov
- Biocrystallography, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Yann G.-J. Sterckx
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Davie Cappoen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
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2
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Yang J, Xie D, Ma X. Recent Advances in Chemical Synthesis of Amino Sugars. Molecules 2023; 28:4724. [PMID: 37375279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino sugars are a kind of carbohydrates with one or more hydroxyl groups replaced by an amino group. They play crucial roles in a broad range of biological activities. Over the past few decades, there have been continuing efforts on the stereoselective glycosylation of amino sugars. However, the introduction of glycoside bearing basic nitrogen is challenging using conventional Lewis acid-promoted pathways owing to competitive coordination of the amine to the Lewis acid promoter. Additionally, diastereomeric mixtures of O-glycoside are often produced if aminoglycoside lack a C2 substituent. This review focuses on the updated overview of the way to stereoselective synthesis of 1,2-cis-aminoglycoside. The scope, mechanism, and the applications in the synthesis of complex glycoconjugates for the representative methodologies were also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Demeng Xie
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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4
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5
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He R, Pan J, Mayer JP, Liu F. The Chemical Methods of Disulfide Bond Formation and Their Applications to Drug Conjugates. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666191202111723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
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The disulfide bond possesses unique chemical and biophysical properties which
distinguish it as one of the key structural elements of bioactive proteins and peptides, important
drugs and other materials. The chemo-selective synthesis of these structures and
the exploration of their function have been of longstanding interest to the chemistry community.
The past decades have witnessed significant progress in both areas. This review
will summarize the historically established and recently developed chemical methods in
disulfide bond formation. The discussion will also be extended to the use of the disulfide
linkers in small molecules, and peptide- and protein-drug conjugates. It is hoped that the
combined overview of the fundamental chemistries and applications to drug discovery
will inspire creative thinking and stimulate future novel uses of these versatile chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun He
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46241, United States
| | - Jia Pan
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre China, 20 Life Science Road, Beijing, China
| | - John P. Mayer
- Department of Molecular, Developmental & Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, 530 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
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6
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Singh Y, Wang T, Demchenko AV. Direct Glycosidation of 2‐Azido‐2‐deoxyglycosyl Nitrates. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yashapal Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Missouri – St. Louis One University Boulevard 63121 St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Tinghua Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Missouri – St. Louis One University Boulevard 63121 St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Alexei V. Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Missouri – St. Louis One University Boulevard 63121 St. Louis Missouri USA
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7
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Manabe S, Ito Y. Comparing of endocyclic and exocyclic cleavage reactions using mycothiol synthesis as an example. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Abstract
AbstractExistence of endocyclic cleavage reaction is now clearly shown from experimental evidence of endocyclic cleavage reaction as well as computational chemistry. Not only stereoelectronic factor, several factors could be main factors for endocyclic cleavage reaction. Endocyclic cleavage reaction is useful for 1,2-cis aminoglycoside formation, which is difficult by conventional glycosylation. By using endocyclic cleavage reaction, several glycosides with 1,2-cis aminoglycoside were prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Manabe
- RIKEN, Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- RIKEN, Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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9
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Li D, Mao T, Huang J, Zhu Q. Copper-catalyzed regioselective 1,2-thioamidation of alkenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:3450-3453. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00083a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for regioselective 1,2-thioamidation of terminal alkenes, catalyzed by copper in the presence of NFSI and thiols, has been disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510530
- China
| | - Tingting Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510530
- China
| | - Jinbo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510530
- China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510530
- China
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10
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Manabe S, Ito Y. Mycothiol synthesis by an anomerization reaction through endocyclic cleavage. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:328-33. [PMID: 26977192 PMCID: PMC4778527 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycothiol is found in Gram-positive bacteria, where it helps in maintaining a reducing intracellular environment and it plays an important role in protecting the cell from toxic chemicals. The inhibition of the mycothiol biosynthesis is considered as a treatment for tuberculosis. Mycothiol contains an α-aminoglycoside, which is difficult to prepare stereoselectively by a conventional glycosylation reaction. In this study, mycothiol was synthesized by an anomerization reaction from an easily prepared β-aminoglycoside through endocyclic cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Manabe
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Lab, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Lab, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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11
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Cui H, Liu X, Wei W, Yang D, He C, Zhang T, Wang H. Molecular Iodine-Mediated Difunctionalization of Alkenes with Nitriles and Thiols Leading to β-Acetamido Sulfides. J Org Chem 2016; 81:2252-60. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic
Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis
of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic
Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis
of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong China
| | - Wei Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic
Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis
of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong China
| | - Daoshan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic
Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis
of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong China
| | - Chenglong He
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic
Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis
of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic
Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis
of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong China
| | - Hua Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic
Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis
of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong China
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12
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Naumovich YA, Buckland VE, Sen'ko DA, Nelyubina YV, Khoroshutina YA, Sukhorukov AY, Ioffe SL. Metal-assisted addition of a nitrate anion to bis(oxy)enamines. A general approach to the synthesis of α-nitroxy-oxime derivatives from nitronates. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3963-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00388e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
α-Nitroxy oxime derivatives have been synthesized by a metal-assisted addition of nitrate anion to bis(oxy)enamines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sema L. Ioffe
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Moscow
- Russia
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13
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Zheng Y, He Y, Rong G, Zhang X, Weng Y, Dong K, Xu X, Mao J. NaI-Mediated Acetamidosulphenylation of Alkenes with Nitriles as the Nucleophiles: A Direct Access to Acetamidosulfides. Org Lett 2015; 17:5444-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zheng
- Key
Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry,
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yue He
- Key
Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry,
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Guangwei Rong
- Key
Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry,
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry,
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuecheng Weng
- Key
Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry,
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kuiyong Dong
- Key
Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry,
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xinfang Xu
- Key
Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry,
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jincheng Mao
- State
Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry,
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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14
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Metabolic coupling of two small-molecule thiols programs the biosynthesis of lincomycin A. Nature 2015; 518:115-9. [PMID: 25607359 DOI: 10.1038/nature14137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Low-molecular-mass thiols in organisms are well known for their redox-relevant role in protection against various endogenous and exogenous stresses. In eukaryotes and Gram-negative bacteria, the primary thiol is glutathione (GSH), a cysteinyl-containing tripeptide. In contrast, mycothiol (MSH), a cysteinyl pseudo-disaccharide, is dominant in Gram-positive actinobacteria, including antibiotic-producing actinomycetes and pathogenic mycobacteria. MSH is equivalent to GSH, either as a cofactor or as a substrate, in numerous biochemical processes, most of which have not been characterized, largely due to the dearth of information concerning MSH-dependent proteins. Actinomycetes are able to produce another thiol, ergothioneine (EGT), a histidine betaine derivative that is widely assimilated by plants and animals for variable physiological activities. The involvement of EGT in enzymatic reactions, however, lacks any precedent. Here we report that the unprecedented coupling of two bacterial thiols, MSH and EGT, has a constructive role in the biosynthesis of lincomycin A, a sulfur-containing lincosamide (C8 sugar) antibiotic that has been widely used for half a century to treat Gram-positive bacterial infections. EGT acts as a carrier to template the molecular assembly, and MSH is the sulfur donor for lincomycin maturation after thiol exchange. These thiols function through two unusual S-glycosylations that program lincosamide transfer, activation and modification, providing the first paradigm for EGT-associated biochemical processes and for the poorly understood MSH-dependent biotransformations, a newly described model that is potentially common in the incorporation of sulfur, an element essential for life and ubiquitous in living systems.
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15
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Wang W, Yang Z, Xu Y, Liu T, Song T, Zhao Y, Xu X, Zhao W, Wang PG. “Armed and disarmed” theory in the addition of an azide radical to glucals. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00296f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
“Armed” glucals were prone to undergo kinetic process. The torsional strains govern the selectivity. Meanwhile, “disarmed” glucals preferred thermodynamic radical addition. A sialic acid containing trisaccharide was also synthesized by the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Wang
- College of Pharmacy
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Zhongyue Yang
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- PR China
| | - Yun Xu
- College of Pharmacy
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Taibao Liu
- College of Pharmacy
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Tianbang Song
- College of Pharmacy
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Yunyan Zhao
- College of Pharmacy
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Xiufang Xu
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
- PR China
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Pharmacy
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Peng George Wang
- College of Pharmacy
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and Synergetic Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
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16
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Chi BK, Busche T, Van Laer K, Bäsell K, Becher D, Clermont L, Seibold GM, Persicke M, Kalinowski J, Messens J, Antelmann H. Protein S-mycothiolation functions as redox-switch and thiol protection mechanism in Corynebacterium glutamicum under hypochlorite stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:589-605. [PMID: 23886307 PMCID: PMC3901351 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Protein S-bacillithiolation was recently discovered as important thiol protection and redox-switch mechanism in response to hypochlorite stress in Firmicutes bacteria. Here we used transcriptomics to analyze the NaOCl stress response in the mycothiol (MSH)-producing Corynebacterium glutamicum. We further applied thiol-redox proteomics and mass spectrometry (MS) to identify protein S-mycothiolation. RESULTS Transcriptomics revealed the strong upregulation of the disulfide stress σ(H) regulon by NaOCl stress in C. glutamicum, including genes for the anti sigma factor (rshA), the thioredoxin and MSH pathways (trxB1, trxC, cg1375, trxB, mshC, mca, mtr) that maintain the redox balance. We identified 25 S-mycothiolated proteins in NaOCl-treated cells by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), including 16 proteins that are reversibly oxidized by NaOCl in the thiol-redox proteome. The S-mycothiolome includes the methionine synthase (MetE), the maltodextrin phosphorylase (MalP), the myoinositol-1-phosphate synthase (Ino1), enzymes for the biosynthesis of nucleotides (GuaB1, GuaB2, PurL, NadC), and thiamine (ThiD), translation proteins (TufA, PheT, RpsF, RplM, RpsM, RpsC), and antioxidant enzymes (Tpx, Gpx, MsrA). We further show that S-mycothiolation of the thiol peroxidase (Tpx) affects its peroxiredoxin activity in vitro that can be restored by mycoredoxin1. LC-MS/MS analysis further identified 8 proteins with S-cysteinylations in the mshC mutant suggesting that cysteine can be used for S-thiolations in the absence of MSH. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION We identified widespread protein S-mycothiolations in the MSH-producing C. glutamicum and demonstrate that S-mycothiolation reversibly affects the peroxidase activity of Tpx. Interestingly, many targets are conserved S-thiolated across bacillithiol- and MSH-producing bacteria, which could become future drug targets in related pathogenic Gram-positives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bui Khanh Chi
- 1 Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald , Greifswald, Germany
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17
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Lach S, Demkowicz S, Witt D. An efficient and convenient synthesis of unsymmetrical disulfides from thioacetates. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Sudo A, Shibata Y, Miyamoto A. Synthesis of high-performance polyurethanes with rigid 5-6-5-fused ring system in the main chain from naturally occurring myo
-inositol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sudo
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Kinki University; Higashi Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Yoshiya Shibata
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Kinki University; Higashi Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Ayano Miyamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Kinki University; Higashi Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
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Paritala H, Carroll KS. New targets and inhibitors of mycobacterial sulfur metabolism. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2013; 13:85-115. [PMID: 23808874 PMCID: PMC4332622 DOI: 10.2174/18715265113139990022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The identification of new antibacterial targets is urgently needed to address multidrug resistant and latent tuberculosis infection. Sulfur metabolic pathways are essential for survival and the expression of virulence in many pathogenic bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition, microbial sulfur metabolic pathways are largely absent in humans and therefore, represent unique targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the enzymes associated with the production of sulfated and reduced sulfur-containing metabolites in Mycobacteria. Small molecule inhibitors of these catalysts represent valuable chemical tools that can be used to investigate the role of sulfur metabolism throughout the Mycobacterial lifecycle and may also represent new leads for drug development. In this light, we also summarize recent progress made in the development of inhibitors of sulfur metabolism enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate S. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
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20
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Lamers AP, Keithly ME, Kim K, Cook PD, Stec DF, Hines KM, Sulikowski GA, Armstrong RN. Synthesis of bacillithiol and the catalytic selectivity of FosB-type fosfomycin resistance proteins. Org Lett 2012; 14:5207-9. [PMID: 23030527 DOI: 10.1021/ol302327t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacillithiol (BSH) has been prepared on the gram scale from the inexpensive starting material, D-glucosamine hydrochloride, in 11 steps and 8-9% overall yield. The BSH was used to survey the substrate and metal-ion selectivity of FosB enzymes from four Gram-positive microorganisms associated with the deactivation of the antibiotic fosfomycin. The in vitro results indicate that the preferred thiol substrate and metal ion for the FosB from Staphylococcus aureus are BSH and Ni(II), respectively. However, the metal-ion selectivity is less distinct with FosB from Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus anthracis, or Bacillus cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Lamers
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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McConnell MS, Yu F, Nguyen HM. Nickel-catalyzed α-glycosylation of C(1)-hydroxyl D-myo-inositol: a formal synthesis of mycothiol. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 49:4313-5. [PMID: 22992771 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35823a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Formal synthesis of mycothiol has been developed via nickel-catalyzed α-glycosylation of the C(1)-hydroxyl group of D-myo-inositols with C(2)-N-substituted benzylideneamino N-phenyl trifluoroacetimidate donors. The pseudo-oligosaccharides were obtained in good yield and with excellent α-selectivity. Removal of the C(2)-N-2-trifluoromethylphenyl-benzylidene group under mild conditions provides a pseudo-disaccharide, completing the formal synthesis of mycothiol.
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22
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Lamprecht DA, Muneri NO, Eastwood H, Naidoo KJ, Strauss E, Jardine A. An enzyme-initiated Smiles rearrangement enables the development of an assay of MshB, the GlcNAc-Ins deacetylase of mycothiol biosynthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:5278-88. [PMID: 22678300 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25429h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
MshB is the N-acetyl-1-D-myo-inosityl-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranoside (GlcNAc-Ins) deacetylase active as one of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of mycothiol (MSH), a protective low molecular weight thiol present only in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other actinomycetes. In this study, structural analogues of GlcNAc-Ins in which the inosityl moiety is replaced by a chromophore were synthesized and evaluated as alternate substrates of MshB, with the goal of identifying a compound that would be useful in high-throughput assays of the enzyme. In an unexpected and surprising finding one of the GlcNAc-Ins analogues is shown to undergo a Smiles rearrangement upon MshB-mediated deacetylation, uncovering a free thiol group. We demonstrate that this chemistry can be exploited for the development of the first continuous assay of MshB activity based on the detection of thiol formation by DTNB (Ellman's reagent); such an assay should be ideally suited for the identification of MshB inhibitors by means of high-throughput screens in microplates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk A Lamprecht
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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23
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Chung CC, Zulueta MML, Padiyar LT, Hung SC. Desymmetrization of 2,4,5,6-Tetra-O-benzyl-d-myo-inositol for the Synthesis of Mycothiol. Org Lett 2011; 13:5496-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol202218n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Chung Chung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec.2 Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Medel Manuel L. Zulueta
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec.2 Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Laxmansingh T. Padiyar
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec.2 Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec.2 Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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24
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Sharma SV, Jothivasan VK, Newton GL, Upton H, Wakabayashi JI, Kane MG, Roberts AA, Rawat M, La Clair JJ, Hamilton CJ. Chemical and Chemoenzymatic Syntheses of Bacillithiol: A Unique Low-Molecular-Weight Thiol amongst Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Sharma SV, Jothivasan VK, Newton GL, Upton H, Wakabayashi JI, Kane MG, Roberts AA, Rawat M, La Clair JJ, Hamilton CJ. Chemical and Chemoenzymatic syntheses of bacillithiol: a unique low-molecular-weight thiol amongst low G + C Gram-positive bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:7101-4. [PMID: 21751306 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil V Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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26
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Nkambule CM, Kwezi NW, Kinfe HH, Nokwequ MG, Gammon DW, Oscarson S, Karlsson E. Efficient regioselective protection of myo-inositol via facile protecting group migration. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Katritzky AR, Abo-Dya NE, Abdelmajeid A, Tala SR, Amine MS, El-Feky SA. DBU-Catalyzed transprotection of N-Fmoc-cysteine di- and tripeptides into S-Fm-cysteine di- and tripeptides. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:596-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00663g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Ajayi K, Thakur VV, Lapo RC, Knapp S. Intramolecular alpha-glucosaminidation: synthesis of mycothiol. Org Lett 2010; 12:2630-3. [PMID: 20443569 DOI: 10.1021/ol1008334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A protected cyclitol aglycon was tethered to an (N-arylsulfonyl)glucosamine donor by a methylene linker; the exclusively alpha-selective intramolecular glycosylation reaction was then initiated by electrophilic activation of the thioglycoside donor portion. Further transformations of the glycosylation product to give the M. tuberculosis detoxifier mycothiol and its oxidized congener, the disulfide mycothione, are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Ajayi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Hamilton CJ, Finlay RMJ, Stewart MJG, Bonner A. Mycothiol disulfide reductase: a continuous assay for slow time-dependent inhibitors. Anal Biochem 2009; 388:91-6. [PMID: 19233116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycothiol (MSH) is the principal low-molecular-weight thiol, unique to mycobacteria and other actinomycetes, that performs a role analogous to glutathione found in other organisms. MSH plays a key role in oxidative stress management and is oxidized to the dimeric mycothiol disulfide (MSSM) in the process. NADPH-dependent mycothiol disulfide reductase (Mtr) helps to maintain an intracellular reducing environment by reducing MSSM back to MSH. Mtr inhibition studies are currently impaired by limited availability of MSSM. Substrate demands are particularly high in time-dependent inhibition assays. Here we report an assay that chemically recycles a mixed disulfide substrate analogue in situ, thereby greatly reducing the substrate quantities needed for such assays. This has enabled the development of a continuous assay where linear reaction rates can be maintained for 40 min or longer using minimal substrate concentrations (5 microM versus a substrate K(m) value of 268 microM). In this manner, substrate requirements are reduced by orders of magnitude. Characterization of a novel time-dependent inhibitor, 2-(5-bromo-2-methoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile, is also demonstrated using these procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Hamilton
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR47TJ, UK.
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31
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Biosynthesis and functions of mycothiol, the unique protective thiol of Actinobacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 72:471-94. [PMID: 18772286 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00008-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycothiol (MSH; AcCys-GlcN-Ins) is the major thiol found in Actinobacteria and has many of the functions of glutathione, which is the dominant thiol in other bacteria and eukaryotes but is absent in Actinobacteria. MSH functions as a protected reserve of cysteine and in the detoxification of alkylating agents, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and antibiotics. MSH also acts as a thiol buffer which is important in maintaining the highly reducing environment within the cell and protecting against disulfide stress. The pathway of MSH biosynthesis involves production of GlcNAc-Ins-P by MSH glycosyltransferase (MshA), dephosphorylation by the MSH phosphatase MshA2 (not yet identified), deacetylation by MshB to produce GlcN-Ins, linkage to Cys by the MSH ligase MshC, and acetylation by MSH synthase (MshD), yielding MSH. Studies of MSH mutants have shown that the MSH glycosyltransferase MshA and the MSH ligase MshC are required for MSH production, whereas mutants in the MSH deacetylase MshB and the acetyltransferase (MSH synthase) MshD produce some MSH and/or a closely related thiol. Current evidence indicates that MSH biosynthesis is controlled by transcriptional regulation mediated by sigma(B) and sigma(R) in Streptomyces coelicolor. Identified enzymes of MSH metabolism include mycothione reductase (disulfide reductase; Mtr), the S-nitrosomycothiol reductase MscR, the MSH S-conjugate amidase Mca, and an MSH-dependent maleylpyruvate isomerase. Mca cleaves MSH S-conjugates to generate mercapturic acids (AcCySR), excreted from the cell, and GlcN-Ins, used for resynthesis of MSH. The phenotypes of MSH-deficient mutants indicate the occurrence of one or more MSH-dependent S-transferases, peroxidases, and mycoredoxins, which are important targets for future studies. Current evidence suggests that several MSH biosynthetic and metabolic enzymes are potential targets for drugs against tuberculosis. The functions of MSH in antibiotic-producing streptomycetes and in bioremediation are areas for future study.
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Newton GL, Fahey RC. An N-acyl homolog of mycothiol is produced in marine actinomycetes. Arch Microbiol 2008; 190:547-57. [PMID: 18629474 PMCID: PMC2574923 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-008-0405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Marine actinomycetes have generated much recent interest as a potentially valuable source of novel antibiotics. Like terrestrial actinomycetes the marine actinomycetes are shown here to produce mycothiol as their protective thiol. However, a novel thiol, U25, was produced by MAR2 strain CNQ703 upon progression into stationary phase when secondary metabolite production occurred and became the dominant thiol. MSH and U25 were maintained in a reduced state during early stationary phase, but become significantly oxidized after 10 days in culture. Isolation and structural analysis of the monobromobimane derivative identified U25 as a homolog of mycothiol in which the acetyl group attached to the nitrogen of cysteine is replaced by a propionyl residue. This N-propionyl-desacetyl-mycothiol was present in 13 of the 17 strains of marine actinomycetes examined, including five strains of Salinispora and representatives of the MAR2, MAR3, MAR4 and MAR6 groups. Mycothiol and its precursor, the pseudodisaccharide 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-myo-inositol, were found in all strains. High levels of mycothiol S-conjugate amidase activity, a key enzyme in mycothiol-dependent detoxification, were found in most strains. The results demonstrate that major thiol/disulfide changes accompany secondary metabolite production and suggest that mycothiol-dependent detoxification is important at this developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald L. Newton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA e-mail: fax: 858-5344864
| | - Robert C. Fahey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA e-mail: fax: 858-5344864
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33
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Characterization of a mycothiol ligase mutant of Rhodococcus jostii RHA1. Res Microbiol 2008; 159:643-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Jothivasan VK, Hamilton CJ. Mycothiol: synthesis, biosynthesis and biological functions of the major low molecular weight thiol in actinomycetes. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:1091-117. [PMID: 19030604 DOI: 10.1039/b616489g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Actinomycetes produce mycothiol as their major low molecular weight thiol, which parallels the functions of glutathione found in prokaryotes and most Gram-negative bacteria. This review covers progress that has so far been made in terms of its distribution, biosynthesis and metabolic functions, as well as chemical syntheses of mycothiol and alternative substrates and inhibitors of mycothiol biosynthesis and mycothiol-dependent enzymes. 152 references are cited.
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Stewart MJG, Jothivasan VK, Rowan AS, Wagg J, Hamilton CJ. Mycothiol disulfide reductase: solid phase synthesis and evaluation of alternative substrate analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:385-90. [DOI: 10.1039/b716380k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Slättegård R, Gammon DW, Oscarson S. Synthesis of fused bicyclic thioglycosides of N-acylated glucosamine as analogues of mycothiol. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1943-6. [PMID: 17509548 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a fused bicyclic thioglycoside analogue of mycothiol, (3R)-3-acetylamino-4-one-6,7-dihydro-(1',2'-dideoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoso)[2',1'-f]-1,5-thiazepane (5), is reported. Treatment of phthalimido-protected peracetylated glucosamine with N-acetyl-cysteine and boron trifluoride-etherate gave the beta-linked thioglycoside, which was deprotected and cyclized, using HOBt and EDCl to form the lactam and giving the target structure. This mycothiol mimic and its tri-O-acetate will be investigated as potential inhibitors of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of mycothiol. The protected derivative also has the potential to be an alpha-selective N-cysteinyl glucosamine donor; however, initial glycosylation attempts failed due to the apparent stability of the fused bicyclic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Slättegård
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Lee S, Bergeron H, Lau PCK, Rosazza JPN. Thiols in nitric oxide synthase-containing Nocardia sp. strain NRRL 5646. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:3095-7. [PMID: 17337559 PMCID: PMC1892879 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02809-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycothiol (MSH) [1-D-myo-inosityl-2-(N-acetyl-l-cysteinyl)amido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside], isolated as the bimane derivative, was established to be the major thiol in Nocardia sp. strain NRRL 5646, a species most closely related to Nocardia brasiliensis strain DSM 43758(T). Thiol formation and detection of MSH-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity in cell extracts are relevant to the possible modulation of nitric oxide toxicity generated by strain NRRL 5646.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Lee
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Bongat AFG, Demchenko AV. Recent trends in the synthesis of O-glycosides of 2-amino-2-deoxysugars. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:374-406. [PMID: 17125757 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new methods for stereoselective glycoside synthesis and convergent oligosaccharide assembly has been critical for the area of glycosciences. At the heart of this account is the discussion of the approaches for stereoselective synthesis of glycosides of 2-amino-2-deoxysugars that have emerged during the past two decades. The introductory part provides general background information and describes the key features and challenges for the synthesis of this class of compounds. Subsequently, major approaches to the synthesis of 2-amino-2-deoxyglycosides are categorized and discussed. Each subsection elaborates on the introduction (or protection) of the amino functionality, synthesis of glycosyl donors by introduction of a suitable leaving group, and glycosidation. Wherever applicable, the deprotection of a temporary amino group substituent and the conversion onto the natural acetamido functionality is described. The conclusions part evaluates the current standing in the field and provides a perspective for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen F G Bongat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri--St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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39
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Metaferia BB, Ray S, Smith JA, Bewley CA. Design and synthesis of substrate-mimic inhibitors of mycothiol-S-conjugate amidase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 17:444-7. [PMID: 17084627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Staudinger reaction between a polymer-supported triphenylphosphine reagent and pseudo-disaccharide azides is successfully applied to synthesize a variety of substrate-mimic mycothiol analogs. Screening of this new group of analogs against the mycobacterial detoxification enzyme mycothiol-S-conjugate amidase (MCA) yielded several modest inhibitors (IC50 values around 50 microM) and provided additional structure-activity relationships for future optimization of inhibitors of MCA and its homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belhu B Metaferia
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Marette C, Larrouquet C, Tisnès P, Deloye JB, Gras E. A simple and efficient transprotection of aryl methyl ether to aryl benzoate under microwave activation. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.07.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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41
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Hand CE, Auzanneau FI, Honek JF. Conformational analyses of mycothiol, a critical intracellular glycothiol in Mycobacteria. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1164-73. [PMID: 16630596 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular thiols are essential biomolecules, which play several critical roles in living organisms including controlling intracellular redox potential and acting as cofactors for several vital detoxification enzymes including S-transferases and formaldehyde dehydrogenases. The tripeptide gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine, more commonly known as glutathione, is well known as the major intracellular thiol in eukaryotes and in some bacteria. However, glutathione is absent in the Actinomycetales bacteria such as Mycobacteria and Streptomyces and is believed to be replaced by 1-D-myo-inosityl-2-(N-acetyl-L-cysteinyl)amido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, mycothiol, in these organisms. Although much is known about the chemistry and biochemistry of glutathione, currently much less is known concerning mycothiol and its properties. The structure of mycothiol is composed of a glycoside linkage between myo-inositol and D-glucosamine with an N-acetyl-L-cysteine linked to the 2'-amino group of the d-glucosamine moiety. Mycothiol is currently of intense interest due to its essential role in the cellular physiology of Mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and its possible role in antimycobacterial drug resistance. A detailed investigation of its chemistry is therefore essential in ameliorating our knowledge of this key glycothiol, and in shedding additional light on its biochemical role in these pathogenic organisms. This report presents a detailed conformational analysis of mycothiol utilizing a variety of force fields and stochastic search protocols. Cluster analyses of energetically low lying conformations have indicated the presence of several key conformations that are populated in the gas phase and with implicit water solvation. These conformations are compared to recent NMR studies on a derivative of mycothiol. This information should be an important contribution to our basic understanding of the chemistry of this glycothiol and critical in the design of novel inhibitors of pathogen enzymes that require it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Hand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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42
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Witczak ZJ, Culhane JM. Thiosugars: new perspectives regarding availability and potential biochemical and medicinal applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 69:237-44. [PMID: 16240117 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thiosugars, containing a sulfur atom as heteroatom or a disaccharide linked via a sulfur bridge, possess unique physicochemical properties such as water solubility, which differs from conventional functionalized monosaccharides. The differences in biological activities between thiosugars and their oxygen analogs depend on geometric, conformational, and flexibility differences. They depend also on their electronic differences, the sulfide function being less electronegative and more polarizable than the ethereal moiety. Many functionalized thiosugars occur naturally and are potential targets for the development of carbohydrate-based therapeutics. Among the few new examples of the potential new targets are salacinol and kotalanol, tagetitoxin, thiolactomycin and analogues, mycothiol and analogues, and S-nitrosothiols. These new developments and representative examples of functionalized thiosugar prototypes as potential new targets are presented in this mini review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew J Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA.
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