1
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Ortiz Villamizar MC, Puerto Galvis CE, Pedraza Rodríguez SA, Zubkov FI, Kouznetsov VV. Synthesis, In Silico and In Vivo Toxicity Assessment of Functionalized Pyridophenanthridinones via Sequential MW-Assisted Intramolecular Friedel-Crafts Alkylation and Direct C-H Arylation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238112. [PMID: 36500206 PMCID: PMC9741109 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, efficient, and original synthesis of novel pyrido[3,2,1-de]phenanthridin-6-ones is reported. First, the key cinnamamide intermediates 8a-f were easily prepared from commercial substituted anilines, cinnamic acid, and 2-bromobenzylbromide in a tandem amidation and N-alkylation protocol. Then, these N-aryl-N-(2-bromobenzyl) cinnamamides 8a-f were subjected to a TFA-mediated intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation followed by a Pd-catalyzed direct C-H arylation to obtain a series of potentially bioactive 4-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-6H,8H-pyrido[3,2,1-de]phenanthridin-6-one derivatives 4a-f in good yields. Finally, the toxicological profile of the prepared final compounds, including their corresponding intermediates, was explored through in silico computational methods, while the acute toxicity toward zebrafish embryos (96 hpf-LC50, 50% lethal concentration) was also determined in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlyn C. Ortiz Villamizar
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular, CMN, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará, Km 2 Vía Refugio, Piedecuesta 681011, Colombia
| | - Carlos E. Puerto Galvis
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular, CMN, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará, Km 2 Vía Refugio, Piedecuesta 681011, Colombia
| | - Silvia A. Pedraza Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular, CMN, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará, Km 2 Vía Refugio, Piedecuesta 681011, Colombia
| | - Fedor I. Zubkov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (F.I.Z.); (V.V.K.); Tel.: +57-7-634-4000 (ext. 1243) (V.V.K.)
| | - Vladimir V. Kouznetsov
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular, CMN, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará, Km 2 Vía Refugio, Piedecuesta 681011, Colombia
- Correspondence: (F.I.Z.); (V.V.K.); Tel.: +57-7-634-4000 (ext. 1243) (V.V.K.)
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2
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Visible-Light Induced Synthesis of 8H-Indolo[3,2,1-de]phenanthridin-8-ones and Related Heterocycles Using Benzothiadiazole as Photocatalyst. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Górski K, Mech-Piskorz J, Pietraszkiewicz M. From truxenes to heterotruxenes: playing with heteroatoms and the symmetry of molecules. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00816e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the modification of truxene, we can change the electronic structure or create multidimensional materials. Thus, the use of truxenes is very wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Górski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Justyna Mech-Piskorz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marek Pietraszkiewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
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4
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Aslan M, Taskesenligil Y, Pıravadılı S, Saracoglu N. Functionalization at Nonperipheral Positions of Triazatruxene: Modular Construction of 1,6,11-Triarylated-Triazatruxenes for Potentially Organic Electronics and Optoelectronics. J Org Chem 2021; 87:5037-5050. [PMID: 34958572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization from nonperipheral positions of triazatruxene is representing a challenge. Triarylation of the nonperipheral positions (1, 6, and 11) in triazatruxene scaffold has been achieved for the first time via two approaches. The transformations involve arylation/cyclotrimerization and cyclotrimerization/arylation sequences. POCl3-mediated direct cyclotrimerization of oxindoles containing electron-deficient substituents on the aryl group at the C7-position resulted in the formation of 2-chloroindoles, whereas oxindoles containing electron-donating substituents gave the triazatruxenes. Furthermore, desired triazatruxenes were achieved through cyclotrimerization of 7-bromooxindole followed by coupling with arylboronic acids. NMR structural analysis exhibited that two of the suitably substituted oxindole and triazatuxene may have atropisomerism at room temperature. As a representative triazatruxene scaffold, the optoelectronic properties of 9a have also been studied via ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra of 9a thin films. Also, density functional theory calculation was realized to get knowledge about frontier molecular orbitals. In the light of the information obtained, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) device utilizing 9a as an emissive layer was applied to obtain white emission. In brief, this study provides the first examples of the synthesis of triazatruxenes bearing aryl substituents at the nonperipheral positions as candidate compounds for organic electronics, optoelectronics, and material chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Aslan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Yunus Taskesenligil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Selin Pıravadılı
- Materials Institute, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Marmara Research Center (MAM), Gebze, Kocaeli 41470, Turkey
| | - Nurullah Saracoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
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5
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Sen A, Sato T, Ohno A, Baek H, Muranaka A, Yamada YMA. Polymer-Supported-Cobalt-Catalyzed Regioselective Cyclotrimerization of Aryl Alkynes. JACS AU 2021; 1:2080-2087. [PMID: 34841419 PMCID: PMC8611791 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A convoluted poly(4-vinylpyridine) cobalt(II) (P4VP-CoCl2) system was developed as a stable and reusable heterogeneous catalyst. The local structure near the Co atom was determined on the basis of experimental data and theoretical calculations. This immobilized cobalt catalyst showed high selectivity and catalytic activity in the [2 + 2 + 2] cyclotrimerization of terminal aryl alkynes. With 0.033 mol % P4VP-CoCl2, the regioselective formation of 1,3,5-triarylbenzene was realized without 1,2,4-triarylbenzene formation. Further, a multigram-scale (11 g) reaction proceeded efficiently. In addition, the polymer-supported catalyst was successfully recovered and used three times. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the recovered catalyst suggested that cobalt was in the +2 oxidation state. The 1,3,5-triarylbenzene derivatives were applied to the synthesis of a molecular beam electron resist and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
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6
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Synthesis of a triethylene glycol-capped benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c']bis[2]benzopyran-5,12-dione: A highly soluble dilactone-bridged p-terphenyl with a crankshaft architecture. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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8
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Wang H, Liang L, Guo Z, Peng H, Qiao S, Saha N, Zhu D, Zeng W, Chen Y, Huang P, Wen S. Highly Reactive Cyclic Monoaryl Iodoniums Tuned as Carbene Generators Couple with Nucleophiles under Metal-Free Conditions. iScience 2020; 23:101307. [PMID: 32634743 PMCID: PMC7338778 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-coupling reactions between aryl iodide and nucleophiles have been well developed. Iodoniums equipped with a reactive C-I(III) bond accelerate cross-coupling reactions of aryl iodide. Among them, cyclic diaryliodoniums are more atom economical; however; they are often in the trap of metal reliance and encounter regioselectivity issues. Now, we have developed a series of highly reactive cyclic monoaryl-vinyl iodoniums that can be tuned to construct C-N, C-O, and C-C bonds without metal catalysis. Under promotion of triethylamine, coupling reactions with aniline, phenol, aromatic acid, and indole proceed rapidly and regioselectively at room temperature. The carbene species is conceptualized as a key intermediate in our mechanism model. Furthermore, the coupling products enable diversity-oriented synthesis strategy to further build up a chemical library of diverse heterocyclic fragments that are in demand in the drug discovery field. Our current work provides a deep insight into the synthetic application of these highly reactive cyclic iodoniums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Liyun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zhirong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Hui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shuang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Nemai Saha
- Berhampore Girl's College, Berhampore, Murshidabad, West Bengal 742101, India
| | - Daqian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wenbin Zeng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yunyun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Shijun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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9
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Górski K, Mech-Piskorz J, Leśniewska B, Pietraszkiewicz O, Pietraszkiewicz M. Toward Soluble 5,10-Diheterotruxenes: Synthesis and Reactivity of 5,10-Dioxatruxenes, 5,10-Dithiatruxenes, and 5,10-Diazatruxenes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4672-4681. [PMID: 32180404 PMCID: PMC7590964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The following work
presents three general approaches allowing,
for the first time, the synthesis of 5,10-diheterotruxene derivatives
containing two identical heteroatoms, namely, oxygen OOC, nitrogen NNC, or sulfur SSC. Two of described
pathways involve the photocyclization of the corresponding triene 2 as a key step leading to a heptacyclic aromatic system.
The third approach is based on the acidic condensation between ninhydrin 14 and benzo[b]heteroole 15.
Typical functionalizations of the 5,10-diheterotruxene core have also
been presented. In addition, the article discusses the advantages
and limitations of the three suggested paths for receiving specific
5,10-diheterotruxene derivatives because the universal method suitable
for obtaining molecules with any type of heteroatoms is not known
so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Górski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Mech-Piskorz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Leśniewska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oksana Pietraszkiewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Pietraszkiewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Dorel R, Echavarren AM. From Palladium to Gold Catalysis for the Synthesis of Crushed Fullerenes and Acenes. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1812-1823. [PMID: 31264834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The quest for organic materials with improved optoelectronic properties has stimulated the development of new strategies for the preparation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Within this context, transition metal catalysis offers unparalleled opportunities for the assembly of complex molecular architectures. The palladium-catalyzed direct C-H arylation provides straight access to biaryls without the need of prefunctionalization at the nucleophilic site, which is attractive from the perspective of the synthesis of polyarenes. Mechanistically, this reaction was found to be different from an electrophilic aromatic substitution, involving the abstraction of a proton by an external base in the key metalation step. Using readily available C27 truxene as the starting material, a concise synthetic route consisting of a threefold benzylation and subsequent palladium-catalyzed arylation led to C60 polyarenes, also referred to as "crushed fullerenes", which could be converted into C60 fullerene by laser-induced cyclodehydrogenation in the gas phase or by thermal cyclodehydrogenation on a platinum surface. A conceptually related strategy based on the use of a highly electrophilic gold(I) complex as the catalyst for the threefold intramolecular hydroarylation of truxene derivatives was applied for the synthesis of decacyclenes. Using gold(I) catalysis, we have also developed a variety of synthetically useful protocols for the cycloisomerization of readily available 1,n-enynes as well as for the addition for nucleophiles to these unsaturated substrates. In one of these transformations, 1,7-enynes bearing aryl-substituted alkynes undergo formal [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions via gold(I)-catalyzed 6-exo-dig cyclization and intramolecular Friedel-Crafts-type reaction to form tricyclic compounds bearing a dihydronaphthalene core. A related transformation led to a general synthesis of hydroacenes, which are known to be stabilized precursors of the corresponding conjugated acenes with enhanced solubility. A wide variety of dihydrotetracenes featuring electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups, as well as dihydropentacene and dihydrohexacene could be easily obtained. A simple variation of our synthetic route led to tetrahydro-derivatives of higher acenes with up to 11 linearly fused six-membered rings. The dehydrogenation of tetrahydroacenes on a metallic substrate using the tip of a scanning tunneling microscopy instrument or by thermal annealing enabled the preparation of the whole series of higher acenes from heptacene up to previously unknown undecacene, whose structure was confirmed by noncontact atomic force microscopy. This work provided a unique opportunity for the analysis of the evolution of the transport gap in the acene series on Au(111). Furthermore, heptacene was also generated by on-surface dehydrogenation on Ag(001) from tetrahydroheptacene and a dibrominated derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Dorel
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio M. Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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11
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Kotha S, Todeti S, Das T, Datta A. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of C3
-Symmetric Star-Shaped Molecules Containing Heterocycles: A New Tactics for Multiple Fischer Indolization. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sambasivarao Kotha
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai; Mumbai- 400076 India
| | - Saidulu Todeti
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai; Mumbai- 400076 India
| | - Tarasankar Das
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai; Mumbai- 400076 India
| | - Anindya Datta
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai; Mumbai- 400076 India
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12
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Górski K, Mech-Piskorz J, Noworyta K, Leśniewska B, Pietraszkiewicz M. Efficient synthesis of 5-oxatruxene and the unusual influence of oxygen heteroatom on its physico-chemical properties. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04729k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
5-Oxatruxene presents new quality among the truxenes. It is a promising compound for the new class of optoelectronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Górski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Noworyta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Barbara Leśniewska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
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13
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Hintz HA, Sortedahl NJ, Meyer SM, Decato DA, Dahl BJ. The synthesis of lactone-bridged 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene derivatives as pi-expanded coumarin triskelions. Tetrahedron Lett 2017; 58:4703-4708. [PMID: 29430066 PMCID: PMC5804744 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two triply lactone-bridged 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene derivatives with solubilizing moieties have been synthesized in five and six steps from commercially available starting materials. Compounds containing the 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene core with two atom bridges are relatively unknown. This new class of pi-expanded coumarins contain triskelion architectures and X-ray crystallographic studies of one of the triskelions indicates that the 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene core adopts a near-planar geometry. This is the only known example of a two atom-bridged 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene derivative to adopt a planar structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A. Hintz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, 54702, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Sortedahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, 54702, United States
| | - Samantha M. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, 54702, United States
| | - Daniel A. Decato
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Macromolecular X-ray Diffraction Facility, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, United States
| | - Bart J. Dahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, 54702, United States
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14
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El Sayed MT. Synthetic Routes to Electroactive Organic Discotic Aromatic Triazatruxenes. J Heterocycl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mardia Telep El Sayed
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, Chemical Industries Division; National Research Centre; Dokki 12311 Egypt
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15
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Du X, Yuan MS, Xu F, Wang H, Wang Q, Wang W, Wang DE, Wang J. Branched truxene and triindole compounds and their solid-state luminescent enhancement. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 164:33-39. [PMID: 27064459 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
C3-symmetric truxene and triindole have been widely used to design the branched optoelectronic molecules. However, most of them exhibit high luminous efficiency in the solution and quenched luminescence in the solid state. Here, we respectively chose alkylated truxene and triindole as the central core, 2-methylphenyl as the peripheral functional groups to synthesize three branched compounds. Their photophysical properties have been explored combining with the theoretical calculation. The three compounds exhibit good solubility and high solid-state fluorescence quantum yields. The absorption and emission peaks of triindole compound exhibit apparent red-shift in comparison with those of truxene compounds, which indicates triindole more highly electron delocalization than truxene. The single-crystal structure shows that alkylation of the central core and branched steric bulkiness of these molecules effectively reduce the intermolecular π⋯π stacking and avoid the non-radiative transition of these molecules from excited state to ground state in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchao Du
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Mao-Sen Yuan
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Fan Xu
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Qin Wang
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Wenji Wang
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Dong-En Wang
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Jinyi Wang
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China.
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16
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Dorel R, de Mendoza P, Calleja P, Pascual S, González‐Cantalapiedra E, Cabello N, Echavarren AM. Synthesis of a Crushed Fullerene C60H24 through Sixfold Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation. European J Org Chem 2016; 2016:3171-3176. [PMID: 27774038 PMCID: PMC5053240 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new C3v -symmetric crushed fullerene C60H24 (5) has been accomplished in three steps from truxene through sixfold palladium-catalyzed intramolecular arylation of a syn-trialkylated truxene precursor. Laser irradiation of 5 induces cyclodehydrogenation processes that result in the formation of C60, as detected by LDI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Dorel
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyAv. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
| | - Paula de Mendoza
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyAv. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
| | - Pilar Calleja
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyAv. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
| | - Sergio Pascual
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyAv. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
| | - Esther González‐Cantalapiedra
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyAv. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
| | - Noemí Cabello
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyAv. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
| | - Antonio M. Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyAv. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
- Departament de Química Orgànica i AnalíticaUniversitat Rovira i VirgiliC/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n43007TarragonaSpain
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17
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Stępień M, Gońka E, Żyła M, Sprutta N. Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds: Synthetic Routes, Properties, and Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 117:3479-3716. [PMID: 27258218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 865] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensionally extended, polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules (heterocyclic nanographenes) are a highly versatile class of organic materials, applicable as functional chromophores and organic semiconductors. In this Review, we discuss the rich chemistry of large heteroaromatics, focusing on their synthesis, electronic properties, and applications in materials science. This Review summarizes the historical development and current state of the art in this rapidly expanding field of research, which has become one of the key exploration areas of modern heterocyclic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Gońka
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marika Żyła
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natasza Sprutta
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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18
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Guo T, Han SL, Liu YC, Liu Y, Liu HM. Convenient synthesis of antiproliferative 2,3-dihydro-2,3′-bisindoles via dimerization of N -H indole derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Zhang G, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. Fused π-Extended Truxenes via a Threefold Borylation as the Key Step. Chemistry 2016; 22:3084-93. [PMID: 26833764 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of a threefold borylated truxene, which is accessible in high yields by iridium-catalyzed borylation under CH-activation, fused π-extended truxenes have been synthesized by a two-step method of first Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction and subsequent condensation reaction. The mild condensation method tolerates the presence of a variety of functional groups, such as nitro, fluoro, or carboxyl moieties. Furthermore, by using this approach, N- and S-heteroarene analogues become accessible for the first time, as well as larger structures that represent derivatives of precursors for fullerene C60 or buckybowls. The attached tert-butyl groups make all derivatives sufficiently soluble to allow full spectroscopic and electrochemical investigations. Postfunctionalization of selected derivatives for further synthetic applications of the compounds is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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20
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Ji Y, Plata RE, Regens CS, Hay M, Schmidt M, Razler T, Qiu Y, Geng P, Hsiao Y, Rosner T, Eastgate MD, Blackmond DG. Mono-Oxidation of Bidentate Bis-phosphines in Catalyst Activation: Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies of a Pd/Xantphos-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13272-81. [PMID: 26461028 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic, spectroscopic, crystallographic, and computational studies probing a Pd-catalyzed C-H arylation reaction reveal that mono-oxidation of the bis-phosphine ligand is critical for the formation of the active catalyst. The bis-phosphine mono-oxide is shown to be a hemilabile, bidentate ligand for palladium. Isolation of the oxidative addition adduct, with structural elucidation by X-ray analysis, showed that the mono-oxide was catalytically competent, giving the same reaction rate in the productive reaction as the Pd(II)/xantphos precursor. A dual role for the carboxylate base in both catalyst activation and reaction turnover was demonstrated, along with the inhibiting effect of excess phosphine ligand. The generality of the role of phosphine mono-oxide complexes in Pd-catalyzed coupling processes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Ji
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - R Erik Plata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Christopher S Regens
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Michael Hay
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Michael Schmidt
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Thomas Razler
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Yuping Qiu
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Peng Geng
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Yi Hsiao
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Thorsten Rosner
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Martin D Eastgate
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Donna G Blackmond
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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21
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Wang L, Fang Q, Lu Q, Zhang SJ, Jin YY, Liu ZQ. Octupolar (C3 and S4) Symmetric Cyclized Indole Derivatives: Syntheses, Structures, and NLO Properties. Org Lett 2015; 17:4164-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Qi Fang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Qing Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Shao-jun Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Ying-ying Jin
- State
Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-qiang Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, P. R. China
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22
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Rathi AK, Gawande MB, Zboril R, Varma RS. Microwave-assisted synthesis – Catalytic applications in aqueous media. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Dressler JJ, Miller SA, Meeuwsen BT, Riel AMS, Dahl BJ. Synthesis of dilactone bridged terphenyls with crankshaft architectures. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Truxene (10,15-dihydro-5H-diindeno[1,2-a;1′,2′-c]fluorene), which is a heptacyclic polyarene structure, has attracted a great deal of interest due to its exceptional solubility, high thermal stability and ease with which it may be modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Goubard
- Université de Cergy-Pontoise
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces LPPI
- 95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex
- France
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix-Marseille Université
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie radicalaire ICR
- UMR 7273
- F-13397 Marseille
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25
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Pinardi AL, Otero-Irurueta G, Palacio I, Martinez JI, Sanchez-Sanchez C, Tello M, Rogero C, Cossaro A, Preobrajenski A, Gómez-Lor B, Jancarik A, Stará IG, Starý I, Lopez MF, Méndez J, Martin-Gago JA. Tailored formation of N-doped nanoarchitectures by diffusion-controlled on-surface (cyclo)dehydrogenation of heteroaromatics. ACS NANO 2013; 7:3676-3684. [PMID: 23506342 DOI: 10.1021/nn400690e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Surface-assisted cyclodehydrogenation and dehydrogenative polymerization of polycyclic (hetero)aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are among the most important strategies for bottom-up assembly of new nanostructures from their molecular building blocks. Although diverse compounds have been formed in recent years using this methodology, a limited knowledge on the molecular machinery operating at the nanoscale has prevented a rational control of the reaction outcome. We show that the strength of the PAH-substrate interaction rules the competitive reaction pathways (cyclodehydrogenation versus dehydrogenative polymerization). By controlling the diffusion of N-heteroaromatic precursors, the on-surface dehydrogenation can lead to monomolecular triazafullerenes and diazahexabenzocoronenes (N-doped nanographene), to N-doped oligomeric or polymeric networks, or to carbonaceous monolayers. Governing the on-surface dehydrogenation process is a step forward toward the tailored fabrication of molecular 2D nanoarchitectures distinct from graphene and exhibiting new properties of fundamental and technological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lisa Pinardi
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid ((ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Yuan MS, Li TB, Wang WJ, Du ZT, Wang JR, Fang Q. Thiophene-functionalized octupolar triindoles: synthesis and photophysical properties. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 96:1020-1024. [PMID: 22947648 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two thiophene-functionalized octupolar triindole molecules were synthesized through Suzuki and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions. Their photophysical and electrochemical properties were explored. The spectroscopic data demonstrate that triindole is an excellent rich electronic central donor for building octupolar optoelectronic molecules and possesses excellent luminescent properties. Thiophenylethynyl substituted triindole compound 3,8,13-tri(2-thiophenylethynyl)-5,10,15-tributyltriindole forms an intermolecular aggregation induced by π-π stacking from the rigid coplanar molecular scaffold. The redox curves and results of theoretical calculation imply that the two compounds have low ionization potential and low E(1/2 oxd), which may be originated from the high electronic density of both triindole and thiophene groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Sen Yuan
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China.
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27
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A facile synthesis of indolo[3,2,1-jk]carbazoles via palladium-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Zhang SL, Xue ZF, Gao YR, Mao S, Wang YQ. Triple condensation of aryl methyl ketones catalyzed by amine and trifluoroacetic acid: straightforward access to 1,3,5-triarylbenzenes under mild conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Umeda R, Miyake S, Nishiyama Y. Synthesis of Dibenz[a,h]anthracenes by Pd-Catalyzed Intramolecular Double-cyclization of (Z,Z)-p-Styrylstilbenes. CHEM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2012.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Umeda
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University
| | - Satoshi Miyake
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University
| | - Yutaka Nishiyama
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University
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30
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Ackermann L. Carboxylate-assisted transition-metal-catalyzed C-H bond functionalizations: mechanism and scope. Chem Rev 2011; 111:1315-45. [PMID: 21391562 DOI: 10.1021/cr100412j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2909] [Impact Index Per Article: 223.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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31
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Chen JH, Wang SA, Liu YH, Wong KT. Synthesis and Properties of Novel C3-Symmetric Coplanar Chromophores. Org Lett 2011; 13:4168-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ol201466z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shao-An Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ken-Tsung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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32
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Shao J, Guan Z, Yan Y, Jiao C, Xu QH, Chi C. Synthesis and characterizations of star-shaped octupolar triazatruxenes-based two-photon absorption chromophores. J Org Chem 2011; 76:780-90. [PMID: 21210649 DOI: 10.1021/jo1017926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of star-shaped octupolar triazatruxenes (TATs, 1-6) with intramolecular "push-pull" structure were synthesized and their photophysical properties have been systematically investigated. These chromophores showed obvious solvatochromic effect, i.e., significant bathochromic shift of the emission spectra and larger Stokes shifts were observed in more polar solvents mainly due to photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). The two-photon absorption (2PA) cross-section values were determined by two-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF) measurements in toluene and THF. These chromophores exhibited large two-photon absorption cross-sections ranging from 280 to 1620 GM in the near-infrared (NIR) region. Compound 6 showed the largest 2PA action cross-section (σ(2)Φ) of 564 GM and could be a potential two-photon fluorescent (2PF) probe. In addition, compounds 1-6 all displayed good thermal stability and photostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjun Shao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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33
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Rong L, Liu Q, Shi Y, Tang J. Fluoradenes via palladium-catalyzed intramolecular arylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:2155-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc05004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Zhu J, Xie H, Chen Z, Li S, Wu Y. Synthesis of 6-trifluoromethylindolo[1,2-c]quinazolines and related heterocycles using N-(2-iodophenyl)trifluoroacetimidoyl chlorides as starting material via C–H bond functionalization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:1512-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03197f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Méndez J, López MF, Martín-Gago JA. On-surface synthesis of cyclic organic molecules. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4578-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00161a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Franc G, Gourdon A. Covalent networks through on-surface chemistry in ultra-high vacuum: state-of-the-art and recent developments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:14283-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20700h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Li YX, Ji KG, Wang HX, Ali S, Liang YM. Iodine-induced regioselective C-C and C-N bonds formation of N-protected indoles. J Org Chem 2010; 76:744-7. [PMID: 21182271 DOI: 10.1021/jo1023014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mild, metal-free, and environmently benign iodine-promoted regioselective C-C and C-N bonds formation of N-protected indole derivatives giving 2,3'-biindoles 2 and 4-(1H-indol-2-yl)morpholines 4 is successfully demonstrated. Various bioactive 2,3'-biindoles and 4-(1H-indol-2-yl)morpholines, bearing electron-rich to moderately electron-poor substituents, can be prepared in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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38
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Triazatruxene-containing hyperbranched polymers: Microwave-assisted synthesis and optoelectronic properties. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-4152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Livendahl M, Echavarren AM. Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation Reactions: A Mechanistic Perspective. Isr J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Franceschin M, Ginnari-Satriani L, Alvino A, Ortaggi G, Bianco A. Study of a Convenient Method for the Preparation of Hydrosoluble Fluorescent Triazatruxene Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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41
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Ginnari-Satriani L, Casagrande V, Bianco A, Ortaggi G, Franceschin M. A hydrophilic three side-chained triazatruxene as a new strong and selective G-quadruplex ligand. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:2513-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b904723a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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García-Frutos EM, Gómez-Lor B, Monge A, Gutiérrez-Puebla E, Alkorta I, Elguero J. Synthesis and preferred all-syn conformation of C3-symmetrical N-(hetero)arylmethyl triindoles. Chemistry 2008; 14:8555-61. [PMID: 18680132 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new series of C(3)-symmetrical N-(hetero)arylmethyl triindoles has been synthesized in a straightforward procedure. The structure and conformation in the solid state have been determined for three derivatives (3, 4, and 6) by X-ray crystallographic analysis. In all three cases, the molecules adopt a tripodal conformation with all of the flexible arms directed towards the same side, thereby delimiting an inner cavity. Compound 6 crystallizes and forms C(3)-symmetric dimeric cagelike complexes. Guest molecules of chloroform and water are confined within the resulting cavities with stabilization by different intermolecular interactions; this highlights the potential of these compounds in the construction of supramolecular systems. A computational analysis has been performed to predict the most stable conformers. As a general trend, a preference for a conformation with all branches directed to the same side has been predicted. Comparison between theoretical and experimental results indicates that the computational level selected for the present study, B3LYP/6-31G*, is able to reproduce both the minimum energy conformations and the rotation barriers about the N--CH(2) bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M García-Frutos
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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43
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Synthesis of liquid crystalline materials based on 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene and 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-s-triazine. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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44
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Janosik T, Wahlström N, Bergman J. Recent progress in the chemistry and applications of indolocarbazoles. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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45
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Fullerenes from aromatic precursors by surface-catalysed cyclodehydrogenation. Nature 2008; 454:865-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature07193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Lee HS, Kim SH, Gowrisankar S, Kim JN. Palladium-mediated synthesis of poly-fused heterocycles from Baylis–Hillman adducts. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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47
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Pascual S, de Mendoza P, Braga AA, Maseras F, Echavarren AM. Bidentate phosphines as ligands in the palladium-catalyzed intramolecular arylation: the intermolecular base-assisted proton abstraction mechanism. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Lee HS, Kim SH, Kim TH, Kim JN. Pd-Mediated synthesis of 7H-benzo[3,4]azepino[1,2-a]indole-6-carboxylic acid derivatives from indole-containing Baylis–Hillman adducts. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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49
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García-Cuadrado D, de Mendoza P, Braga AAC, Maseras F, Echavarren AM. Proton-abstraction mechanism in the palladium-catalyzed intramolecular arylation: substituent effects. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:6880-6. [PMID: 17461585 DOI: 10.1021/ja071034a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The regioselectivity observed in the intramolecular palladium-catalyzed arylation of substituted bromobenzyldiarylmethanes as well as theoretical results demonstrate that the Pd-catalyzed arylation proceeds by a mechanism involving a proton abstraction by the carbonate, or a related basic ligand. The reaction is facilitated by electron-withdrawing substituents on the aromatic ring, which is inconsistent with an electrophilic aromatic-substitution mechanism. The more important directing effect is exerted by electron-withdrawing substituents ortho to the reacting site.
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Alberico D, Scott ME, Lautens M. Aryl−Aryl Bond Formation by Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Direct Arylation. Chem Rev 2007; 107:174-238. [PMID: 17212475 DOI: 10.1021/cr0509760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3171] [Impact Index Per Article: 186.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dino Alberico
- Davenport Laboratories, Chemistry Department, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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