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Vinayagam V, Hajay Kumar TV, Nune R, Karre SK, Sadhukhan SK. Visible-Light-Promoted Dual Photoredox/Nickel-Catalyzed Chemoselective Reduction of Secondary and Tertiary Amides with Hydrosilanes in the Presence of an Ester. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2122-2131. [PMID: 36730124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a one-step procedure to selectively reduce secondary and tert-amides to their corresponding amine derivatives in the presence of an ester. This was achieved via the synergistic combination of a photoredox, a nickel catalytic system, and phenyl silane as a reductant in the presence of blue light-emitting diode light (455 nm) at room temperature. Further, this mild light-promoted dual metallaphotoredox catalytic system was also successful in selectively reducing a lactam to the cyclic amines, without affecting the ester moiety present in the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinothkumar Vinayagam
- Curia India Pvt. Ltd (Formerly Albany Molecular Research, Hyderabad Research Centre), MN Park, Genome Valley, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | | | - Ravi Nune
- Curia India Pvt. Ltd (Formerly Albany Molecular Research, Hyderabad Research Centre), MN Park, Genome Valley, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Satish Kumar Karre
- Curia India Pvt. Ltd (Formerly Albany Molecular Research, Hyderabad Research Centre), MN Park, Genome Valley, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Subir Kumar Sadhukhan
- Curia India Pvt. Ltd (Formerly Albany Molecular Research, Hyderabad Research Centre), MN Park, Genome Valley, Hyderabad 500078, India
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2
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Vrabec R, Maříková J, Ločárek M, Korábečný J, Hulcová D, Hošťálková A, Kuneš J, Chlebek J, Kučera T, Hrabinová M, Jun D, Soukup O, Andrisano V, Jenčo J, Šafratová M, Nováková L, Opletal L, Cahlíková L. Monoterpene indole alkaloids from Vinca minor L. (Apocynaceae): Identification of new structural scaffold for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 194:113017. [PMID: 34798410 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
One undescribed indole alkaloid together with twenty-two known compounds have been isolated from aerial parts of Vinca minor L. (Apocynaceae). The chemical structures of the isolated alkaloids were determined by a combination of MS, HRMS, 1D, and 2D NMR techniques, and by comparison with literature data. The NMR data of several alkaloids have been revised, corrected, and missing data have been supplemented. Alkaloids isolated in sufficient quantity were screened for their in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE; E.C. 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE; E.C. 3.1.1.8) inhibitory activity. Selected compounds were also evaluated for prolyl oligopeptidase (POP; E.C. 3.4.21.26), and glycogen synthase 3β-kinase (GSK-3β; E.C. 2.7.11.26) inhibition potential. Significant hBuChE inhibition activity has been shown by (-)-2-ethyl-3[2-(3-ethylpiperidinyl)-ethyl]-1H-indole with an IC50 value of 0.65 ± 0.16 μM. This compound was further studied by enzyme kinetics, along with in silico techniques, to reveal the mode of inhibition. This compound is also predicted to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) through passive diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Vrabec
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Maříková
- Department of Bioorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ločárek
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korábečný
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Hulcová
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Hošťálková
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kuneš
- Department of Bioorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Chlebek
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kučera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinová
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Soukup
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Jaroslav Jenčo
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Šafratová
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Opletal
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Cahlíková
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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3
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Zhao S, Sirasani G, Andrade RB. Aspidosperma and Strychnos alkaloids: Chemistry and biology. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2021; 86:1-143. [PMID: 34565505 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Of Nature's nearly 3000 unique monoterpene indole alkaloids derived from tryptophan, those members belonging to the Aspidosperma and Strychnos families continue to impact the fields of natural products (i.e., isolation, structure determination, biosynthesis) and organic chemistry (i.e., chemical synthesis, methodology development) among others. This review covers the biological activity (Section 2), biosynthesis (Section 3), and synthesis of both classical and novel Aspidosperma (Section 4), Strychnos (Section 5), and selected bis-indole (Section 6) alkaloids. Technological advancements in genetic sequencing and bioinformatics have deepened our understanding of how Nature assembles these intriguing molecules. The proliferation of innovative synthetic strategies and tactics for the synthesis of the alkaloids covered in this review, which include contributions from over fifty research groups from around the world, are a testament to the creative power and technical skills of synthetic organic chemists. To be sure, Nature-the Supreme molecular architect and source of a dazzling array of irresistible chemical logic puzzles-continues to inspire scientists across multiple disciplines and will certainly continue to do so for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senzhi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Rodrigo B Andrade
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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4
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Qin B, Wang Y, Wang X, Jia Y. Total synthesis of kopsine, fruticosine, and structurally related polycyclic caged Kopsia indole alkaloids. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01165g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Kopsine, fruticosine and related caged and polycyclic Kopsia indole alkaloids have been attractive synthetic targets since 1983.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Yanxing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
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5
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Razzoqova SR, Kadirova S, Ashurov JM, Rakhmonova DS, Ziyaev A, Parpiev NA. 5-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3 H)-thione hemihydrate. IUCRDATA 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s2414314619015323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The title 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative crystallizes as a hemihydrate, C8H6N2O2S·0.5H2O, with the water molecule located on a twofold rotation axis. The 1,3,4-oxadiazole molecule is essentially planar, the r.m.s. deviation of the non-H atoms being 0.0443 Å. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the phenyl and oxadiazole rings is 6.101 (17)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked via O—H...S and N—H...O hydrogen bonds involving the water molecule, the N—H group and the thione S atom into undulating ribbons. Additional π–π interactions generate a two-dimensional supramolecular framework extending parallel to (001).
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6
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Norwood VM, Huigens RW. Harnessing the Chemistry of the Indole Heterocycle to Drive Discoveries in Biology and Medicine. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2273-2297. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Verrill M. Norwood
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryCenter for Natural Products Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3)University of Florida 1345 Center Drive Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Robert W. Huigens
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryCenter for Natural Products Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3)University of Florida 1345 Center Drive Gainesville FL 32610 USA
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7
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Zhang J, Shukla V, Boger DL. Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Reactions of Heterocyclic Azadienes, 1-Aza-1,3-Butadienes, Cyclopropenone Ketals, and Related Systems. A Retrospective. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9397-9445. [PMID: 31062977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A summary of the investigation and applications of the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction is provided that have been conducted in our laboratory over a period that now spans more than 35 years. The work, which continues to provide solutions to complex synthetic challenges, is presented in the context of more than 70 natural product total syntheses in which the reactions served as a key strategic step in the approach. The studies include the development and use of the cycloaddition reactions of heterocyclic azadienes (1,2,4,5-tetrazines; 1,2,4-, 1,3,5-, and 1,2,3-triazines; 1,2-diazines; and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles), 1-aza-1,3-butadienes, α-pyrones, and cyclopropenone ketals. Their applications illustrate the power of the methodology, often provided concise and nonobvious total syntheses of the targeted natural products, typically were extended to the synthesis of analogues that contain deep-seated structural changes in more comprehensive studies to explore or optimize their biological properties, and highlight a wealth of opportunities not yet tapped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Vyom Shukla
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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8
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Peterle MM, Scheide MR, Silva LT, Saba S, Rafique J, Braga AL. Copper‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction of Oxadiazoles, Elemental Se/S and Aryl Iodides: Synthesis of Chalcogenyl (Se/S)‐Oxadiazoles. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos M. Peterle
- LabselenDepartamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900 SC-Brazil
| | - Marcos R. Scheide
- LabselenDepartamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900 SC-Brazil
| | - Lais T. Silva
- LabselenDepartamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900 SC-Brazil
| | - Sumbal Saba
- LabselenDepartamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900 SC-Brazil
| | - Jamal Rafique
- LabselenDepartamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900 SC-Brazil
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79074-460 MS-Brazil
| | - Antonio L. Braga
- LabselenDepartamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900 SC-Brazil
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9
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Pandey G, Khamrai J, Mishra A, Maity P, Chikkade PK. Iminium ion-enamine cascade reaction enables the asymmetric total syntheses of aspidosperma alkaloids vincadifformine and ervinceine. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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High expression of class III β-tubulin has no impact on functional cancer cell growth inhibition of a series of key vinblastine analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:863-865. [PMID: 29439899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical association studies have implicated high expression of class III β-tubulin as a predictive factor for lower response rates and reduced overall survival in patients receiving tubulin binding drugs, most notably the taxanes. Because of the implications, we examined a series of key vinblastine analogs that emerged from our studies in functional cell growth inhibition assays for their sensitivity to high expression of class III β-tubulin (human non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549 vs taxol-resistant A549-T24). Unlike taxol, vinblastine and a set of key analogs 3-10 did not exhibit any loss in sensitivity toward A549-T24. The results suggest that vinblastine and related analogs are not likely prone to resistance derived from high expression of class III β-tubulin unlike the taxanes. Most significant are the results with 4-6, a subset of 20' amide vinblastine analogs. They match or exceed the potency of vinblastine and they display more potent activity against taxol-resistant A549-T24 than even wild type A549 cells (1.2-2-fold), complementing our prior observations that they also display no sensitivity to overexpression of Pgp (HCT116/VM46 vs HCT116) and are not subject to resistance derived from Pgp efflux.
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11
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Boger DL. The Difference a Single Atom Can Make: Synthesis and Design at the Chemistry-Biology Interface. J Org Chem 2017; 82:11961-11980. [PMID: 28945374 PMCID: PMC5712263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A Perspective of work in our laboratory on the examination of biologically active compounds, especially natural products, is presented. In the context of individual programs and along with a summary of our work, selected cases are presented that illustrate the impact single atom changes can have on the biological properties of the compounds. The examples were chosen to highlight single heavy atom changes that improve activity, rather than those that involve informative alterations that reduce or abolish activity. The examples were also chosen to illustrate that the impact of such single-atom changes can originate from steric, electronic, conformational, or H-bonding effects, from changes in functional reactivity, from fundamental intermolecular interactions with a biological target, from introduction of a new or altered functionalization site, or from features as simple as improvements in stability or physical properties. Nearly all the examples highlighted represent not only unusual instances of productive deep-seated natural product modifications and were introduced through total synthesis but are also remarkable in that they are derived from only a single heavy atom change in the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and
The Skaggs Research Institute, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550
North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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12
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Lukesh JC, Carney DW, Dong H, Cross RM, Shukla V, Duncan KK, Yang S, Brody DM, Brütsch MM, Radakovic A, Boger DL. Vinblastine 20' Amides: Synthetic Analogues That Maintain or Improve Potency and Simultaneously Overcome Pgp-Derived Efflux and Resistance. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7591-7604. [PMID: 28857558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of 180 vinblastine 20' amides were prepared in three steps from commercially available starting materials, systematically exploring a typically inaccessible site in the molecule enlisting a powerful functionalization strategy. Clear structure-activity relationships and a structural model were developed in the studies which provided many such 20' amides that exhibit substantial and some even remarkable enhancements in potency, many that exhibit further improvements in activity against a Pgp overexpressing resistant cancer cell line, and an important subset of the vinblastine analogues that display little or no differential in activity against a matched pair of vinblastine sensitive and resistant (Pgp overexpressing) cell lines. The improvements in potency directly correlated with target tubulin binding affinity, and the reduction in differential functional activity against the sensitive and Pgp overexpressing resistant cell lines was found to correlate directly with an impact on Pgp-derived efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Lukesh
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Daniel W Carney
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Huijun Dong
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - R Matthew Cross
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vyom Shukla
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Katharine K Duncan
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Shouliang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Daniel M Brody
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Manuela M Brütsch
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Aleksandar Radakovic
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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13
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Quiñones RE, Glinkerman CM, Zhu K, Boger DL. Direct Synthesis of β-Aminoenals through Reaction of 1,2,3-Triazine with Secondary Amines. Org Lett 2017; 19:3568-3571. [PMID: 28657329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple and direct nucleophilic addition of secondary amines, including imidazole, to 1,2,3-triazine under mild reaction conditions (THF, 25-65 °C, 12-48 h), requiring no additives, cleanly provides β-aminoenals 4 in good yields (21 examples, 31-79%). The reaction proceeds by amine nucleophilic addition to C4 of the 1,2,3-triazine, in situ loss of N2, and subsequent imine hydrolysis to provide 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Quiñones
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Christopher M Glinkerman
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kaicheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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14
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Efremova MM, Kostikov RR, Larina AG, Molchanov AP. Regio- and stereoselective (3 + 2)-cycloaddition of nitrile oxides and nitrones to N-vinylindole. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042801702018x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Zhang L, Zhao X, Jing X, Zhang X, Lü S, Luo L, Jia X. Oxidation of sp3 C H bonds in N-alkylhydrazides: Access to 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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16
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Yang S, Sankar K, Skepper CK, Barker TJ, Lukesh JC, Brody DM, Brütsch MM, Boger DL. Total synthesis of a key series of vinblastines modified at C4 that define the importance and surprising trends in activity. Chem Sci 2016; 8:1560-1569. [PMID: 28194270 PMCID: PMC5302862 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04146a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An expanded scope of a powerful oxadiazole cycloaddition cascade was used for the total synthesis of 17 synthetic vinblastines systematically modified at C4. Their evaluation defined a surprisingly significant impact and provided an unrecognized role of the C4 substituent on activity.
The total synthesis and evaluation of a key systematic series of vinblastines that incorporate the first deep-seated changes to the substituent at C4 are detailed. The synthetic approach features an expanded and redefined scope of a 1,3,4-oxadiazole [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] cycloaddition cascade in which electronically mismatched electron-deficient trisubstituted alkenes and unactivated trisubstituted alkenes were found to productively initiate the cycloaddition cascade with tethered electron-deficient 1,3,4-oxadiazoles. Such cycloaddition cascades were used to directly introduce altered C4 substituents, providing the basis for concise total syntheses of a series of C4 modified vindolines and their subsequent single-step incorporation into the corresponding synthetic vinblastines in routes as short as 8–12 steps. Evaluation of the synthetic vinblastines revealed a surprisingly large impact and role of the C4 substituent on activity even though it was previously not thought to intimately interact with the biological target tubulin. Only the introduction of a C4 methyl ester, a constitutional isomer of vinblastine in which the carbonyl carbon and ester oxygen of the C4 acetate are transposed, provided a synthetic vinblastine that matched the potency of the natural product. In contrast, even introduction of a C4 acetamide or N-methyl carboxamide, which incorporate single heavy atom exchanges (amide NH for ester oxygen) in vinblastine or the C4 methyl ester, provided compounds that were ≥10-fold less active than vinblastine. Other C4 acetate replacements, including a C4 amine, carboxylic acid, hydroxymethyl or acetoxymethyl group, led to even greater reductions in potency. Even replacement of the C4 acetoxy group or its equally active C4 methyl ester with an ethyl or isopropyl ester led to 10-fold or more reductions in activity. These remarkable trends in activity, which correlate with relative tubulin binding affinities, retrospectively may be ascribed to the role the substituent serves as a H-bond acceptor for α-tubulin Lys336 and Asn329 side chains at a site less tolerant of a H-bond donor, placing the methyl group of the C4 acetate or C4 methyl ester in a spatially restricted and well-defined hydrophobic half pocket created by a surrounding well-ordered loop. This remarkable impact of the C4 substituent, its stringency, and even the magnitude of its effect are extraordinary, and indicate that its presence was selected in Nature to enhance the effects of vinblastine and related natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouliang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| | - Kuppusamy Sankar
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| | - Colin K Skepper
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| | - Timothy J Barker
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| | - John C Lukesh
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| | - Daniel M Brody
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| | - Manuela M Brütsch
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
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17
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Zarei M, Nakhli ME. Synthesis of acylhydrazines and, symmetrical and asymmetrical diacylhydrazines from carboxylic acid via the Vilsmeier reagent mediated process. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-016-2738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Vasil’ev NV, Kostryukova TS, Zatonsky GV, Vatsadze SZ. Fluorinated 1,3,4-oxadiazoles and other azoles in cycloaddition reactions. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-016-1948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Brahmayya M, Liu FS, Suen SY, Huang CC, Dai SA, Guo YS, Chen YF. A new and efficient method for the synthesis of 2-N-(aryl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diamine derivatives. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-2128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Alehashem MS, Lim CG, Thomas NF. The radical cation mediated cleavage of catharanthine leading to the vinblastine type alkaloids: implications for total synthesis and drug design. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23074h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparison of the Boger and Kutney mechanistic interpretations for the FeCl3 promoted oxidative coupling of vindoline and catharanthine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuan-Gee Lim
- Environmental and Bioprocess Technology Centre
- SIRIM Berhad
- 40000 Shah Alam
- Malaysia
| | - Noel F. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
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21
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Sears JE, Barker TJ, Boger DL. Total Synthesis of (-)-Vindoline and (+)-4-epi-Vindoline Based on a 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Tandem Intramolecular [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] Cycloaddition Cascade Initiated by an Allene Dienophile. Org Lett 2015; 17:5460-3. [PMID: 26457536 PMCID: PMC4636949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is reported that an allene dienophile can initiate a tandem intramolecular [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] cycloaddition cascade of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, that the intermediate cross-conjugated 1,3-dipole (a carbonyl ylide) can participate in an ensuing [3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition in a remarkably effective manner, and that the reaction can be implemented to provide the core pentacyclic ring system of vindoline. Its discovery improves a previous total synthesis of (-)-vindoline and was used in a total synthesis of (+)-4-epi-vindoline and (+)-4-epi-vinblastine that additionally enlists an alternative series of late-stage transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin E. Sears
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Timothy J. Barker
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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22
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Glinkerman CM, Boger DL. Cycloadditions of 1,2,3-Triazines Bearing C5-Electron Donating Substituents: Robust Pyrimidine Synthesis. Org Lett 2015; 17:4002-5. [PMID: 26172042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The examination of the cycloaddition reactions of 1,2,3-triazines 17-19, bearing electron-donating substituents at C5, are described. Despite the noncomplementary 1,2,3-triazine C5 substituents, amidines were found to undergo a powerful cycloaddition to provide 2,5-disubstituted pyrimidines in excellent yields (42-99%; EDG = SMe > OMe > NHAc). Even select ynamines and enamines were capable of cycloadditions with 17, but not 18 or 19, to provide trisubstituted pyridines in modest yields (37-40% and 33% respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Glinkerman
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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23
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Suga H, Sekikawa Y, Misawa S, Kinugawa D, Oda R, Itoh K, Toda Y, Kiyono R. Chiral Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Enantioselective Cycloadditions between Indoles and Cyclic Carbonyl Ylides Derived from Diazodiketone or Diazoketoester Derivatives. J Org Chem 2015; 80:6687-96. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Suga
- Department
of Chemistry and
Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Yurie Sekikawa
- Department
of Chemistry and
Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Shunta Misawa
- Department
of Chemistry and
Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Daito Kinugawa
- Department
of Chemistry and
Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Rinnosuke Oda
- Department
of Chemistry and
Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Kennosuke Itoh
- Department
of Chemistry and
Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Yasunori Toda
- Department
of Chemistry and
Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kiyono
- Department
of Chemistry and
Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
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24
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25
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Abstract
The total synthesis of (-)-kopsinine and its unnatural enantiomer is detailed, enlisting a late-stage SmI2-mediated transannular free radical conjugate addition reaction for construction of the core bicyclo[2.2.2]octane ring system with strategic C21-C2 bond formation. Key to the approach is assemblage of the underlying skeleton by an intramolecular [4+2]/[3+2] cycloaddition cascade of a 1,3,4-oxadiazole that provided the precursor C21 functionalized pentacyclic ring system 1 in a single step in which the C3 methyl ester found in the natural product served as a key 1,3,4-oxadiazole substituent, activating it for participation in the initiating Diels-Alder reaction and stabilizing the intermediate 1,3-dipole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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26
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Sears JE, Boger DL. Total synthesis of vinblastine, related natural products, and key analogues and development of inspired methodology suitable for the systematic study of their structure-function properties. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:653-62. [PMID: 25586069 PMCID: PMC4363169 DOI: 10.1021/ar500400w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active natural products composed of fascinatingly complex structures are often regarded as not amenable to traditional systematic structure-function studies enlisted in medicinal chemistry for the optimization of their properties beyond what might be accomplished by semisynthetic modification. Herein, we summarize our recent studies on the Vinca alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine, often considered as prototypical members of such natural products, that not only inspired the development of powerful new synthetic methodology designed to expedite their total synthesis but have subsequently led to the discovery of several distinct classes of new, more potent, and previously inaccessible analogues. With use of the newly developed methodology and in addition to ongoing efforts to systematically define the importance of each embedded structural feature of vinblastine, two classes of analogues already have been discovered that enhance the potency of the natural products >10-fold. In one instance, remarkable progress has also been made on the refractory problem of reducing Pgp transport responsible for clinical resistance with a series of derivatives made accessible only using the newly developed synthetic methodology. Unlike the removal of vinblastine structural features or substituents, which typically has a detrimental impact, the additions of new structural features have been found that can enhance target tubulin binding affinity and functional activity while simultaneously disrupting Pgp binding, transport, and functional resistance. Already analogues are in hand that are deserving of full preclinical development, and it is a tribute to the advances in organic synthesis that they are readily accessible even on a natural product of a complexity once thought refractory to such an approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin E. Sears
- Department
of Chemistry and
the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department
of Chemistry and
the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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27
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Anderson ED, Duerfeldt AS, Zhu K, Glinkerman CM, Boger DL. Cycloadditions of noncomplementary substituted 1,2,3-triazines. Org Lett 2014; 16:5084-7. [PMID: 25222918 PMCID: PMC4184932 DOI: 10.1021/ol502436n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The scope of the [4 + 2] cycloaddition
reactions of substituted
1,2,3-triazines, bearing noncomplementary substitution with electron-withdrawing
groups at C4 and/or C6, is described. The studies define key electronic
and steric effects of substituents impacting the reactivity, mode
(C4/N1 vs C5/N2), and regioselectivity of the cycloaddition reactions
of 1,2,3-triazines with amidines, enamines, and ynamines, providing
access to highly functionalized heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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28
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Patel KD, Prajapati SM, Panchal SN, Patel HD. Review of Synthesis of 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2013.879901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal D. Patel
- a Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences , Gujarat University , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
| | - Shraddha M. Prajapati
- a Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences , Gujarat University , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
| | - Shyamali N. Panchal
- a Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences , Gujarat University , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
| | - Hitesh D. Patel
- a Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences , Gujarat University , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
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29
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Parvatkar PT, Kadam HK, Tilve SG. Intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction as a key step in tandem or sequential processes: a versatile tool for the synthesis of fused and bridged bicyclic or polycyclic compounds. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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30
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Lee K, Boger DL. Total syntheses of (-)-kopsifoline D and (-)-deoxoapodine: divergent total synthesis via late-stage key strategic bond formation. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:3312-7. [PMID: 24499015 PMCID: PMC3985950 DOI: 10.1021/ja500548e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Divergent total syntheses of (-)-kopsifoline D and (-)-deoxoapodine are detailed from a common pentacyclic intermediate 15, enlisting the late-stage formation of two different key strategic bonds (C21-C3 and C21-O-C6) unique to their hexacyclic ring systems that are complementary to its prior use in the total syntheses of kopsinine (C21-C2 bond formation) and (+)-fendleridine (C21-O-C19 bond formation). The combined efforts represent the total syntheses of members of four classes of natural products from a common intermediate functionalized for late-stage formation of four different key strategic bonds uniquely embedded in each natural product core structure. Key to the first reported total synthesis of a kopsifoline that is detailed herein was the development of a transannular enamide alkylation for late-stage formation of the C21-C3 bond with direct introduction of the reactive indolenine C2 oxidation state from a penultimate C21 functionalized Aspidosperma-like pentacyclic intermediate. Central to the assemblage of the underlying Apidosperma skeleton is a powerful intramolecular [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] cycloaddition cascade of a 1,3,4-oxadiazole that provided the functionalized pentacyclic ring system 15 in a single step in which the C3 methyl ester found in the natural products served as a key 1,3,4-oxadiazole substituent, activating it for participation in the initiating Diels-Alder reaction and stabilizing the intermediate 1,3-dipole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoun Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and
the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department
of Chemistry and
the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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31
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Yu YY, Georg GI. Biomimetic Aerobic C-H Olefination of Cyclic Enaminones at Room Temperature: Development toward the Synthesis of 1,3,5-Trisubstituted Benzenes. Adv Synth Catal 2014; 356:1359-1369. [PMID: 25071423 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A green and mild protocol for the dehydrogenative olefination of cyclic enaminones was devised via palladium catalysis at room temperature using oxygen as the terminal oxidant. The synthetic utility of the olefinated cyclic enaminones afforded a series of unique 1,3,5-trisubstituted benzenes via an unanticipated Diels-Alder tandem reaction. The broad substrate scope and good yields achieved with this new protocol provide an alternative pathway for arene functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 717 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gunda I Georg
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 717 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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32
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Campbell EL, Skepper CK, Sankar K, Duncan KK, Boger DL. Transannular Diels-Alder/1,3-dipolar cycloaddition cascade of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles: total synthesis of a unique set of vinblastine analogues. Org Lett 2013; 15:5306-9. [PMID: 24087969 DOI: 10.1021/ol402549n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A powerful tandem [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] cycloaddition cascade of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles initiated by a transannular [4 + 2] cycloaddition is detailed. An impressive four rings, four carbon-carbon bonds, and six stereocenters are set on each site of the newly formed central six-membered ring in a cascade thermal reaction that proceeds at temperatures as low as 80 °C. The resulting cycloadducts provide the basis for the synthesis of unique analogues of vinblastine containing metabolically benign deep-seated cyclic modifications at the C3/C4 centers of the vindoline-derived subunit of the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Campbell
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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33
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Barker TJ, Duncan KK, Otrubova K, Boger DL. Potent Vinblastine C20' Ureas Displaying Additionally Improved Activity Against a Vinblastine-Resistant Cancer Cell Line. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4. [PMID: 24223237 DOI: 10.1021/ml400281w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of disubstituted C20'-urea derivatives of vinblastine were prepared from 20'-aminovinblastine that was made accessible through a unique Fe(III)/NaBH4- mediated alkene functionalization reaction of anhydrovinblastine. Three analogs were examined across a panel of 15 human tumor cell lines, displaying remarkably potent cell growth inhibition activity (avg. IC50 = 200-300 pM), being 10-200-fold more potent than vinblastine (avg. IC50 = 6.1 nM). Significantly, the analogs also display further improved activity against the vinblastine-resistant HCT116/VM46 cell line that bears the clinically relevant overexpression of Pgp, exhibiting IC50 values on par with that of vinblastine against the sensitive HCT116 cell line, 100-200-fold greater than the activity of vinblastine against the resistant HCT116/VM46 cell line, and display a reduced 10-20-fold activity differential between the matched sensitive and resistant cell lines (vs 100-fold for vinblastine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Barker
- Department
of Chemistry and
The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Katharine K. Duncan
- Department
of Chemistry and
The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Katerina Otrubova
- Department
of Chemistry and
The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department
of Chemistry and
The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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34
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Abstract
The use of a powerful intramolecular [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] cycloaddition cascade of an 1,3,4-oxadiazole in the divergent total synthesis of kopsinine (1), featuring an additional unique SmI(2)-promoted transannular cyclization reaction for formation of the bicyclo[2.2.2]octane central to its hexacyclic ring system, is detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xie
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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35
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Schleicher KD, Sasaki Y, Tam A, Kato D, Duncan KK, Boger DL. Total synthesis and evaluation of vinblastine analogues containing systematic deep-seated modifications in the vindoline subunit ring system: core redesign. J Med Chem 2013; 56:483-95. [PMID: 23252481 DOI: 10.1021/jm3014376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of a systematic series of vinblastine analogues that contain deep-seated structural modifications to the core ring system of the lower vindoline subunit is described. Complementary to the vindoline 6,5 DE ring system, compounds with 5,5, 6,6, and the reversed 5,6 membered DE ring systems were prepared. Both the natural cis and unnatural trans 6,6-membered ring systems proved accessible, with the latter representing a surprisingly effective class for analogue design. Following Fe(III)-promoted coupling with catharanthine and in situ oxidation to provide the corresponding vinblastine analogues, their evaluation provided unanticipated insights into how the structure of the vindoline subunit contributes to activity. Two potent analogues (81 and 44) possessing two different unprecedented modifications to the vindoline subunit core architecture were discovered that matched the potency of the comparison natural products and both lack the 6,7-double bond whose removal in vinblastine leads to a 100-fold drop in activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin D Schleicher
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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36
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Leggans EK, Duncan KK, Barker TJ, Schleicher KD, Boger DL. A remarkable series of vinblastine analogues displaying enhanced activity and an unprecedented tubulin binding steric tolerance: C20' urea derivatives. J Med Chem 2012; 56:628-39. [PMID: 23244701 DOI: 10.1021/jm3015684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A systematic series of previously inaccessible key C20' urea and thiourea derivatives of vinblastine were prepared from 20'-aminovinblastine that was made accessible through a unique Fe(III)/NaBH(4)-mediated alkene functionalization reaction of anhydrovinblastine. Their examination defined key structural features of the urea-based analogues that contribute to their properties and provided derivatives that match or exceed the potency of vinblastine by as much as 10-fold in cell-based functional assays, which is directly related to their relative tubulin binding affinity. In contrast to expectations based on apparent steric constraints of the tubulin binding site surrounding the vinblastine C20' center depicted in an X-ray cocrystal structure, remarkably large C20' urea derivatives are accommodated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick K Leggans
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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37
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Dumur F, Contal E, Wantz G, Phan TNT, Bertin D, Gigmes D. Immobilization of Styrene-Substituted 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles into Thermoreversible Luminescent Organogels and Their Unexpected Photocatalyzed Rearrangement. Chemistry 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Kessler SN, Neuburger M, Wegner HA. Domino Inverse Electron-Demand Diels–Alder/Cyclopropanation Reaction of Diazines Catalyzed by a Bidentate Lewis Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:17885-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja308858y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon N. Kessler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Markus Neuburger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
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39
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Lajiness JP, Jiang W, Boger DL. Divergent total syntheses of (-)-aspidospermine and (+)-spegazzinine. Org Lett 2012; 14:2078-81. [PMID: 22480368 PMCID: PMC3337885 DOI: 10.1021/ol300599p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Divergent total syntheses of (+)-spegazzinine (1) and (-)-aspidospermine (2) and their extensions to the synthesis of C19-epi-aspidospermine and C3-epi-spegazzinine are detailed, confirming the relative stereochemistry and establishing the absolute configuration of (+)-spegazzinine. A powerful intramolecular [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] cycloaddition cascade of a 1,3,4-oxadiazole provided the pentacyclic skeleton and all the requisite stereochemistry of the natural products in a single reaction that forms three rings, four C-C bonds, and five stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Lajiness
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Wanlong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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40
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Le Floch C, Laymand K, Le Gall E, Léonel E. A Cobalt-Catalyzed Domino Route to the ABC Tricyclic Core of Strigolactones and Analogues. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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K. Snyder J, C. Benson S, Lee L, Wei W, Ni F, David Janna Olmos J, R. Strom K, B. Beeler A, Chih-Chien Cheng K, Inglese J, Kota S, Takahashi V, Donny Strosberg A, H. Connor J, Guy Bushkin G. Truncated Aspidosperma Alkaloid-Like Scaffolds: Unique Structures for the Discovery of New, Bioactive Compounds. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-11-sr(p)4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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42
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Gotoh H, Duncan KK, Robertson WM, Boger DL. 10'-Fluorovinblastine and 10'-Fluorovincristine: Synthesis of a Key Series of Modified Vinca Alkaloids. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:948-952. [PMID: 22247789 DOI: 10.1021/ml200236a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A study on the impact of catharanthine C10 and C12 indole substituents on the biomimetic Fe(III)-mediated coupling with vindoline led to the discovery and characterization of two new and substantially more potent derivatives, 10'-fluorovinblastine and 10'-fluorovincristine. In addition to defining a pronounced and unanticipated substituent effect on the biomimetic coupling, fluorine substitution at C10', which minimally alters the natural products, was found to uniquely enhance the activity 8-fold against both sensitive (IC(50) = 800 pM, HCT116) and vinblastine-resistant tumor cell lines (IC(50) = 80 nM, HCT166/VM46). As depicted in the X-ray structure of vinblastine bound to tubulin, this site resides at one end of the upper portion of the T-shaped conformation of the tubulin-bound molecule, suggesting the 10'-fluorine substituent makes critical contacts with the protein at a hydrophobic site uniquely sensitive to steric interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Gotoh
- Department of Chemistry
and The Skaggs Institute for
Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Katharine K. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry
and The Skaggs Institute for
Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - William M. Robertson
- Department of Chemistry
and The Skaggs Institute for
Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry
and The Skaggs Institute for
Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
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43
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Pandey G, C PK. Iminium Ion Cascade Reaction in the Total Synthesis of (+)-Vincadifformine. Org Lett 2011; 13:4672-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol201892j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Pandey
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India
| | - Prasanna Kumara C
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India
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44
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Anderson ED, Boger DL. Inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of 1,2,3-triazines: pronounced substituent effects on reactivity and cycloaddition scope. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:12285-92. [PMID: 21736324 DOI: 10.1021/ja204856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A systematic study of the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of 1,2,3-triazines is disclosed, including an examination of the impact of a C5 substituent. Such substituents were found to exhibit a remarkable impact on the cycloaddition reactivity of the 1,2,3-triazine without altering, and perhaps even enhancing, the intrinsic cycloaddition regioselectivity. The study revealed not only that the reactivity may be predictably modulated by a C5 substituent (R = CO(2)Me > Ph > H) but also that the impact is of a magnitude to convert 1,2,3-triazine (1) and its modest cycloaddition scope into a heterocyclic azadiene system with a reaction scope that portends extensive synthetic utility, expanding the range of participating dienophiles. Significantly, the studies define a now powerful additional heterocyclic azadiene, complementary to the isomeric 1,2,4-triazines and 1,3,5-triazines, capable of dependable participation in inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions, extending the number of complementary heterocyclic ring systems accessible with implementation of the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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45
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Anderson ED, Boger DL. Scope of the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of 1,2,3-triazine. Org Lett 2011; 13:2492-4. [PMID: 21488676 PMCID: PMC3093666 DOI: 10.1021/ol2007428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An examination of the scope of the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of the parent unsubstituted 1,2,3-triazine is described including the first report of its unique capabilities for participating in previously unexplored [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with heterodienophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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46
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Banert K, Ries M, Schaumann E. The Reaction of Cyclopropanols with Burgess Reagent: A Reinvestigation and Correction. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2010.531334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Banert
- a Technische Universität Chemnitz , Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Monika Ries
- b Technische Universität Clausthal , Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Ernst Schaumann
- b Technische Universität Clausthal , Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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47
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Lopchuk JM. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Aspidosperma-Type Alkaloids. PROGRESS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-096805-6.00001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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48
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Tam A, Gotoh H, Robertson WM, Boger DL. Catharanthine C16 substituent effects on the biomimetic coupling with vindoline: preparation and evaluation of a key series of vinblastine analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6408-10. [PMID: 20932748 PMCID: PMC2957881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The examination of the catharanthine C16 substituent effects on the Fe(III)-promoted biomimetic coupling reaction with vindoline is detailed, confirming the importance of the presence of a C16 electron-withdrawing substituent, and establishing an unanticipated unique role (>10-fold) that the C16 methyl ester plays in the expression of the natural product properties. Thus, replacement of the vinblastine C16' methyl ester with an ethyl ester (10-fold), a cyano group (100-fold), an aldehyde (100-fold), a hydroxymethyl group (1000-fold) or a primary carboxamide (>1000-fold) led to surprisingly large reductions in cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Tam
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Hiroaki Gotoh
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - William M. Robertson
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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49
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Sasaki Y, Kato D, Boger DL. Asymmetric total synthesis of vindorosine, vindoline, and key vinblastine analogues. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:13533-44. [PMID: 20809620 PMCID: PMC2944909 DOI: 10.1021/ja106284s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Concise asymmetric total syntheses of vindoline (1) and vindorosine (2) are detailed based on a unique intramolecular [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] cycloaddition cascade of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles inspired by the natural product structures. A chiral substituent on the tether linking the dienophile and oxadiazole was used to control the facial selectivity of the initiating Diels-Alder reaction and set the absolute stereochemistry of the remaining six stereocenters in the cascade cycloadduct. This key reaction introduced three rings and four C-C bonds central to the pentacyclic ring system setting all six stereocenters and introducing essentially all the functionality found in the natural products in a single step. Implementation of the approach for the synthesis of 1 and 2 required the development of a ring expansion reaction to provide a 6-membered ring suitably functionalized for introduction of the Δ(6,7)-double bond found in the core structure of the natural products. Two unique approaches were developed that defined our use of a protected hydroxymethyl group as the substituent that controls the stereochemical course of the cycloaddition cascade. In the course of these studies, several analogues of vindoline were prepared containing deep-seated structural changes presently accessible only by total synthesis. These analogues, bearing key modifications at C6-C8, were incorporated into vinblastine analogues and used to probe the unusual importance (100-fold) and define the potential role of the vinblastine Δ(6,7)-double bond.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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50
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Stabile P, Lamonica A, Ribecai A, Castoldi D, Guercio G, Curcuruto O. Mild and convenient one-pot synthesis of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.06.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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