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Casas J, Baudron SA, Bonnefont A, Chaumont A, Chauvin J, Mobian P, Ruhlmann L. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of a Titanium(IV)-Tetrathiafulvalene-Based Complex. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:10057-10067. [PMID: 38728673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
To deeply investigate the interaction between a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) unit and a Ti(IV) center, a monomeric heteroleptic octahedral Ti(IV) complex containing a diimine ligand composed of a 1,10-phenanthroline core fused with a TTF fragment (ligand 2a) was prepared. The stable complex formulated as Ti(1)2(2a), where 1 is a 2,2'-biphenolato derivative, was efficiently synthesized by following a one-step approach. This complex and its model species [Ti(1)2(2b)] were fully characterized in solution, and their solid-state structures were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Density functional theory calculations allowed the assignment of the frontier orbitals involved in the electronic transitions characterized by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies revealed that the TTF unit within Ti(1)2(2a) can undergo two reversible one-electron oxidation processes; a reversible one-electron reduction of the Ti(IV) atom was highlighted. The photophysical measurements performed for this donor-acceptor molecular system indicated that an electron transfer process upon light excitation occurred within Ti(1)2(2a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaison Casas
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CMC UMR 7140, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane A Baudron
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CMC UMR 7140, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Antoine Bonnefont
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IC UMR 7177, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- LEPMI, Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Alain Chaumont
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CMC UMR 7140, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérôme Chauvin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR 5250, 38058 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Mobian
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CMC UMR 7140, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Ruhlmann
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IC UMR 7177, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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2
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Shen H, Yang X, Song J, Gao H, Wu Z, Yu J, Lei W, Yang J, He G, Hao Q. Electrodeposited molybdenum-doped Co3O4 nanosheet arrays for high-performance and stable hybrid supercapacitors. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-05061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Martín-Gomis L, Seetharaman S, Herrero D, Karr PA, Fernández-Lázaro F, D'Souza F, Sastre-Santos Á. Distance-Dependent Electron Transfer Kinetics in Axially Connected Silicon Phthalocyanine-Fullerene Conjugates. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2254-2262. [PMID: 33448590 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of donor-acceptor distance in controlling the rate of electron transfer in axially linked silicon phthalocyanine-C60 dyads has been investigated. For this, two C60-SiPc-C60 dyads, 1 and 2, varying in their donor-acceptor distance, have been newly synthesized and characterized. In the case of C60-SiPc-C60 1 where the SiPc and C60 are separated by a phenyl spacer, faster electron transfer was observed with kcs equal to 2.7×109 s-1 in benzonitrile. However, in the case of C60-SiPc-C60 2, where SiPc and C60 are separated by a biphenyl spacer, a slower electron transfer rate constant, kcs=9.1×108 s-1, was recorded. The addition of an extra phenyl spacer in 2 increased the donor-acceptor distance by ∼4.3 Å, and consequently, slowed down the electron transfer rate constant by a factor of ∼3.7. The charge separated state lasted over 3 ns, monitoring time window of our femtosecond transient spectrometer. Complimentary nanosecond transient absorption studies revealed formation of 3SiPc* as the end product and suggested the final lifetime of the charge separated state to be in the 3-20 ns range. Energy level diagrams established to comprehend these mechanistic details indicated that the comparatively high-energy SiPc.+-C60 .- charge separated states (1.57 eV) populated the low-lying 3SiPc* (1.26 eV) prior returning to the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Martín-Gomis
- División de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203, Elche, Spain
| | - Sairaman Seetharaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas at Denton, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - David Herrero
- División de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203, Elche, Spain
| | - Paul A Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wayne State College, 1111 Main Street, Wayne, Nebraska 68787, USA
| | - Fernando Fernández-Lázaro
- División de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203, Elche, Spain
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas at Denton, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Ángela Sastre-Santos
- División de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203, Elche, Spain
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4
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Donor-acceptor type helical polyisocyanide bearing carbazole as the pendant groups for nonvolatile memory effect. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Luo HQ, Xing XH, Zhang P, Yan ZS, Zhou QF, Gong Y, Lin JH. The photocurrent response in the perovskite device based on coordination polymers: structure, topology, band gap and matched energy levels. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:7866-7877. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01161j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A coordination polymer (CP)-based device FTO/TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3/CP shows a much larger visible light-driven photoresponse due to the matched energy levels, and it can improve the stability of the perovskite against water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Qiang Luo
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 401331
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Han Xing
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 401331
- P. R. China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 401331
- P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Shuo Yan
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 401331
- P. R. China
| | - Qing-Feng Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 401331
- P. R. China
| | - Yun Gong
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 401331
- P. R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 401331
- P. R. China
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Ito O. Photosensitizing Electron Transfer Processes of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanohorns. CHEM REC 2016; 17:326-362. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ito
- Kita-Nakayama 2; Izumi-Ku Sendai 981-3215 Japan
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Fernández-Ariza J, Krick Calderón RM, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Guldi DM, Torres T. Phthalocyanine–Perylenediimide Cart Wheels. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:12963-12974. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández-Ariza
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael M. Krick Calderón
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen−Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen−Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/ Faraday 9, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Arero J, Kodis G, Schmitz RA, Méndez-Hernández DD, Moore TA, Moore AL, Gust D. Design, synthesis and photophysical studies of phenylethynyl-bridged phthalocyanine-fullerene dyads. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424615500662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A zinc and a free base phthalocyanine-fulleropyrrolidine dyad in which the chromophores are linked by a phenylethynyl group have been prepared using a new synthetic route, and their photoelectrochemical properties have been investigated. The zinc dyad is readily soluble in a variety of solvents, and its spectroscopic properties have been determined in toluene and benzonitrile. In toluene, excitation of the zinc phthalocyanine is followed by rapid establishment of an equilibrium between the phthalocyanine and fullerene excited states. These excited states decay mainly to the ground state and the respective triplet states. The fullerene triplet then transfers its energy to form the phthalocyanine triplet. About 20% of the phthalocyanine excited states lead to formation of a charge-separated state. In benzonitrile, the same decay pathways are observed, but photoinduced electron transfer is much faster, and generates the charge separated state with a quantum yield of ≥85%. The charge separated state has a lifetime of 2.8 ns in toluene and 94 ps in benzonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaro Arero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Gerdenis Kodis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Robert A. Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | | | - Thomas A. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Ana L. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Devens Gust
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Hu B, Wang C, Zhang J, Qian K, Lee PS, Zhang Q. Organic memory effect from donor–acceptor polymers based on 7-perfluorophenyl-6H-[1,2,5]thiadiazole[3,4-g]benzoimidazole. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15059k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel D–A polymer is designed for resistance memory devices with a large off ratio, good endurance, and long retention time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benlin Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Chengyuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Kai Qian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
| | - Qichun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Singapore
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
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Wang C, Liu G, Chen Y, Liu S, Chen Q, Li R, Zhang B. Dithienopyrrole-/Benzodithiophene-Based Donor-Acceptor Polymers for Memristor. Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Lee DY, Kim EK, Shin CY, Shinde DV, Lee W, Shrestha NK, Lee JK, Han SH. Layer-by-layer deposition and photovoltaic property of Ru-based metal–organic frameworks. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00397g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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12
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Xie N, Wang J, Guo Z, Chen G, Li Q. Fluorene/Carbazole Alternating Copolymers Tethered with Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Electroluminescent Properties. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Synthesis, characterization and dielectric properties of novel axial coumarin-substituted titanium(IV) phthalocyanines. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Soluble reduced graphene oxide functionalized with conjugated polymer for heterojunction solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.25948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Lin Y, Chen Y, Ye T, Ma D, Li Y. Carbazole-modified blue light-emitting copolymers with the backbones integrated by diphenyloxadiazole, fluorene, and triphenylamine. Eur Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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17
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Chen Y, Zhang B, Liu G, Zhuang X, Kang ET. Graphene and its derivatives: switching ON and OFF. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:4688-707. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35043b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Zhang B, Liu G, Chen Y, Zeng LJ, Zhu CX, Neoh KG, Wang C, Kang ET. Conjugated Polymer-Grafted Reduced Graphene Oxide for Nonvolatile Rewritable Memory. Chemistry 2011; 17:13646-52. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Zhang B, Chen Y, Liu G, Xu LQ, Chen J, Zhu CX, Neoh KG, Kang ET. Push-Pull archetype of reduced graphene oxide functionalized with polyfluorene for nonvolatile rewritable memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.25043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Zhang B, Liu YL, Chen Y, Neoh KG, Li YX, Zhu CX, Tok ES, Kang ET. Nonvolatile Rewritable Memory Effects in Graphene Oxide Functionalized by Conjugated Polymer Containing Fluorene and Carbazole Units. Chemistry 2011; 17:10304-11. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Li YX, Zhu J, Chen Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Zhang B, He Y, Blau WJ. Synthesis and strong optical limiting response of graphite oxide covalently functionalized with gallium phthalocyanine. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:205704. [PMID: 21444952 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/20/205704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A soluble graphite oxide (GO) axially substituted gallium phthalocyanine (PcGa) hybrid material (GO-PcGa) was for the first time synthesized by the reaction of tBu(4)PcGaCl with GO in anhydrous DMSO at 110 °C in the presence of K(2)CO(3). The formation of a Ga-O bond between PcGa and GO has been confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In contrast to GO, the D and G bands of GO-PcGa in the Raman spectrum are shifted to the lower wavenumbers by Δν = 11 and 18 cm(-1), respectively. At the same level of concentration of 0.1 g l(-1), GO-PcGa exhibit much larger nonlinear optical extinction coefficients and strong optical limiting performance than GO, tBu(4)PcGaCl and C(60) at both 532 and 1064 nm, implying a remarkable accumulation effect as a result of the covalent link between GO and PcGa. GO-PcGa possesses three main mechanisms for the nonlinear optical response-nonlinear light scattering, two-photon absorption and reverse saturable absorption for the 532 nm pulses and nonlinear light scattering for the 1064 nm pulses. tBu(4)PcGaCl does not make any significant contribution to the optical limiting at 1064 nm, while GO-PcGa has a much greater optical limiting response than GO at this wavelength, this suggesting that the PcGa moiety could certainly play an unknown but important role in the GO-PcGa material system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xi Li
- Key Lab for Advanced Materials, Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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22
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Li WL, Ma JC, Li WJ, Fu Q, Wang K. Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of a Series of Metal-Free and Metallo-Phthalocyanines Substituted with 8-Quinolinoxy Moieties. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.3184/174751911x12970818575209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Peripherally tetraquinolinoxy-substituted, metal-free phthalocyanines and metallo-phthalocyanines 1c–f, 2c–f have been synthesised by reaction of an inorganic salt with phthalonitriles substituted with 5-(phenylamino)methyl-8-quinolinoxy and 5-[(4-chlorophenylamino)methyl]-8-quinolinoxy groups, respectively. The effects of metal ions [Zn(II), Cu(II), Co(II); N,i(II)], substituent, solvent and concentration on the UV-Vis spectra of these new complexes and their fluorescent properties are also described. The diamagnetic Zn(II) and Ni(II) complexes display intense fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Li
- Faculty of Chemistry; N,ortheast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Cheng Ma
- Faculty of Chemistry; N,ortheast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ju Li
- Faculty of Chemistry; N,ortheast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Faculty of Chemistry; N,ortheast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- Faculty of Chemistry; N,ortheast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
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Lin Y, Ye TL, Chen Y, Ma DG, Chen ZK, Dai YF, Li YX. Blue-light-emitting polyfluorene functionalized with triphenylamine and cyanophenylfluorene bipolar side chains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Zhang B, Chen Y, Zhuang X, Liu G, Yu B, Kang ET, Zhu J, Li Y. Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) chemically modified graphene oxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Bottari G, de la Torre G, Guldi DM, Torres T. Covalent and noncovalent phthalocyanine-carbon nanostructure systems: synthesis, photoinduced electron transfer, and application to molecular photovoltaics. Chem Rev 2010; 110:6768-816. [PMID: 20364812 DOI: 10.1021/cr900254z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bottari
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Poddutoori PK, Sandanayaka ASD, Hasobe T, Ito O, van der Est A. Photoinduced Charge Separation in a Ferrocene−Aluminum(III) Porphyrin−Fullerene Supramolecular Triad. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:14348-57. [DOI: 10.1021/jp911937d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth K. Poddutoori
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St.Catharines, ON, Canada, L2S 3A1, School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi, 923-1292, Japan, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan, and IMRAM, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
| | - Atula S. D. Sandanayaka
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St.Catharines, ON, Canada, L2S 3A1, School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi, 923-1292, Japan, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan, and IMRAM, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
| | - Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St.Catharines, ON, Canada, L2S 3A1, School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi, 923-1292, Japan, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan, and IMRAM, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
| | - Osamu Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St.Catharines, ON, Canada, L2S 3A1, School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi, 923-1292, Japan, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan, and IMRAM, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St.Catharines, ON, Canada, L2S 3A1, School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi, 923-1292, Japan, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan, and IMRAM, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
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Rio Y, Seitz W, Gouloumis A, Vázquez P, Sessler J, Guldi D, Torres T. A Panchromatic Supramolecular Fullerene-Based Donor-Acceptor Assembly Derived from a Peripherally Substituted Bodipy-Zinc Phthalocyanine Dyad. Chemistry 2010; 16:1929-40. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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28
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Functional Phthalocyanines: Synthesis, Nanostructuration, and Electro-Optical Applications. FUNCTIONAL PHTHALOCYANINE MOLECULAR MATERIALS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-04752-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Plonska-Brzezinska ME, Athans AJ, Carbonell E, de Miguel G, Guldi DM, Echegoyen L, Torres T. Synthesis, characterization, and photoinduced electron transfer processes of orthogonal ruthenium phthalocyanine-fullerene assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:10484-96. [PMID: 19722625 DOI: 10.1021/ja902471w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The convergent synthesis, electrochemical characterization, and photophysical studies of phthalocyanine-fullerene hybrids 3-5 bearing an orthogonal geometry (Chart ) are reported. These donor-acceptor arrays have been assembled through metal coordination of linear fullerene mono- and bispyridyl ligands to ruthenium(II) phthalocyanines. The hybrid [Ru(CO)(C(60)Py)Pc] (3) and the triad [Ru(2)(CO)(2)(C(60)Py(2))Pc(2)] (5) were prepared by treatment of the phthalocyanine 6 with the mono- and hexakis-substituted C(60)-pyridyl ligands 1 and 2, respectively. The triad [Ru(C(60)Py)(2)Pc] (4) was prepared in a similar manner from the monosubstituted C(60)-pyridyl ligand 1 and the phthalocyanine precursor 7. The simplicity of this versatile synthetic approach allows to determine the influence of the donor and acceptor ratio in the radical ion pair state lifetime. The chemical, electrochemical, and photophysical characterization of the phthalocyanine-fullerene hybrids 3-5 was conducted using (1)H and (13)C NMR, UV/vis, and IR spectroscopies, as well as mass spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry, femtosecond transient absorption studies, and nanosecond laser flash photolysis experiments. Arrays 3-5 exhibit electronic coupling between the two electroactive components in the ground state, which is modulated by the axial CO and 4-pyridylfulleropyrrolidine ligands. With respect to the excited state, we have demonstrated that RuPc/C(60) electron donor-acceptor hybrids are a versatile platform to fine-tune the outcome and dynamics of charge transfer processes. The use of ruthenium(II) phthalocyanines instead of the corresponding zinc(II) complexes allows the suppression of energy wasting and unwanted charge recombination, affording radical ion pair state lifetimes on the order of hundreds of nanoseconds for the C(60)-monoadduct-based complexes 3 and 4. For the hexakis-substituted C(60) unit 2, the reduction potential is shifted cathodically, thus raising the radical ion pair state energy. However, the location of the RuPc triplet excited state is not high enough, and still offers a rapid deactivation of the radical ion pair state.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (C-I), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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Fukuda T, Hashimoto N, Araki Y, El-Khouly M, Ito O, Kobayashi N. Phthalocyanine-C60Fused Conjugates Exhibiting Molecular Orbital Interactions Depending on the Solvent Polarity. Chem Asian J 2009; 4:1678-86. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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D’Souza F, Maligaspe E, Ohkubo K, Zandler ME, Subbaiyan NK, Fukuzumi S. Photosynthetic Reaction Center Mimicry: Low Reorganization Energy Driven Charge Stabilization in Self-Assembled Cofacial Zinc Phthalocyanine Dimer−Fullerene Conjugate. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:8787-97. [DOI: 10.1021/ja903467w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis D’Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, Kansas 67260-0051, and Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORT, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eranda Maligaspe
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, Kansas 67260-0051, and Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORT, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kei Ohkubo
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, Kansas 67260-0051, and Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORT, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Melvin E. Zandler
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, Kansas 67260-0051, and Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORT, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Navaneetha K. Subbaiyan
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, Kansas 67260-0051, and Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORT, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, Kansas 67260-0051, and Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORT, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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El-Khouly M, Kim J, Kay KY, Choi C, Ito O, Fukuzumi S. Synthesis and Photoinduced Intramolecular Processes of Light-Harvesting Silicon Phthalocyanine-Naphthalenediimide-Fullerene Connected Systems. Chemistry 2009; 15:5301-10. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lee CH, Guo J, Chen LX, Mandal BK. Novel Zinc Phthalocyanine-Benzoquinone Rigid Dyad and Its Photoinduced Electron Transfer Properties. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8219-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jo801293s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hang Lee
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Physical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, Illinois 60616, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Jiangchang Guo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Physical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, Illinois 60616, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Lin X. Chen
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Physical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, Illinois 60616, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Braja. K. Mandal
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Physical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, Illinois 60616, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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Muranaka A, Yoshida K, Akagi Y, Naka H, Uchiyama M, Kondo Y, Kobayashi N. Solid-phase synthesis of phthalocyanine and tetraazaporphyrin triangular prisms. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Niemi M, Tkachenko NV, Efimov A, Lehtivuori H, Ohkubo K, Fukuzumi S, Lemmetyinen H. Exciplex Mediated Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions of Phthalocyanine-Fullerene Dyads. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:6884-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jp801498w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marja Niemi
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, 33101 Tampere, Finland, Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan, and Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nikolai V. Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, 33101 Tampere, Finland, Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan, and Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Alexander Efimov
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, 33101 Tampere, Finland, Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan, and Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Heli Lehtivuori
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, 33101 Tampere, Finland, Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan, and Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kei Ohkubo
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, 33101 Tampere, Finland, Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan, and Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, 33101 Tampere, Finland, Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan, and Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Helge Lemmetyinen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, 33101 Tampere, Finland, Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan, and Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Peng YR, Cao YH, Chen PF, Huang XX. Synthesis of di-μ-oxo-tetra-(α-pentyloxy) tin(IV) phthalocyanine. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2007.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liu JY, Jiang XJ, Fong WP, Ng DKP. Highly photocytotoxic 1,4-dipegylated zinc(ii) phthalocyanines. Effects of the chain length on the in vitro photodynamic activities. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4560-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b814627f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Fukuda T, Kobayashi N. Hydrogenated tetraazaporphyrins—old but new core-modified phthalocyanine analogues. Dalton Trans 2008:4685-704. [DOI: 10.1039/b804181d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lin Y, Chen Y, Feng M, Yan A, Zhuang X. One-pot Synthesis of Soluble Nanoscale CIGS Photoactive Functional Materials. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2007; 3:21-24. [PMID: 21777488 PMCID: PMC3244778 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-007-9108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Promising alternatives for solar energy utilization are thin film technologies involving various new materials. This contribution describes an easy and inexpensive synthetic method that can be used to prepare soluble nanoscale triphenyl phosphine-coordinated CIGS (TPP-CIGS) photoactive functional materials. This complex is stable in the solid state under the irradiation of the ambient light, but its solution becomes a little bit unstable under the illumination of the low intensity laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lin
- Lab for Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Lab for Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Miao Feng
- Lab for Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China
| | - Aixia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 53, 15 BeiSanHuan East Road, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- Lab for Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
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Synthesis, Photophysical and Photochemical Properties of Poly(oxyethylene)-Substituted Phthalocyaninato Oxotitanium(IV) Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200700057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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42
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El-Khouly ME, Kang ES, Kay KY, Choi CS, Aaraki Y, Ito O. Silicon-Phthalocyanine-Cored Fullerene Dendrimers: Synthesis and Prolonged Charge-Separated States with Dendrimer Generations. Chemistry 2007; 13:2854-63. [PMID: 17177216 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Silicon-phthalocyanine-cored fullerodendrimers with up to eight fullerene substituents (SiPc-n C(60); n=2, 4, and 8) have been synthesized. Photophysical properties of newly synthesized SiPc-n C(60) have been investigated by time-resolved fluorescence and transient absorption analysis with pulsed laser light. Laser photolysis measurements suggest the occurrence of a charge-separation process from (1)SiPc* to the C(60) subunits. The nanosecond transient absorption spectra in the near-IR region indicate that the lifetimes of the formed radical ion pairs are prolonged on the order of SiPc-8 C(60)>SiPc-4 C(60)>SiPc-2 C(60), which may be related to the electron migration among the C(60) subunits. The usefulness of SiPc-n C(60) as light-harvesting systems, evaluated as a ratio of the rates of charge recombination to those of charge separation, increases markedly with the dendrimer generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E El-Khouly
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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43
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Deuk Lee H, Keun Oh S, Soo Choi C, Kay K. A Novel Amphiphilic Re
I
Complex with Bis(fullerene)‐Substituted Bipyridine Ligands: Synthesis, Electrochemistry, and Langmuir Film. Eur J Inorg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200600875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hwi Deuk Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443‐749, South Korea, Fax: +82‐31‐219‐1615
| | - Sang Keun Oh
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443‐749, South Korea, Fax: +82‐31‐219‐1615
| | - Chan Soo Choi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Daejeon University, Daejeon 300‐716, South Korea
| | - Kwang‐Yol Kay
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443‐749, South Korea, Fax: +82‐31‐219‐1615
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Isosomppi M, Tkachenko NV, Efimov A, Vahasalo H, Jukola J, Vainiotalo P, Lemmetyinen H. Photoinduced electron transfer of double-bridged phthalocyanine–fullerene dyads. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Doyle JJ, Ballesteros B, de la Torre G, McGovern DA, Kelly JM, Torres T, Blau WJ. Combination of phthalocyanine and fullerene moieties for optical limiting. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tau P, Nyokong T. Synthesis, electrochemical and photophysical properties of phthalocyaninato oxotitanium(iv) complexes tetra-substituted at the ? and ? positions with arylthio groups. Dalton Trans 2006:4482-90. [PMID: 16981023 DOI: 10.1039/b607538j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, electrochemical and photophysical properties of the following tetra-substituted thiol oxotitanium phthalocyanines are reported for the first time: 1,(4)-(tetraphenylthiophthalocyaninato)titanium(IV)oxide (); 1,(4)-(tetrabenzylthiophthalocyaninato)titanium(IV)oxide (); 2,(3)-(tetraphenylthiophthalocyaninato)titanium(IV)oxide () and 2,(3)-(benzylthiophthalocyaninato)titanium(IV)oxide (). Cyclic voltammograms of all four complexes are similar, with three reversible reduction couples each involving a one electron transfer process. The first two reductions were confirmed by spectroelectrochemistry to be metal-based reductions due to TiIVPc-2/TiIIIPc-2 and TiIIIPc-2/TiIIPc-2 redox processes, while the last reduction was confirmed to be a ring-based reduction due to TiIIPc-2/TiIIPc-3. Low fluorescence quantum yields (0.05-0.14), relatively long triplet lifetimes (150-210 micros) and triplet yields (0.31 to 0.82) were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prudence Tau
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, South Africa
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