1
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Moore JC, Modell L, Glenn JR, Jones KD, Argent SP, Lane JR, Canals M, Lam HW. Enantioselective de novo synthesis of 14-hydroxy-6-oxomorphinans. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6007-6010. [PMID: 38787679 PMCID: PMC11155717 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01788a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The enantioselective de novo synthesis of pharmacologically important 14-hydroxy-6-oxomorphinans is described. 4,5-Desoxynaltrexone and 4,5-desoxynaloxone were prepared using this route and their biological activities against the opioid receptors were measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Moore
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK.
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Louis Modell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jacqueline R Glenn
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Centre of Membrane Protein and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Kieran D Jones
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK.
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Stephen P Argent
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - J Robert Lane
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Centre of Membrane Protein and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Centre of Membrane Protein and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Hon Wai Lam
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK.
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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2
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Gao J, Lin C, Zhang C, Zhang X, Wang Y, Xu H, Zhang T, Li H, Wang H, Wang X. Exploring the Function of (+)-Naltrexone Precursors: Their Activity as TLR4 Antagonists and Potential in Treating Morphine Addiction. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3127-3143. [PMID: 38306598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Disruptions in the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway are linked to chronic inflammation, neuropathic pain, and drug addiction. (+)-Naltrexone, an opioid-derived TLR4 antagonist with a (+)-isomer configuration, does not interact with classical opioid receptors and has moderate blood-brain barrier permeability. Herein, we developed a concise 10-step synthesis for (+)-naltrexone and explored its precursors, (+)-14-hydroxycodeinone (1) and (+)-14-hydroxymorphinone (3). These precursors exhibited TLR4 antagonistic activities 100 times stronger than (+)-naltrexone, particularly inhibiting the TLR4-TRIF pathway. In vivo studies showed that these precursors effectively reduced behavioral effects of morphine, like sensitization and conditioned place preference by suppressing microglial activation and TNF-α expression in the medial prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area. Additionally, 3 displayed a longer half-life and higher oral bioavailability than 1. Overall, this research optimized (+)-naltrexone synthesis and identified its precursors as potent TLR4 antagonists, offering potential treatments for morphine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Gao
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Cong Lin
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaozheng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Hangyu Xu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Haohong Li
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Hongshuang Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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3
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Kim A, Ngamnithiporn A, Du E, Stoltz BM. Recent Advances in the Total Synthesis of the Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids (2002-2020). Chem Rev 2023; 123:9447-9496. [PMID: 37429001 PMCID: PMC10416225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) natural products constitute one of the largest families of alkaloids and exhibit a wide range of structural diversity and biological activity. Ranging from simple THIQ natural products to complex trisTHIQ alkaloids such as the ecteinascidins, the chemical syntheses of these alkaloids and their analogs have been thoroughly investigated due to their intricate structural features and functionalities, as well as their high therapeutic potential. This review describes the general structure and biosynthesis of each family of THIQ alkaloids as well as recent advancements of the total synthesis of these natural products from 2002 to 2020. Recent chemical syntheses that have emerged harnessing novel, creative synthetic design, and modern chemical methodology will be highlighted. This review will hopefully serve as a guide for the unique strategies and tools used in the total synthesis of THIQ alkaloids, as well as address the longstanding challenges in their chemical and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia
N. Kim
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Aurapat Ngamnithiporn
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research
Institute, 54 Kamphaeng
Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Emily Du
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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4
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Millar JG, Zou Y, Hall DR, Halloran S, Pajares JA, Ponce-Herrero L, Shates T, Wilson H, Daane KM. Identification and Synthesis of Leptotriene, a Unique Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbon from Males of the Leaffooted Bugs Leptoglossus zonatus and L. occidentalis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2062-2070. [PMID: 35877168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The leaffooted bugs Leptoglossus zonatus and L. occidentalis (Hemiptera: Coreidae) cause substantial damage in tree nut crops in North America and pine seed orchards in North America and Europe, respectively. Sexually mature males of both species produce a number of aldehydes, esters, and sesquiterpenes, which are hypothesized to constitute an aggregation pheromone attractive to both sexes. Among the volatiles produced by males of both species, we identified a unique sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, given the common name "leptotriene" (5), which elicited strong responses from antennae of both sexes in electroantennogram assays. Here, we report its structure and its synthesis from (-)-(E)-β-caryophyllene (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yunfan Zou
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - David R Hall
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, U.K
| | - Sean Halloran
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Juan A Pajares
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid-INIA, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Laura Ponce-Herrero
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid-INIA, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Tessa Shates
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Houston Wilson
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Kent M Daane
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California-Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Almendros P, Esteban P, Herrera F, San Martín D, Luna A. Regioselectivity Switch Based on the Stoichiometry: Stereoselective Synthesis of Trisubstituted Vinyl Epoxides by Cu‐Catalyzed 3‐exo‐trig Cyclization of α‐Allenols. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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6
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Kinetic Resolution in Transannular Morita-Baylis-Hillman Reaction: An Approximation to the Synthesis of Sesquiterpenes from Guaiane Family. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
An approximation to the synthesis of several sesquiterpenes from the Guaiane family is described in which the core structure was obtained through a transannular Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction performed under kinetic resolution. Several manipulations of the obtained MBH adduct have been carried out directed towards the total synthesis of γ-Gurjunene, to the formal synthesis of Clavukerin A, to the synthesis of a non-natural isomer of isoguaiane and to the synthesis of an advanced intermediate in the total synthesis of Palustrol.
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7
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Lv J, Li ZH, Deng AJ, Qin HL. A unified total synthesis of benzo[ d][1,3]dioxole-type benzylisoquinoline alkaloids of aporphines, coptisines, and dibenzopyrrocolines. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:658-666. [PMID: 34951439 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02258j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of (S)-(+)-ovigerine, (S)-(+)-N-formylovigerine, and (6aS,6a'S)-(+)-ovigeridimerine of aporphine alkaloids with a benzo[d][1,3]dioxole structure feature was established. The strategy was based upon the well-known Pd-catalyzed arylation to set the aporphine framework, and Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation followed by diastereoselective resolution to achieve excellent enantioselectivity. By slightly modifying the total synthetic route and strategically combining it with a aza-Michael addition, Bischler-Napieralski reaction and N-arylation, this methodology was also applied to the total syntheses of benzo[d][1,3]dioxole-type benzylisoquinoline alkaloids of coptisines and dibenzopyrrocolines, including two impatiens, tetrahydrocoptisine, and quaternary coptisine bromide of coptisines and two dibenzopyrrocoline analogues, with the syntheses of all of these target compounds being efficient. Among the nine synthesized compounds, the total syntheses of the three aporphines and the two impatiens, all with ee values of greater than 99%, were reported for the first time. This work also represents the first unification of synthetic routes for the total synthesis of benzo[d][1,3]dioxole-type aporphines, coptisines, and dibenzopyrrocolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Zhi-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - An-Jun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Hai-Lin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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8
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Yapar G, Esra Duran H, Lolak N, Akocak S, Türkeş C, Durgun M, Işık M, Beydemir Ş. Biological effects of bis-hydrazone compounds bearing isovanillin moiety on the aldose reductase. Bioorg Chem 2021; 117:105473. [PMID: 34768205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (ALR2), one of the metabolically important enzymes, catalyzes the formation of sorbitol from glucose in the polyol pathway. ALR2 inhibition is required to prevent diabetic complications. In the present study, the novel bis-hydrazone compounds bearing isovanillin moiety (GY1-12) were synthesized, and various chromatographic methods were applied to purify the ALR2 enzyme. Afterward, the inhibitory effect of the synthesized compounds on the ALR2 was screened in vitro. All the novel bis-hydrazones demonstrated activity in nanomolar levels as AR inhibitors with IC50 and KI values in the range of 12.55-35.04 nM, and 13.38-88.21 nM, respectively. Compounds GY-11, GY-7, and GY-5 against ALR2 were identified as the highly potent inhibitors, respectively, and were superior to the standard drug, epalrestat. Moreover, a comprehensive ligand-receptor interactions prediction was performed using ADME-Tox, Glide XP, and MM-GBSA modules of Schrödinger Small-Molecule Drug Discovery Suite to elucidate the novel bis-hydrazone derivatives, potential binding modes versus the ALR2. As a result, these compounds with ALR2 inhibitory effects may be potential alternative agents that can be used to treat or prevent diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gönül Yapar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul 34469, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Esra Duran
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars 36100, Turkey
| | - Nebih Lolak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman 02040, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Akocak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman 02040, Turkey.
| | - Cüneyt Türkeş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Durgun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harran University, Şanlıurfa 63290, Turkey
| | - Mesut Işık
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik 11230, Turkey.
| | - Şükrü Beydemir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey; The Rectorate of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik 11230, Turkey
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9
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Wicks C, Hudlicky T, Rinner U. Morphine alkaloids: History, biology, and synthesis. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2021; 86:145-342. [PMID: 34565506 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides a short overview of the history of morphine since it's isolation by Sertürner in 1805. The biosynthesis of the title alkaloid as well as all total and formal syntheses of morphine and codeine published after 1996 are discussed in detail. The last section of this chapter provides a detailed overview of medicinally relevant derivatives of the title alkaloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wicks
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Tomas Hudlicky
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Uwe Rinner
- IMC Fachhochschule Krems/IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria.
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10
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Xu J, Song Y, He J, Dong S, Lin L, Feng X. Asymmetric Catalytic Vinylogous Addition Reactions Initiated by Meinwald Rearrangement of Vinyl Epoxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14521-14527. [PMID: 33826200 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The first catalytic asymmetric multiple vinylogous addition reactions initiated by Meinwald rearrangement of vinyl epoxides were realized by employing chiral N,N'-dioxide/ScIII complex catalysts. The vinyl epoxides, as masked β,γ-unsaturated aldehydes, via direct vinylogous additions with isatins, 2-alkenoylpyridines or methyleneindolinones, provided a facile and efficient way for the synthesis of chiral 3-hydroxy-3-substituted oxindoles, α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and spiro-cyclohexene indolinones, respectively with high efficiency and stereoselectivity. The control experiments and kinetic studies revealed that the Lewis acid acted as dual-tasking catalyst, controlling the initial rearrangement to match subsequent enantioselective vinylogous addition reactions. A catalytic cycle with a possible transition model was proposed to illustrate the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yanji Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Shunxi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Lili Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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11
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Xu J, Song Y, He J, Dong S, Lin L, Feng X. Asymmetric Catalytic Vinylogous Addition Reactions Initiated by Meinwald Rearrangement of Vinyl Epoxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Yanji Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Shunxi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Lili Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
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12
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Ringuette AE, Spock M, Lindsley CW, Bender AM. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Carfentanil. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3955-3967. [PMID: 32786301 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of its remarkable potency and relative ease of synthesis, carfentanil (1) has recently emerged as a problematic contaminant in other drugs of abuse. Carfentanil and its close analogs, currently approved only for large animal veterinary medicine, have found use both as illicit additives to the clandestine manufacture of scheduled drugs and as chemical weapons. In this Review, the background, synthesis, manufacture, metabolism, pharmacology, approved indications, dosage, and adverse effects of carfentanil will be discussed along with its emergence as a key player in the ongoing opioid crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Ringuette
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Matthew Spock
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Aaron M. Bender
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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13
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Mella-Raipán J, Romero-Parra J, Recabarren-Gajardo G. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Heroin and Desomorphine. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3905-3927. [PMID: 32568519 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids are arguably one of the most important pharmacologic classes, mainly due to their rich history, their useful and potent analgesic effects, and also, just as importantly, their "Dark Side", constituted by their reinforcing properties that have led countless of users to a spiral of addiction, biological dependence, tolerance, withdrawal syndromes, and death. Among the most significant abused and addictive known opioids are heroin and desomorphine, both synthetic derivatives of morphine that belong to the 4,5-epoxymorphinan structural chemical group of the opioid family drugs. These agents share not only structural, pharmacological, and epidemiological features but also a common geographical distribution. A drop in Afghan heroin production and its "exports" to Russia gave rise to widespread consumption of desomorphine in ex-Soviet republics during the first decade of the 21st century, representing an economical and accessible alternative for misusers to this sort of derivative. Herein we review the state of the art of history, chemistry and synthesis, pharmacology, and impact on society of these "cursed cousins".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Mella-Raipán
- Instituto de Quı́mica y Bioquı́mica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaı́so, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaı́so 2360102, Chile
- Facultad de Farmacia, Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena, Universidad de Valparaı́so,, Av. Gran Bretaña 1093, Valparaı́so 2360102, Chile
| | - Javier Romero-Parra
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica y Fisicoquı́mica, Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Casilla
233, 8380492 Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Recabarren-Gajardo
- Bioactive Heterocycles Synthesis Laboratory, BHSL, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Quı́mica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, 7820436 Santiago, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile,, Marcoleta 391, 8330024 Santiago, Chile
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14
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Wang Y, Hennig A, Küttler T, Hahn C, Jäger A, Metz P. Total Synthesis of (±)-Thebainone A by Intramolecular Nitrone Cycloaddition. Org Lett 2020; 22:3145-3148. [PMID: 32250124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Using an intramolecular nitrone cycloaddition and a Heck cyclization as the crucial transformations, a total synthesis of the racemic morphine alkaloid thebainone A was accomplished in 22 steps commencing with isovanillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Wang
- Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Organische Chemie I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - André Hennig
- Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Organische Chemie I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Küttler
- Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Organische Chemie I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Hahn
- Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Organische Chemie I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Jäger
- Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Organische Chemie I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Metz
- Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Organische Chemie I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihang Ju
- The Center for Precision Synthesis (CPS), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shigui Chen
- The Center for Precision Synthesis (CPS), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wangqing Kong
- The Center for Precision Synthesis (CPS), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Enantioselective synthesis of cis-hydrobenzofurans bearing all-carbon quaternary stereocenters and application to total synthesis of (‒)-morphine. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2507. [PMID: 31175289 PMCID: PMC6555830 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
(‒)-Morphine, which is selected as an essential medicine by World Health Organization, is widely applied in the treatment of the pain-related diseases. Due to its synthetically challenging molecular architecture and important clinical role, extensive synthetic studies of morphine-type alkaloids have been conducted. However, catalytic asymmetric total synthesis of (‒)-morphine remains a long-standing challenge. Here, we disclose an efficient enantioselective total synthesis of (‒)-morphine in a longest linear sequence of 16 steps. The key transformation features a highly enantioselective Robinson annulation enabled by our spiro-pyrrolidine catalyst to rapidly construct the densely functionalized cis-hydrodibenzofuran framework containing vicinal stereocenters with an all-carbon quaternary center. This asymmetric approach provides an alternative strategy for the synthesis of (‒)-morphine and its analogues. (‒)-Morphine is an essential medicine selected by the World Health Organization, however its catalytic asymmetric syntheses have been rarely reported. Here, the authors developed an intramolecular enantioselective Michael addition leading to (‒)-morphine in a longest linear sequence of 16 steps.
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17
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Abstract
A nine-step stereoselective formal synthesis of (±)-morphine from readily available o-vanillin is presented. The carbocyclic structure of morphine was quickly assembled through an orchestration of the intermolecular Diels-Alder/Claisen/Friedel-Crafts sequential reaction. This approach involves many one-pot procedures and no protecting groups, and only a few chromatographic purifications are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Brousseau
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie , Ottawa , Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Amandine Xolin
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie , Ottawa , Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Louis Barriault
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie , Ottawa , Canada K1N 6N5
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18
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Xu K, Liu H, Hou Y, Shen J, Liu D, Zhang W. A Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution cascade via an asymmetric desymmetrization for the synthesis of bicyclic dihydrofurans. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13295-13298. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07204g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chiral bicyclic dihydrofurans bearing two vicinal carbon stereocenters have been synthesized in high yields and with up to 97% ee via a Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution cascade and an asymmetric desymmetrization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- 800 Dongchuan Road
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Hao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- 800 Dongchuan Road
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Yilin Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- 800 Dongchuan Road
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Jiefeng Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- 800 Dongchuan Road
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Delong Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- 800 Dongchuan Road
- Shanghai 200240
| | - Wanbin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- 800 Dongchuan Road
- Shanghai 200240
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19
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Dongbang S, Pedersen B, Ellman JA. Asymmetric synthesis of (-)-naltrexone. Chem Sci 2018; 10:535-541. [PMID: 30713650 PMCID: PMC6326069 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03748e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(-)-Naltrexone, an opioid antagonist used extensively for the management of drug abuse, is derived from naturally occurring opioids. Herein, we report the first asymmetric synthesis of (-)-naltrexone that does not proceed through thebaine. The synthesis starts with simple, achiral precursors with catalytic enantioselective Sharpless dihydroxylation employed to introduce the stereogenic centers. A Rh(i)-catalyzed C-H alkenylation and torquoselective electrocyclization cascade provides the hexahydro isoquinoline bicyclic framework that serves as the precursor to the morphinan core. The acidic conditions used for Grewe cyclization not only provide the morphinan framework, but also cause a hydride shift resulting in the introduction of the C-6 oxo functionality present in (-)-naltrexone. The C-14 hydroxyl group is installed by an efficient two-step sequence of Pd-mediated ketone to enone dehydrogenation followed by C-H allylic oxidation using Cu(ii) and O2, a method that has not previously been reported either for the synthesis or semi-synthesis of opioids. The longest linear sequence is 17 steps, and because the stereogenic centers in the product rely on Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation, the route could be used to access either enantiomer of the natural product, which have disparate biological activities. The route also may be applicable to the preparation of opioid derivatives that could not be easily prepared from the more fully elaborated and densely functionalized opioid natural products that have traditionally served as the starting inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Dongbang
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , Connecticut 06520 , USA . ; Tel: +1-203-432-2647
| | - Blaine Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , Connecticut 06520 , USA . ; Tel: +1-203-432-2647
| | - Jonathan A Ellman
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , Connecticut 06520 , USA . ; Tel: +1-203-432-2647
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20
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Shi Y, Wang Q, Gao S. Recent advances in the intramolecular Mannich reaction in natural products total synthesis. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo01079f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on selected applications of the intramolecular Mannich reaction as a key step in the total synthesis of natural products (2000–2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- China
| | - Qiaoling Wang
- East China Normal University Library
- Shanghai 200062
- China
| | - Shuanhu Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development
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21
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Ho Kenny Park K, Chen R, Chen DYK. Programmed serial stereochemical relay and its application in the synthesis of morphinans. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7031-7037. [PMID: 29147530 PMCID: PMC5642196 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03189k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report a rationally designed, serial point-to-axial and axial-to-point stereoinduction and its integration into multi-step and target-oriented organic synthesis. In this proof-of-concept study, the configurational stability of several carefully designed atropisomeric intermediates and the fidelity of their unconventional stereoinductions were systematically investigated. The highly functionalized prepared synthetic intermediate was further applied in a novel chemical method to access the morphinans and it is potentially applicable to other structurally related alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ho Kenny Park
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Gwanak-1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu , Seoul 151-742 , South Korea .
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Gwanak-1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu , Seoul 151-742 , South Korea .
| | - David Y-K Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Gwanak-1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu , Seoul 151-742 , South Korea .
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22
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Umihara H, Yokoshima S, Inoue M, Fukuyama T. Total Synthesis of (−)-Morphine. Chemistry 2017; 23:6993-6995. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotatsu Umihara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokoshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya; Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Tohru Fukuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya; Aichi 464-8601 Japan
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23
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Zhang W, Yao H, Yu J, Zhang Z, Tong R. Total Syntheses of Sesterterpenoid Ansellones A and B, and Phorbadione. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4787-4791. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon HK China
| | - Hongliang Yao
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon HK China
| | - Jingxun Yu
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon HK China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon HK China
| | - Rongbiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon HK China
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24
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Zhang W, Yao H, Yu J, Zhang Z, Tong R. Total Syntheses of Sesterterpenoid Ansellones A and B, and Phorbadione. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon HK China
| | - Hongliang Yao
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon HK China
| | - Jingxun Yu
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon HK China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon HK China
| | - Rongbiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay, Kowloon HK China
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25
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Zhang H, Ma S, Xing Z, Liu L, Fang B, Xie X, She X. Rapid construction of the 6/6/5 tricyclic framework via a tandem radical cyclization reaction and its application to the synthesis of 5-epi-7-deoxy-isoabietenin A. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00550d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A tandem radical cyclization towards the 6/6/5 tricyclic skeleton, which exists in numerous natural products, was developed in modest to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Shiqiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Zhimin Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Bowen Fang
- Chemical Engineering Institute
- Northwest University for Nationalities
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Xingang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Xuegong She
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
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26
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Chu S, Münster N, Balan T, Smith MD. A Cascade Strategy Enables a Total Synthesis of (±)-Morphine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Chu
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Niels Münster
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Tudor Balan
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Martin D. Smith
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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27
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Chu S, Münster N, Balan T, Smith MD. A Cascade Strategy Enables a Total Synthesis of (±)-Morphine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14306-14309. [PMID: 27735107 PMCID: PMC5129523 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Morphine has been a target for synthetic chemists since Robinson proposed its correct structure in 1925, resulting in a large number of total syntheses of morphine alkaloids. Here we report a total synthesis of (±)‐morphine that employs two key strategic cyclizations: 1) a diastereoselective light‐mediated cyclization of an O‐arylated butyrolactone to form a tricyclic cis‐fused benzofuran and 2) a cascade ene–yne–ene ring closing metathesis to forge the tetracyclic morphine core. This approach enables a short and stereoselective synthesis of morphine in an overall yield of 6.6 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Chu
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Niels Münster
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Tudor Balan
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Martin D Smith
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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28
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Mailyan AK, Eickhoff JA, Minakova AS, Gu Z, Lu P, Zakarian A. Cutting-Edge and Time-Honored Strategies for Stereoselective Construction of C–N Bonds in Total Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4441-557. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Artur K. Mailyan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - John A. Eickhoff
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Anastasiia S. Minakova
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Zhenhua Gu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, No 2, North Cuihu Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650091 (P. R. China)
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, No 2, North Cuihu Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650091 (P. R. China)
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30
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Reed JW, Hudlicky T. The quest for a practical synthesis of morphine alkaloids and their derivatives by chemoenzymatic methods. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:674-87. [PMID: 25730681 DOI: 10.1021/ar500427k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We became interested in approaches to morphine in the early 1990s following our immersion into the new program on the enzymatic dihydroxylation of aromatics. Larry Kwart, a former classmate of one of us at Rice University, who worked with our group at Virginia Tech in the mid-1980s, introduced to us the use of blocked mutants of Pseudomonas putida (Pp39D) for the production of arene-cis-dihydrodiols. Larry had gained expertise in microbiology from a postdoctoral stay with David Gibson, who discovered this unique enzymatic transformation, and he helped us to establish a strong program in chemoenzymatic synthesis that continues to this day. Without his pioneering effort, none of our accomplishments in chemoenzymatic synthesis, including the various approaches to morphine, would have materialized. Here we trace the evolution of our approaches to morphine alkaloids and some commercial opiate-derived medicinal agents. The design features and chronology of our approaches are discussed in a way that allows the reader to appreciate a number of errors that were made in conception as well as in execution. Experience acquired from many failed or less-than-effective attempts has finally led to an "almost reasonable" total synthesis, the key concept being based on our very first but unsuccessful attempt more than two decades ago. The irony of this accomplishment has not been lost on us. Each section of this Account presents a summary of distinctly different approaches to morphine alkaloids. Each ends with a short and philosophical lesson that was (or should have been) learned in the process. We intend for this Account to offer more than the history of a search for the perfect design solution to a synthetic problem. In today's era of rapid and often careless publication of results, it should serve also as a reminder that the success and the integrity of synthetic ventures depends on perseverance, adjustment of strategy, improvements of previous attempts, and serious attention to the quality of experimental data. Although somewhat satisfied with our latest accomplishment in morphinan synthesis, we plan to improve our design in the hope that a six-step synthesis is no longer in the realm of fantasy. With more than 20 years of effort in this area, our continuing involvement may qualify as obsession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine W. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Tomas Hudlicky
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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31
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Tissot M, Phipps RJ, Lucas C, Leon RM, Pace RDM, Ngouansavanh T, Gaunt MJ. Gram-Scale Enantioselective Formal Synthesis of Morphine through anortho-paraOxidative Phenolic Coupling Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13498-501. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Tissot M, Phipps RJ, Lucas C, Leon RM, Pace RDM, Ngouansavanh T, Gaunt MJ. Gram-Scale Enantioselective Formal Synthesis of Morphine through anortho-paraOxidative Phenolic Coupling Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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Geffe M, Opatz T. Enantioselective Synthesis of (−)-Dihydrocodeine and Formal Synthesis of (−)-Thebaine, (−)-Codeine, and (−)-Morphine from a Deprotonated α-Aminonitrile. Org Lett 2014; 16:5282-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol5023849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Geffe
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun He
- Department of Chemistry and
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Jesse Ling
- Department of Chemistry and
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Pauline Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and
State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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35
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Lhermet R, Durandetti M, Maddaluno J. Intramolecular carbonickelation of alkenes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:710-6. [PMID: 23766783 PMCID: PMC3678504 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of the intramolecular carbonickelation of substituted allylic ethers and amines has been studied to evaluate the influence of the groups borne by the double bond on this cyclization. The results show that when this reaction takes place, it affords only the 5-exo-trig cyclization products, viz. dihydrobenzofurans or indoles. Depending on the tethered heteroatom (O or N), the outcome of the cyclization differs. While allylic ethers are relatively poor substrates that undergo a side elimination and need an intracyclic double bond to proceed, allylic amines react well and afford indoline and indole derivatives. Finally, the synthesis of the trinuclear ACE core of a morphine-like skeleton was achieved by using NiBr2bipy catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Lhermet
- Laboratoire COBRA, CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, 1 rue Tesnières, 76821 Mont St Aignan Cedex, France
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36
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Li J, Liu GL, Zhao XH, Du JY, Qu H, Chu WD, Ding M, Jin CY, Wei MX, Fan CA. Formal Synthesis of (±)-Morphine. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:1105-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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38
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Ichiki M, Tanimoto H, Miwa S, Saito R, Sato T, Chida N. Synthesis of (−)-Morphine: Application of Sequential Claisen/Claisen Rearrangement of an Allylic Vicinal Diol. Chemistry 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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39
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Lauer MG, Henderson WH, Awad A, Stambuli JP. Palladium-catalyzed reactions of enol ethers: access to enals, furans, and dihydrofurans. Org Lett 2012; 14:6000-3. [PMID: 23163699 DOI: 10.1021/ol3028994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed oxidation of alkyl enol ethers to enals, which employs low loadings of a palladium catalyst, is described. The mild oxidation conditions tolerate a diverse array of functional groups, while allowing the formation of di-, tri-, and tetrasubtituted olefins. The application of this methodology to intramolecular reactions of alkyl enol ethers containing pendant alcohols provides furan and 2,5-dihydrofuran products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Lauer
- Evans Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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40
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Bremer PT, Janda KD. Investigating the effects of a hydrolytically stable hapten and a Th1 adjuvant on heroin vaccine performance. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10776-80. [PMID: 23134263 DOI: 10.1021/jm301262z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We challenged the performance of our previous heroin vaccine with a similar vaccine containing a more hydrolytically stable hapten analogue and a Th1 adjuvant (CpG ODN). Our results indicate that the elements of our previous vaccine are essential for its anti-heroin potency, i.e., a chemically labile hapten and an exclusively Th2 humoral response elicited by alum. Such design elements are critical for producing next-generation heroin vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Bremer
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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O’Byrne A, O’Reilly S, Tighe C, Evans P, Ciuffini L, Gabriella Santoro M. Temporary thio-derivatization in the synthesis of (+)-4-acetylbromoxone. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Funktionalisierung von C-H-Bindungen: neue Synthesemethoden für Naturstoffe und Pharmazeutika. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201201666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 756] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Yamaguchi J, Yamaguchi AD, Itami K. CH Bond Functionalization: Emerging Synthetic Tools for Natural Products and Pharmaceuticals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8960-9009. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2423] [Impact Index Per Article: 201.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Investigation on the oxidation of aryl oxiranylmethanols and the synthesis of 2-aryl-N-thiazolyl-oxirane-2-carboxamides as glucokinase activators. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.06.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dinh TN, Chen A, Chai CL. A pattern recognition approach to 14-epi-hydrophenanthrene core of the morphine alkaloids based on shikimic acid. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Genady AR. Synthesis and characterization of novel color chemosensors based on azo dyes for possible application in opioid pharmacology. J Heterocycl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Magnus P, Sane N, Fauber BP, Lynch V. Concise syntheses of (-)-galanthamine and (+/-)-codeine via intramolecular alkylation of a phenol derivative. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:16045-7. [PMID: 19835379 DOI: 10.1021/ja9085534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Suzuki coupling of 7 to 8 gave the biphenyl derivative 9. Reaction of 9 with ethyl vinyl ether/bromine/base gave 10, which on treatment with CsF/DMF at 130 degrees C resulted in the cross-conjugated 2,5-cyclohexadienone 6. Acid hydrolysis of 6 gave 11, which was reductively aminated to give (+/-)-narwedine 2. Since 2 has been converted into (-)-galanthamine 1 in two steps, this synthesis proceeds in eight steps with an overall yield of 63%. Also treatment of the cross-conjugated cyclohexadienone 6 with nitromethane/base gave 12, which was reduced to provide 13. Reduction of the nitro group in 13 to an amine, followed by reductive amination under acidic conditions, arrives at the codeine skeleton 15. Elaboration of 15 into (+/-)-codeine proceeds via the previously unknown alpha-epoxide derivative 18. This is the shortest synthesis of codeine (13 steps, 20% overall yield) and, for the first time, allows access to codeine without having to reduce codeinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Magnus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1167, USA.
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