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Zhou S, Lv X, Li M, Gao Z, Tu S, Qiao S, Mo M, Tang X, Wang Y, Sun S. Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Fluorescence Cell Imaging of Novel Mixed Fluorinated Subphthalocyanines. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020725. [PMID: 36677782 PMCID: PMC9866271 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Subphthalocyanines (SubPcs) are a kind of tripyrrolic macrocycle with a boron atom at their core. Incorporating different units onto the SubPc periphery can endow them with various unique properties. Herein, a series of novel fluorinated low-symmetry SubPc derivatives containing chlorine groups (F8-Cl4-SubPc, F4-Cl8-SubPc) and methoxy groups (F8-(OCH3)2-SubPc) were synthesized and characterized by spectral methods (MS, FT-IR, 1H, 13C, 11B, and 19F NMR spectroscopy), and the effect of the peripheral substituents on their electronic structure of low-symmetry macrocycle was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, theoretical calculation, electronic absorption, and emission spectroscopy. In contrast to perfluorinated SubPcs, these low-symmetry SubPcs revealed non-degenerate LUMO and LUMO + 1 orbitals, especially F8-(OCH3)2-SubPc, which was consistent with the split Q-band absorptions. The cyclic voltammetry revealed that these SubPcs exhibited two or three reduction waves and one oxidation wave, which is consistent with the reported SubPcs. Finally, an intracellular fluorescence imaging study of these compounds revealed that these compounds could enter cancer cells and be entrapped in the lysosomes, which provides a possibility of future applications in lysosome fluorescence imaging and targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutong Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaojuan Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Minghui Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zijian Gao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shengnan Tu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shanshan Qiao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mengjia Mo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xu Tang
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yemei Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (S.S.); Tel.: +86-153-6599-6930 (Y.W.)
| | - Shasha Sun
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (S.S.); Tel.: +86-153-6599-6930 (Y.W.)
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2
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Kimura T, Baba M. Preparation and Optical and Electrochemical Properties of Boron (III) Subphthalocyanines with One to Three Trithiole Rings. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kimura
- Center for Instrumental Analysis Iwate University 4-3-5 Ueda Morioka Iwate 020-8551 Japan
| | - Mizue Baba
- Center for Instrumental Analysis Iwate University 4-3-5 Ueda Morioka Iwate 020-8551 Japan
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3
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Bukuroshi E, Vestfrid J, Gross Z, Bender TP. Fluorinated boron subphthalocyanines: Lewis acid based templating chemistry facilitates random halide exchange, and fluoride versus chloride affects the basic photophysical properties and the solid-state arrangement. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04093e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A sub-group of the phthalocyanine family, the boron subphthalocyanines (BsubPcs), have robust chemistry and can be readily modified at the axial and peripheral positions to tune their physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Bukuroshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Jenya Vestfrid
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Zeev Gross
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry
- Israel Institute of Technology (Technion)
- Haifa 3200008
- Israel
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
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4
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Bottari G, de la Escosura A, González-Rodríguez D, de la Torre G. Tomás Torres’ research in a nutshell. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424616300123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review, dedicated to Professor Tomás Torres on the occasion of his 65th birthday, offers an overview of the main achievements in his research career. Having a strong background in organic chemistry, he and his group have constantly devoted much effort to the development of synthetic methods towards novel systems based on phthalocyanines and other porphyrinoid analogues. Not less important, the founding of solid collaborations with other prominent scientists has led to study the physicochemical properties of these [Formula: see text]-conjugated dyes, and to evaluate their potential application in multidisciplinary areas such as self-assembly, nanochemistry, optoelectronics and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bottari
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema de la Torre
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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Biyiklioglu Z, Alp H. Axially diethylaminophenoxypropanoxy substituted new subphthalocyanines: synthesis and electropolymerization properties. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:3838-43. [PMID: 26822238 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt05072c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of boron(III) subphthalocyanine chloride with 1,3-bis[3-(diethylamino)phenoxy]propan-2-ol 2 and 2,3-bis[3-(diethylamino)phenoxy]propan-1-ol 4 in toluene gave the corresponding axially substituted boron(III) subphthalocyanine compounds 3 and 5. The novel axially diethylaminophenoxypropanoxy substituted subphthalocyanines were characterized by standard spectroscopy methods. The electropolymerization properties of new axially diethylaminophenoxypropanoxy substituted subphthalocyanines were also characterized by using cyclic and square wave voltammetry techniques. This study is the first example of electropolymerization of axially substituted subphthalocyanines in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekeriya Biyiklioglu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Hakan Alp
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey.
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Guilleme J, González-Rodríguez D, Torres T. Synthesis and electronic properties of nitrogen-bridged dimers of boron subphthalocyanines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:9793-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03896d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe for the first time the synthesis and characterization of a new family of subphthalocyanine derivatives, the μ-azo dimers, in which two closely interacting macrocycles are axially linked together by a B–N–B bridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Guilleme
- IMDEA Nanociencia
- Faraday 9
- Spain
- Departamento Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
| | - D. González-Rodríguez
- Departamento Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- E-28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - T. Torres
- IMDEA Nanociencia
- Faraday 9
- Spain
- Departamento Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
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Dang JD, Fulford MV, Kamino BA, Paton AS, Bender TP. Process for the synthesis of symmetric and unsymmetric oxygen bridged dimers of boron subphthalocyanines (μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2s). Dalton Trans 2015; 44:4280-8. [PMID: 25632928 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02624a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A process for the gram scale synthesis of the oxygen bridged dimer of boron subphthalocyanine, μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2, has been developed. During the development it was found that a wide range of reaction pathways under diverse conditions lead to μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2 formation. However, obtaining μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2 as the main reaction product in appreciable yields and its subsequent isolation were extremely challenging. The best balance of purity, yield and conversion was achieved with a time controlled reaction of an equimolar reaction of HO-BsubPc with Br-BsubPc in the presence of K3PO4. The purification involved sequentially Soxhlet extraction, Kauffman column chromatography and train sublimation. We have repeated the process and yields ranged from 27 to 30% of pure, doubly-sublimed μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2. This process also enabled the synthesis of unsymmetric μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2s by reaction of HO-BsubPc with Br-F12BsubPc, Cl-Cl6BsubPc and Cl-Cl12BsubPc. After synthesis the solution-state properties of the unsymmetric μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2s were investigated, and compared to the symmetric μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2 and more broadly to other BsubPcs. The electronic properties of μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2 were found to differ from its unsymmetric counterparts, but were found to be similar to halo-BsubPcs. Furthermore, the photophysical properties of μ-oxo-(BsubPc)2, both symmetric and unsymmetric, differed greatly from all other known BsubPcs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Dang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S3E5
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Maligaspe E, Hauwiller MR, Zatsikha YV, Hinke JA, Solntsev PV, Blank DA, Nemykin VN. Redox and Photoinduced Electron-Transfer Properties in Short Distance Organoboryl Ferrocene-Subphthalocyanine Dyads. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:9336-47. [DOI: 10.1021/ic5014544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eranda Maligaspe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Matthew R. Hauwiller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yuriy V. Zatsikha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska str., 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jonathan A. Hinke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Pavlo V. Solntsev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - David A. Blank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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10
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Claessens CG, González-Rodríguez D, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Medina A, Torres T. Subphthalocyanines, subporphyrazines, and subporphyrins: singular nonplanar aromatic systems. Chem Rev 2013; 114:2192-277. [PMID: 24568182 DOI: 10.1021/cr400088w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Claessens
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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Viswanath LCK, Shirtcliff LD, Berlin KD. Synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical subphthalocyanine dimers containing a hydroquinone bridge. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424613500909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Three novel hydroquinone-based symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted subphthalocyanine (SubPc) dimers have been synthesized through the axial substitution of the macrocycle. The mono SubPc hydroquinone derivative (Hq-SubPc) first prepared acts as a nucleophile which replaces the chlorine atom of the second SubPc molecule to form the dimer. The dimers were obtained by reacting hydroquinone and the respective SubPcs in a 1:1 molar ratio in toluene at 180 °C in a pressure vessel. This new approach allowed stoichiometric quantities of reactants to be utilized. All dimers were characterized by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, UV-vis, fluorescence and mass spectral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura D. Shirtcliff
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Physical Sciences I, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - K. Darrell Berlin
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Physical Sciences I, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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12
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Glebe U, Baio JE, Árnadóttir L, Siemeling U, Weidner T. Molecular suction pads: self-assembled monolayers of subphthalocyaninatoboron complexes on gold. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:1155-60. [PMID: 23526805 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Subphthalocyaninatoboron complexes with six long-chain alkylthio substituents in their periphery are applicable for the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold. Such films are prepared from solution with the axially chlorido-substituted derivatives and characterised by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The results are in accord with the formation of SAMs assembled by the chemisorption of both covalently bound thiolate-type as well as coordinatively bound thioether units. The adsorbate molecules adopt an essentially flat adsorption geometry on the substrate, resembling a suction pad on a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Glebe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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13
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Song LC, Luo FX, Tan H, Sun XJ, Xie ZJ, Song HB. Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of Diiron Azadithiolate Complexes Containing a Subphthalocyanine Moiety as Biomimetic Models for [FeFe]-Hydrogenases. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Prats-Alfonso E, Oberhansl S, Lagunas A, Martínez E, Samitier J, Albericio F. Effective and Versatile Strategy for the Total Solid-Phase Synthesis of Alkanethiols for Biological Applications. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Solntsev PV, Spurgin KL, Sabin JR, Heikal AA, Nemykin VN. Photoinduced charge transfer in short-distance ferrocenylsubphthalocyanine dyads. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:6537-47. [PMID: 22651219 DOI: 10.1021/ic3000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two new ferrocenylsubphthalocyanine dyads with ferrocenylmethoxide (2) and ferrocenecarboxylate (3) substituents directly attached to the subphthalocyanine ligand via the axial position have been prepared and characterized using NMR, UV-vis, and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopies as well as X-ray crystallography. The redox properties of the ferrocenyl-containing dyads 2 and 3 were investigated using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) approach and compared to those of the parent subphthalocyanine 1. CV data reveal that the first reversible oxidation is ferrocene-centered, while the second oxidation and the first reduction are localized on the subphthalocyanine ligand. The electronic structures and nature of the optical bands observed in the UV-vis and MCD spectra of all target compounds were investigated by a density functional theory polarized continuum model (DFT-PCM) and time-dependent (TD)DFT-PCM approaches. It has been found that in both dyads the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to HOMO-2 are ferrocene-centered molecular orbitals, while HOMO-3 as well as lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and LUMO+1 are localized on the subphthalocyanine ligand. TDDFT-PCM data on complexes 1-3 are consistent with the experimental observations, which indicate the dominance of π-π* transitions in the UV-vis spectra of 1-3. The excited-state dynamics of the dyads 2 and 3 were investigated using time-correlated single photon counting, which indicates that fluorescence quenching is more efficient in dyad 3 compared to dyad 2. These fluorescence lifetime measurements were interpreted on the basis of DFT-PCM calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo V Solntsev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota-Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
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Weidner T, Baio JE, Seibel J, Siemeling U. Dithienylcyclopentene-functionalised subphthalocyaninatoboron complexes: photochromism, luminescence modulation and formation of self-assembled monolayers on gold. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:1553-61. [PMID: 22138955 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11644d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Subphthalocyaninatoboron (SubPc) complexes bearing six peripheral n-dodecylthio substituents and an apical photochromic dithienylperfluorocyclopentene unit were prepared. The photoinduced isomerisation of the apical substituent from the open to the ring-closed form significantly influences the photoluminescence of the covalently attached SubPc unit, which is more efficiently quenched by the ring-closed form. Films on gold were fabricated from these multifunctional conjugates and characterised by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results are in accord with the formation of self-assembled monolayers based on dome-shaped SubPc-based anchor groups. Their chemisorption is primarily due to the peripheral n-dodecylthio substituents, giving rise to covalently attached thiolate as well as coordinatively bound thioether units, whose alkyl chains are in an almost parallel orientation to the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weidner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems (NESAC/BIO), Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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González-Rodríguez D, Carbonell E, Rojas GDM, Castellanos CA, Guldi DM, Torres T. Activating Multistep Charge-Transfer Processes in Fullerene−Subphthalocyanine−Ferrocene Molecular Hybrids as a Function of π−π Orbital Overlap. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:16488-500. [DOI: 10.1021/ja105864r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David González-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, and IMDEA-Nanociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Carbonell
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, and IMDEA-Nanociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo de Miguel Rojas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, and IMDEA-Nanociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Atienza Castellanos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, and IMDEA-Nanociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, and IMDEA-Nanociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, and IMDEA-Nanociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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