Unprecedented Cu-catalyzed coupling of internal 1,3-diynes with azides: one-pot tandem cyclizations involving 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and carbocyclization furnishing naphthotriazoles

Double Regioselective Thermal Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition of 1,3-Diynes

A double regioselective cycloaddition reaction of 1,3-diynes with azide is reported to synthesize fully substituted 5-alkynyl-1,2,3-triazoles without any catalyst, metal, or other factor. Computational studies revealed that the 5-alkynyl-1,2,3-triazole derivative is both kinetically and thermodynamically favorable irrespective of the nature of the substituents at the alkyne termini in 1,3-diynes. The simplicity of the reaction, extremely high regioselectivity under metal-free conditions, wide substrate scope, and good to excellent yields might inspire further studies of the cycloaddition of 1,3-diynes in addition to click chemistry.

A Zinc-Mediated Deprotective Annulation Approach to New Polycyclic Heterocycles

A straightforward approach to new polycyclic heterocycles, 1H-benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-c][1,3]oxazin-1-ones, is presented. It is based on the ZnCl₂-promoted deprotective 6-endo-dig heterocyclization of N-Boc-2-alkynylbenzimidazoles under mild conditions (CH₂Cl₂, 40 °C for 3 h). The zinc center plays a dual role, as it promotes Boc deprotection (with formation of the tert-butyl carbocation, which can be trapped by substrates bearing a nucleophilic group) and activates the triple bond toward intramolecular nucleophilic attack by the carbamate group. The structure of representative products has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis.

Synthesis of 1,3-Diynes via Cadiot-Chodkiewicz Coupling of Volatile, in Situ Generated Bromoalkynes

A convenient Cadiot-Chodkiewicz protocol that facilitates the use of low molecular weight alkyne coupling partners is described. The method entails an in situ elimination from a dibromoolefin precursor and immediate subjection to copper-catalyzed conditions, circumventing the hazards of volatile brominated alkynes. The scope of this method is described, and the internal 1,3-diyne products are preliminarily evaluated in ruthenium-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloadditions.

Direct synthesis of butadiynyl-substituted pyrroles under solvent- and transition metal-free conditions

The work describes a convenient and highly efficient C–H butadiynylation of substituted pyrroles under mild and solvent-free conditions.

Cycloaddition of 1,3-butadiynes: efficient synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles

Cycloaddition reactions of alkynes are elegant, atom-efficient transformations for the synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles, mostly aromatic, involving the construction of challenging skeletons of complex molecules. Therefore significant efforts have recently been devoted to the development of novel methodologies, efficient strategies and different catalytic systems to broaden the scope of these reactions. We summarize in this review the recent advances in the cycloaddition reactions of 1,3-butadiynes to provide facile and reliable approaches to various functionalized carbo- and heterocycles.

Diversity-oriented synthesis of ketoindoloquinoxalines and indolotriazoloquinoxalines from 1-(2-nitroaryl)-2-alkynylindoles

A one-pot protocol for the diversity-oriented synthesis of two indole-based annulated polyheterocycles, ketoindoloquinoxalines and indolotriazoloquinoxalines, has been described. The salient features of the methodology involves either a metal/O2-catalyzed aminooxygenation or a [3 + 2] cycloaddition pathway.

Synthesis, structure and catalytic properties of [Ru(dppp)2(CH3CN)Cl][BPh4] and isolation of catalytically active [Ru(dppp)2Cl][BPh4]: ruthenium catalysed alkyne homocoupling and tandem alkyne–azide cycloaddition

The complex, [Ru(dppp)₂(CH₃CN)Cl][BPh₄] catalyses coupling of alkynes and subsequent alkyne–azide cycloaddition reaction.

Microwave-assisted three-component domino reaction: Synthesis of indolodiazepinotriazoles

A microwave-assisted three-component protocol involving N-1 alkylation of 2-alkynylindoles with epichlorohydrin, ring opening of the epoxide with sodium azide, and an intramolecular Huisgen azide-internal alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition domino sequence has been described. The efficacy of the methodology has been demonstrated by treating various 2-alkynylindoles (aromatic/aliphatic) with epichlorohydrin and sodium azide furnishing annulated tetracyclic indolodiazepinotriazoles in satisfactory yields.