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Dembitsky VM. Naturally Occurring Norsteroids and Their Design and Pharmaceutical Application. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1021. [PMID: 38790983 PMCID: PMC11117879 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The main focus of this review is to introduce readers to the fascinating class of lipid molecules known as norsteroids, exploring their distribution across various biotopes and their biological activities. The review provides an in-depth analysis of various modified steroids, including A, B, C, and D-norsteroids, each characterized by distinct structural alterations. These modifications, which range from the removal of specific methyl groups to changes in the steroid core, result in unique molecular architectures that significantly impact their biological activity and therapeutic potential. The discussion on A, B, C, and D-norsteroids sheds light on their unique configurations and how these structural modifications influence their pharmacological properties. The review also presents examples from natural sources that produce a diverse array of steroids with distinct structures, including the aforementioned A, B, C, and D-nor variants. These compounds are sourced from marine organisms like sponges, soft corals, and starfish, as well as terrestrial entities such as plants, fungi, and bacteria. The exploration of these steroids encompasses their biosynthesis, ecological significance, and potential medical applications, highlighting a crucial area of interest in pharmacology and natural product chemistry. The review emphasizes the importance of researching these steroids for drug development, particularly in addressing diseases where conventional medications are inadequate or for conditions lacking sufficient therapeutic options. Examples of norsteroid synthesis are provided to illustrate the practical applications of this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada
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2
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Dembitsky VM. Fascinating Furanosteroids and Their Pharmacological Profile. Molecules 2023; 28:5669. [PMID: 37570639 PMCID: PMC10419491 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article delves into the realm of furanosteroids and related isoprenoid lipids derived from diverse terrestrial and marine sources, exploring their wide array of biological activities and potential pharmacological applications. Fungi, fungal endophytes, plants, and various marine organisms, including sponges, corals, molluscs, and other invertebrates, have proven to be abundant reservoirs of these compounds. The biological activities exhibited by furanosteroids and related lipids encompass anticancer, cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines, antiviral, and antifungal effects. Notably, the discovery of exceptional compounds such as nakiterpiosin, malabaricol, dysideasterols, and cortistatins has revealed their potent anti-tuberculosis, antibacterial, and anti-hepatitis C attributes. These compounds also exhibit activity in inhibiting protein kinase C, phospholipase A2, and eliciting cytotoxicity against cancer cells. This comprehensive study emphasizes the significance of furanosteroids and related lipids as valuable natural products with promising therapeutic potential. The remarkable biodiversity found in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems offers an extensive resource for unearthing novel biologically active compounds, paving the way for future drug development and advancements in biomedical research. This review presents a compilation of data obtained from various studies conducted by different authors who employed the PASS software 9.1 to evaluate the biological activity of natural furanosteroids and compounds closely related to them. The utilization of the PASS software in this context offers valuable advantages, such as screening large chemical libraries, identifying compounds for subsequent experimental investigations, and gaining insights into potential biological activities based on their structural features. Nevertheless, it is crucial to emphasize that experimental validation remains indispensable for confirming the predicted activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada
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3
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Luo J, Sun Y, Li Q, Kong L. Research progress of meliaceous limonoids from 2011 to 2021. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1325-1365. [PMID: 35608367 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00015f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Covering: July 2010 to December 2021Limonoids, a kind of natural tetranortriterpenoids with diverse skeletons and valuable insecticidal and medicinal bioactivities, are the characteristic metabolites of most plants of the Meliaceae family. The chemistry and bioactivities of meliaceous limonoids are a continuing hot area of natural products research; to date, about 2700 meliaceous limonoids have been identified. In particular, more than 1600, including thirty kinds of novel rearranged skeletons, have been isolated and identified in the past decade due to their wide distribution and abundant content in Meliaceae plants and active biosynthetic pathways. In addition to the discovery of new structures, many positive medicinal bioactivities of meliaceous limonoids have been investigated, and extensive achievements regarding the chemical and biological synthesis have been made. This review summarizes the recent research progress in the discovery of new structures, medicinal and agricultural bioactivities, and chem/biosynthesis of limonoids from the plants of the Meliaceae family during the past decade, with an emphasis on the discovery of limonoids with novel skeletons, the medicinal bioactivities and mechanisms, and chemical synthesis. The structures, origins, and bioactivities of other new limonoids were provided as ESI. Studies published from July 2010 to December 2021 are reviewed, and 482 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunpeng Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiurong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Son NT. The Genus Walsura: A Rich Resource of Bioactive Limonoids, Triterpenoids, and Other Types of Compounds. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 118:131-177. [PMID: 35416519 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92030-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants of the genus Walsura (family Meliaceae) are native to tropical zones of a number of Asian countries, and have been used in systems of folk medicine. Several original research articles on Walsura species are available, but an overview highlighting the phytochemical and biological aspects of the compounds isolated to date is so far absent. Since the 1970s, phytochemical investigations on the genus Walsura have been undertaken, and more than 220 compounds from ten species have been identified. Natural products from Walsura species that have received the most attention are limonoids (114 compounds) and triterpenoids (72 compounds). Walsura limonoids have been characterized structurally as having diverse skeletons and more than 100 such compounds are new to the literature, while dammaranes, tirucallanes, and apotirucallanes are the main triterpenoid types from this genus. Other Walsura constituents comprise sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, sterols, lignans, xanthones, and anthraquinones. Walsura species constituents have also been studied in natural product drug discovery screening programs. Many in vitro biological and some in vivo pharmacological investigations have been carried out on Walsura species isolated compounds. Walsura components display properties such as cancer cell cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, antidiabetes, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifeedant, antifertility, ichthyotoxic, and neuroprotection activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninh The Son
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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5
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Yao L, Gui J. Application of the Radical Polyene Cyclization Reaction in Natural Product Synthesis. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202204044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Zhao Y, Yang X, Fei J, Dong X, Wang Y, Yang S, Hao X, Ding X, Zhao Y. Identification of limonoids from Walsura yunnanensis and evaluation of their cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines. Fitoterapia 2021; 157:105120. [PMID: 34974139 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.105120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Three new limonoids, walsurauias A-C (1-3), along with four known ones, were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Walsura yunnanensis C. Y. Wu. Their structures were determined on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis. The new limonoids were screened for their cytotoxic activity (IC50 0.81-5.73 μM) against four human cancer cell lines, including A549, HepG2, HCT116 p21KO and CNE-2. And α,β-unsaturated ketone moieties in rings A and B are essential for their cytotoxic activity. Selected compounds were further investigated. Compounds 1-3 effectively induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in cancer cells. In addition, compounds 1-3 inhibited the colony formation and compounds 2 and 3 suppressed the migration of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Jimin Fei
- Yunnan Cancer Hospital & The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650118, PR China
| | - Xianxiang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yinyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Shan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Xiaojiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, PR China.
| | - Xiao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, PR China.
| | - Yuhan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, PR China.
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7
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Suchaichit N, Pitchuanchom S, Kanokmedhakul K, Moosophon P, Chompoosor A, Kanokmedhakul S, Suchaichit NP. A New Apotirucallane from Walsura trichostemon Leaves and Its Antibacterial and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18. [PMID: 34145750 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of Walsura trichostemon leaves led to the isolation of a new apotirucallane-type triterpenoid, 11,25-dideacetyl-16-hydroxytrichostemonate (1), along with two known apotirucallane-type triterpenoids (2 and 3), two known tirucallane-type triterpenes (4 and 5), and two known steroids (6 and 7). Their structures were identified by intensive analysis of 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and mass spectrometry data, which were compared with data reported in the literature. Compounds 2, 3, and 5 exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value: 64 μg/mL), and compound 4 showed weak antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa (MIC: 128 μg/mL). Furthermore, compound 5 displayed activity against Bacillus cereus (MIC: 64 μg/mL). In addition, compound 4 showed stronger α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than the control, acarbose. The active compound 4 was subjected to molecular docking experiments using AutoDock4 and revealed precise interactions with the active gorge of the enzyme through hydrogen bonding, supporting the in vitro results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattawut Suchaichit
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Siripit Pitchuanchom
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44150, Thailand
| | - Kwanjai Kanokmedhakul
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Panawan Moosophon
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Apiwat Chompoosor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkapi, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand
| | - Somdej Kanokmedhakul
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Natcha P Suchaichit
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
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8
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Zhang D, Xu D, Chen X, Zhou H, Xu G. Divergent Entry to Walsucochin Nortriterpenoids: Total Syntheses of (±)-Walsucochin A and (±)-Walsucochinoids C-F. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7271-7279. [PMID: 33978408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nortriterpenoids isolated from Walsura cochinchinensis have attracted much attention from both synthetic and medicinal chemists, yet only recently have efficient synthetic approaches to any members appeared. Shown here is that the common intermediate with a 6/6/5/6-fused tetracyclic ring nucleus can be converted to walsucochin family members. The first total syntheses of (±)-walsucochin A, (±)-walsucochinoids C-F, and their analogues were achieved in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Xu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyue Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gong Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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9
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Li XR, Chen SQ, Fan J, Li CJ, Wang X, Liu ZW, Shi XY. Controllable Tandem [3+2] Cyclization of Aromatic Aldehydes with Maleimides: Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Divergent Synthesis of Indane-Fused Pyrrolidine-2,5-dione. Org Lett 2020; 22:8808-8813. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ran Li
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Si-Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Juan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Xue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Zhong-Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Xian-Ying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
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10
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Chen X, Zhang D, Xu D, Zhou H, Xu G. Remote C-H Activation Strategy Enables Total Syntheses of Nortriterpenoids (±)-Walsucochin B and (±)-Walsucochinoids M and N. Org Lett 2020; 22:6993-6997. [PMID: 32822191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Total syntheses of (±)-walsucochin B and (±)-walsucochinoids M and N have been achieved from farnesyl bromide. The key steps of the synthetic sequence are the titanocene-mediated radical cyclization and base-induced cycloaromatization for the rapid construction of the 6/6/5/6-fused tetracyclic skeleton. Importantly, a Cu-mediated remote C-H hydroxylation reaction has been developed to site-selectively install the oxygen function at the C-7 position of the target molecules, thus solving the biggest challenge for the synthesis of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Danyang Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Xu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gong Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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11
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Suchaichit N, Kanokmedhakul K, Promgool T, Moosophon P, Chompoosor A, P Suchaichit N, Kanokmedhakul S. A new antibacterial tirucallane from Walsura trichostemon roots. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:2799-2803. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1669025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nattawut Suchaichit
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Kwanjai Kanokmedhakul
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Trinop Promgool
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Panawan Moosophon
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Apiwat Chompoosor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natcha P Suchaichit
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Somdej Kanokmedhakul
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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12
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Trinh BT, Nguyen HD, Nguyen HT, Pham PD, Ngo NT, Nguyen LTT, Nguyen LT, Bui DN, Dang SV, Nguyen LHD. Cytotoxic limonoids from the bark of Walsura cochinchinensis. Fitoterapia 2019; 133:75-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Zhang PP, Cui ZR, Li Y, Heng L, Wei SS, Wang XB, Yang MH, Luo J, Kong LY. Ciliatasecones A–C, three rearranged limonoids from Toona ciliata var. yunnanensis. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:555-560. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02736f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Three rearranged limonoids with a novel ring-seco model and an unprecedented cycle system were isolated from Toona ciliata var. yunnanensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Rong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Testing & Analysis Center
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
- People's Republic of China
| | - Li Heng
- Testing & Analysis Center
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
- People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
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14
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Yu J, Zhou B, Dalal S, Liu Q, Cassera MB, Yue J. Cipaferoids A-C, Three Limonoids Represent Two Different Scaffolds from Cipadessa baccifera. CHINESE J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201700627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Seema Dalal
- Department of Biochemistry and the Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, MC 0308; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg; Virginia 24061 the United States
| | - Qunfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Maria B. Cassera
- Department of Biochemistry and the Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, MC 0308; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg; Virginia 24061 the United States
| | - Jianmin Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road; Shanghai 201203 China
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15
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Higuchi K, Tani Y, Kikuchi T, In Y, Yamada T, Muraoka O, Tanaka N, Tanaka R. Guianolactones A and B, Two Rearranged Pentacyclic Limonoids from the Seeds of Carapa guianensis. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:3000-3004. [PMID: 28994222 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two novel rearranged limonoids, guianolactones A (1) and B (2), were isolated from Carapa guianensis Aubl. (Meliaceae) seeds. The structures of 1 and 2 with their absolute configurations were elucidated in detailed examinations using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses and 2D NMR spectra. Guianolactone A (1) has a novel 5/6/6/6/6 pentacyclic core including two δ-lactone and a tetrahydropyran ring, while guianolactone B (2) is a novel limonoid with a 6/6/5/6/6 pentacyclic core featuring a δ-lactone and a tetrahydrofuran ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Higuchi
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Tani
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yasuko In
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Naonobu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Reiko Tanaka
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
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17
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Jiménez F, Fernández A, Boulifa E, Mansour AI, Alvarez-Manzaneda R, Chahboun R, Alvarez-Manzaneda E. Diastereoselective Intramolecular Heck Reaction Assisted by an Acetate Group: Synthesis of the Decahydrobenzofluorene Derivative Dasyscyphin E. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9550-9559. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fermín Jiménez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto
de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto
de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ettahir Boulifa
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique Appliquée, Département de Chimie,
Faculté des Sciences, Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi, 93040 Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Ibn Mansour
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique Appliquée, Département de Chimie,
Faculté des Sciences, Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi, 93040 Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Ramón Alvarez-Manzaneda
- Area
de Química Orgánica, Departamento de Química
y Física, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Rachid Chahboun
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto
de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique Alvarez-Manzaneda
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto
de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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18
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An FL, Sun DM, Li RJ, Zhou MM, Yang MH, Yin Y, Kong LY, Luo J. Walrobsins A and B, Two Anti-inflammatory Limonoids from Root Barks of Walsura robusta. Org Lett 2017; 19:4568-4571. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Liang An
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Mei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Jun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao-Miao Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hua Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
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Nugroho AE, Okuda M, Yamamoto Y, Chin-Piow W, Hirasawa Y, Kaneda T, Shirota O, Hadi AHA, Morita H. Apowalsogynes A and B, Two Highly Oxidized 3,4- Seco-Apotirucallane Triterpenoids from Walsura chrysogyne. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new 3,4- seco-apotirucallane triterpenoids, Apowalsogynes A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from the barks of Walsura chrysogyne, and their structures were determined on the basis of the NMR and CD spectra, and by using the modified Mosher's method. In addition, the cytotoxic activities of 1 and 2 against various cancer cell lines were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfarius Eko Nugroho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41 Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Maho Okuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41 Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Yukari Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41 Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Wong Chin-Piow
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41 Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hirasawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41 Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Toshio Kaneda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41 Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Osamu Shirota
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki City, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - A. Hamid A. Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hiroshi Morita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41 Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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20
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Zhang Y, An FL, Huang SS, Yang L, Gu YC, Luo J, Kong LY. Diverse tritepenoids from the fruits of Walsura robusta and their reversal of multidrug resistance phenotype in human breast cancer cells. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 136:108-118. [PMID: 28129886 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Four 18 (13 → 14)-abeo limonoids, five cedrelone limonoids, and five walsurin limonoids were isolated from the fruits of Walsura robusta together with 21 known compounds. Their structures were determined by extensive studies of their one- and two-dimensional NMR spectra and mass spectroscopy results. Among all the isolated compounds, the absolute configurations of 11-oxo-dihydrocedrelone, walsuronoid B, dysoxylumosin G, and walsunoid H were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Selected compounds were evaluated for their reversal of multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype in human breast cancer cells in vitro. Walsurin A showed significant effect in sensitization of these resistant cancer cells at non-toxic concentration to doxorubicin with the modulation factor of 62.76.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fa-Liang An
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shan-Shan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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21
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Luo J, Huang WS, Hu SM, Zhang PP, Zhou XW, Wang XB, Yang MH, Luo JG, Wang C, Liu C, Yao HQ, Zhang C, Sun HB, Chen YJ, Kong LY. Rearranged limonoids with unique 6/5/6/5 tetracarbocyclic skeletons from Toona ciliata and biomimetic structure divergence. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00678k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rearranged limonoids with 6/5/6/5 carbon skeletons, were characterized as metabolite and biomimetic products.
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22
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Wang GC, Yu JH, Shen Y, Leng Y, Zhang H, Yue JM. Limonoids and Triterpenoids as 11β-HSD1 Inhibitors from Walsura robusta. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:899-906. [PMID: 26936592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nine new cedrelone-type limonoid derivatives, walsunoids A-I (1-9), and 11 known compounds were isolated from the leaves of Walsura robusta. Walsunoid A (1) is a new degradation product of cedrelone-type limonoids, and walsunoid I (9) is a rare cedrelone-type limonoid amide. Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic data, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and ECD data analyses. Five compounds showed moderate inhibitory activities against human and/or mouse 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) with IC50 values ranging from 0.69 to 9.9 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Cai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Min Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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23
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Kakde BN, Kumar N, Mondal PK, Bisai A. Approach to Merosesquiterpenes via Lewis Acid Catalyzed Nazarov-Type Cyclization: Total Synthesis of Akaol A. Org Lett 2016; 18:1752-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Badrinath N. Kakde
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass
Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - Nivesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass
Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - Pradip Kumar Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass
Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - Alakesh Bisai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass
Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
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24
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Yu JH, Liu QF, Sheng L, Wang GC, Li J, Yue JM. Cipacinoids A-D, Four Limonoids with Spirocyclic Skeletons from Cipadessa cinerascens. Org Lett 2016; 18:444-7. [PMID: 26760061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four limonoids, cipacinoids A-D (1-4), with spirocyclic skeletons were isolated from Cipadessa cinerascens. It is particularly notable that compounds 1-3 had a 17S-configuration for the first time in the limonoid family. Their structures with absolute configurations were assigned by spectroscopic data, X-ray crystallography, and CD analysis. Compound 1 showed moderate protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Qun-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Li Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Cai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Min Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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25
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Suri Appa Rao M, Suresh G, Ashok Yadav P, Rajendra Prasad K, Usha Rani P, Venkata Rao C, Suresh Babu K. Piscidinols H–L, apotirucallane triterpenes from the leaves of Walsura trifoliata and their insecticidal activity. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
This review covers the isolation and structure determination of triterpenoids reported during 2012 including squalene derivatives, lanostanes, holostanes, cycloartanes, cucurbitanes, dammaranes, euphanes, tirucallanes, tetranortriterpenoids, quassinoids, lupanes, oleananes, friedelanes, ursanes, hopanes, serratanes, isomalabaricanes and saponins; 348 references are cited.
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27
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Xu JF, Zhao HJ, Wang XB, Li ZR, Luo J, Yang MH, Yang L, Yu WY, Yao HQ, Luo JG, Kong LY. (±)-Melicolones A and B, rearranged prenylated acetophenone stereoisomers with an unusual 9-oxatricyclo[3.2.1.1(3,8)]nonane core from the leaves of Melicope ptelefolia. Org Lett 2014; 17:146-9. [PMID: 25514357 DOI: 10.1021/ol5033738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Melicolones A (1) and B (2), a pair of rearranged prenylated acetophenone epimers with an unusual 9-oxatricyclo[3.2.1.1(3,8)]nonane core, were isolated from the leaves of Melicope ptelefolia. Further chiral high-performance liquid chromatography resolution gave enantiomers (+)- and (-)-1, as well as (+)- and (-)-2, respectively. The structures and absolute configurations of the pure enantiomers were determined by extensive spectroscopic data and single crystal X-ray diffraction. All the isolated enantiomers exhibited potent cell protecting activities against high glucose-induced oxidative stress in human vein endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Fang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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28
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Ji KL, Zhang P, Hu HB, Hua S, Liao SG, Xu YK. Limonoids from the Leaves and Twigs of Walsura yunnanensis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:1764-1769. [PMID: 25075875 DOI: 10.1021/np400976p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nine new cedrelone limonoids, namely, walsuranolide B (1), 11β-hydroxy-23-O-methylwalsuranolide (2), yunnanolide A (3), yunnanol A (4), 11β-hydroxyisowalsuranolide (5), 11β-hydroxy-1,2-dihydroisowalsuranolide (6), 1α,11β-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydroisowalsuranolide (7), 11β-hydroxy-1α-methoxy-1,2-dihydroisowalsuranolide (8), and yunnanolide B (9), together with a new cycloartane triterpenoid, (24S*,25R*)-cycloartane-3β,24,25,26-tetrol (10), were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Walsura yunnanensis. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with literature data. Compounds 3 and 5 exhibited potent cytotoxicity against five human tumor cell lines with IC50 values in the range 2.2-4.2 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Long Ji
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Hua
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang-Gao Liao
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicines and TCM, School of Pharmacy, Guiyang Medical College , Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Kai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, People's Republic of China
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29
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Cai JY, Chen DZ, Luo SH, Kong NC, Zhang Y, Di YT, Zhang Q, Hua J, Jing SX, Li SL, Li SH, Hao XJ, He HP. Limonoids from Aphanamixis polystachya and their antifeedant activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:472-482. [PMID: 24256462 DOI: 10.1021/np400678h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Eight new aphanamixoid-type aphanamixoids (C-J, 1-8) and six new prieurianin-type limonoids, aphanamixoids K-P (9-14), along with 10 known terpenoids were isolated from Aphanamixis polystachya, and their structures were established by spectroscopic data analysis. Among the new limonoids, 13 compounds exhibited antifeedant activity against the generalist Helicoverpa armigera, a plant-feeding insect, at various concentration levels. In particular, compounds 1, 4, and 5 showed potent activities with EC50 values of 0.017, 0.008, and 0.012 μmol/cm(2), respectively. On the basis of a preliminary structure-activity relationship analysis, some potential active sites in the aphanamixoid-type limonoid molecules are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Yun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
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30
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Han ML, Shen Y, Leng Y, Zhang H, Yue JM. New rearranged limonoids from Walsura cochinchinensis. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00708e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the discovery of a rare class of rearranged limonoids from Walsura cochinchinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Han
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Ying Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Min Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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31
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Han ML, Shen Y, Wang GC, Leng Y, Zhang H, Yue JM. 11β-HSD1 inhibitors from Walsura cochinchinensis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1319-1327. [PMID: 23795939 DOI: 10.1021/np400260g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A search for inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) from Walsura cochinchinensis yielded 10 new limonoids, cochinchinoids A-J (1-10), and two new triterpenoids, 3-epimesendanin S (11) and cochinchinoid K (12). Their structures were assigned on the basis of spectroscopic data, with the absolute configurations of 1 and 12 being established by X-ray diffraction analysis. Of these compounds, cochinchinoid K (12) displayed inhibitory activity against mouse 11β-HSD1 with an IC50 value of 0.82 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Han
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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Inoue T, Matsui Y, Kikuchi T, In Y, Yamada T, Muraoka O, Matsunaga S, Tanaka R. Guianolides A and B, New Carbon Skeletal Limonoids from the Seeds of Carapa guianensis. Org Lett 2013; 15:3018-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ol400924u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Inoue
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yuuki Matsui
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuko In
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shunyo Matsunaga
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Reiko Tanaka
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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Zhao JQ, Wang YM, He HP, Li SH, Li XN, Yang CR, Wang D, Zhu HT, Xu M, Zhang YJ. Two New Highly Oxygenated and Rearranged Limonoids from Phyllanthus cochinchinensis. Org Lett 2013; 15:2414-7. [PMID: 23639028 DOI: 10.1021/ol400875n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Ping He
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chong-Ren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Tao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Nugroho AE, Okuda M, Yamamoto Y, Hirasawa Y, Wong CP, Kaneda T, Shirota O, Hadi AA, Morita H. Walsogynes B–G, limonoids from Walsura chrysogyne. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.02.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jia ZJ, Jiang K, Zhou QQ, Dong L, Chen YC. Amine–N-heterocyclic carbene cascade catalysis for the asymmetric synthesis of fused indane derivatives with multiple chiral centres. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:5892-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42823k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yeung KS, Peng XS, Wu J, Fan R, Hou XL. Five-Membered Ring Systems. PROGRESS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-099406-2.00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Discovery of structurally diverse and bioactive compounds from plant resources in China. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:1147-58. [PMID: 22941284 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the major discoveries of structurally diverse and/or biologically significant compounds from plant resources in China, mainly from the traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) since the establishment of our research group in 1999. In the past decade, a large array of biologically significant and novel structures has been identified from plant resources (or TCM) in our laboratory. The structural modification of several biologically important compounds led to more than 400 derivatives, some of which exhibited significantly improved activities and provided opportunities to elucidate the structure-activity relationship of the related compound class. These findings are important for drug discovery and help us understand the biological basis for the traditional applications of these plants in TCM.
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Yang W, Kong LM, Li SF, Li Y, Zhang Y, He HP, Hao XJ. Five new mexicanolide type limonoids from Heynea trijuga. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2012; 2:145-149. [PMCID: PMC4131624 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-012-0040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Five new mexicanolide-type limonoids, heytrijunolides A–E (1–5) were isolated from the branches and leaves of Heynea trijuga. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. Compound 3 showed weak cytotoxicity against HL-60, SMMC-7721 and A-549 human tumor cell lines with the IC50 values of 21.88, 20.66 and 12.70 µM, respectively. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ling-Mei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Shi-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Hong-Ping He
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
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Cai JY, Zhang Y, Luo SH, Chen DZ, Tang GH, Yuan CM, Di YT, Li SH, Hao XJ, He HP. Aphanamixoid A, a Potent Defensive Limonoid, with a New Carbon Skeleton from Aphanamixis polystachya. Org Lett 2012; 14:2524-7. [PMID: 22540189 DOI: 10.1021/ol3008149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Yun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Hong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Duo-Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Hua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Mao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Tong Di
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Ping He
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
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