1
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Carneiro SN, Laffoon JD, Luo L, Sanford MS. Benchmarking Trisaminocyclopropeniums as Mediators for Anodic Oxidation Reactions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6389-6394. [PMID: 38607957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
This report benchmarks a tris(amino)cyclopropenium (TAC) salt as an electron-transfer mediator for anodic oxidation reactions in comparison to two known mediators: a triarylamine and a triarylimidazole derivative. The three mediators have redox potentials, diffusion coefficients, and heterogeneous electron transfer rates similar to those of glassy carbon electrodes in acetonitrile/KPF6. However, they differ significantly in their performance in two electro-organic reactions: anodic fluorination of a dithiane and anodic oxidation of 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol. These differences are rationalized based on variable stability in the presence of reaction components (e.g., NEt3·3HF, lutidine, and Cs2CO3) as well as very different rates of electron transfer with the organic substrate. Overall, this work highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each mediator and provides a foundation for expanding the applications of TACs in electro-organic synthesis moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina N Carneiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joshua D Laffoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Long Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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2
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Ghosh D, Samal AK, Parida A, Ikbal M, Jana A, Jana R, Sahu PK, Giri S, Samanta S. Progress in Electrochemically Empowered C-O Bond Formation: Unveiling the Pathway of Efficient Green Synthesis. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400116. [PMID: 38584137 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
(C-X) bonds (X=C, N, O) are the main backbone for making different skeleton in the organic synthetic transformations. Among all the sustainable techniques, electro-organic synthesis for C-X bond formation is the advanced tool as it offers a greener and more cost-effective approach to chemical reactions by utilizing electrons as reagents. In this review, we want to explore the recent advancements in electrochemical C-O bond formation. The electrochemically driven C-O bond formation represents an emerging and exciting area of research. In this context, electrochemical techniques offers numerous advantages, including higher yields, cost-efficient production, and simplified work-up procedures. This method enables the continuous and consistent formation of C-O bonds in molecules, significantly enhancing overall reaction yields. Furthermore, both intramolecular and intermolecular C-O bond forming reaction provided valuable products of O-containing acyclic/cyclic analogue. Hence, carbonyl (C=O), ether -O-), and ester (-COOR) functionalization in both cyclic/acyclic analogues have been prepared continuously via this innovative pathway. In this context, we want to discuss one-decade electrochemical synthetic pathways of various C-O bond contains functional group in chronological manner. This review focused on all the synthetic aspects including mechanistic path and has also mentioned overall critical finding regarding the C-O bond formation via electrochemical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debosmit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Bidhannagar College, Kolkata, 700064, India
| | - Aroop Kumar Samal
- Department of Chemistry, C.V. Raman Global UniversityInstitution, Bhubaneswar, 752054, India
| | - Anita Parida
- Department of Chemistry, C.V. Raman Global UniversityInstitution, Bhubaneswar, 752054, India
| | - Mohammed Ikbal
- Department of Chemistry, Berhampore Girls' College, Berhampore, 742101, India
| | - Akash Jana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Kolkata, Mohanpur741246, India
| | - Rathin Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Matangini Hazra Govt. General Degree College for women, West Bengal, India
| | - Pradeepta Kumar Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, C.V. Raman Global UniversityInstitution, Bhubaneswar, 752054, India
| | - Soumen Giri
- Department of Chemistry, C.V. Raman Global UniversityInstitution, Bhubaneswar, 752054, India
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3
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Rani S, Aslam S, Lal K, Noreen S, Alsader KAM, Hussain R, Shirinfar B, Ahmed N. Electrochemical C-H/C-C Bond Oxygenation: A Potential Technology for Plastic Depolymerization. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300331. [PMID: 38063812 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we provide eco-friendly and safely operated electrocatalytic methods for the selective oxidation directly or with water, air, light, metal catalyst or other mediators serving as the only oxygen supply. Heavy metals, stoichiometric chemical oxidants, or harsh conditions were drawbacks of earlier oxidative cleavage techniques. It has recently come to light that a crucial stage in the deconstruction of plastic waste and the utilization of biomass is the selective activation of inert C(sp3 )-C/H(sp3 ) bonds, which continues to be a significant obstacle in the chemical upcycling of resistant polyolefin waste. An appealing alternative to chemical oxidations using oxygen and catalysts is direct or indirect electrochemical conversion. An essential transition in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries is the electrochemical oxidation of C-H/C-C bonds. In this review, we discuss cutting-edge approaches to chemically recycle commercial plastics and feasible C-C/C-H bonds oxygenation routes for industrial scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Rani
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Samina Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Kiran Lal
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Noreen
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | | | - Riaz Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education Lahore, D.G. Khan Campus, 32200, Pakistan
| | - Bahareh Shirinfar
- West Herts College - University of Hertfordshire, Watford, WD17 3EZ, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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4
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Dorchies F, Serva A, Crevel D, De Freitas J, Kostopoulos N, Robert M, Sel O, Salanne M, Grimaud A. Controlling the Hydrophilicity of the Electrochemical Interface to Modulate the Oxygen-Atom Transfer in Electrocatalytic Epoxidation Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22734-22746. [PMID: 36468903 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic epoxidation of alkenes at heterogeneous catalysts using water as the sole oxygen source is a promising safe route toward the sustainable synthesis of epoxides, which are essential building blocks in organic chemistry. However, the physicochemical parameters governing the oxygen-atom transfer to the alkene and the impact of the electrolyte structure on the epoxidation reaction are yet to be understood. Here, we study the electrocatalytic epoxidation of cyclooctene at the surface of gold in hybrid organic/aqueous mixtures using acetonitrile (ACN) solvent. Gold was selected, as in ACN/water electrolytes gold oxide is formed by reactivity with water at potentials less anodic than the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). This unique property allows us to demonstrate that a sacrificial mechanism is responsible for cyclooctene epoxidation at metallic gold surfaces, proceeding through cyclooctene activation, while epoxidation at gold oxide shares similar reaction intermediates with the OER and proceeds via the activation of water. More importantly, we show that the hydrophilicity of the electrode/electrolyte interface can be tuned by changing the nature of the supporting salt cation, hence affecting the reaction selectivity. At low overpotential, hydrophilic interfaces formed using strong Lewis acid cations are found to favor gold passivation. Instead, hydrophobic interfaces created by the use of large organic cations favor the oxidation of cyclooctene and the formation of epoxide. Our study directly demonstrates how tuning the hydrophilicity of electrochemical interfaces can improve both the yield and selectivity of anodic reactions at the surface of heterogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Dorchies
- Chimie du Solide et de l'Energie, UMR 8260, Collège de France, 75231Paris Cedex 05, France.,Réseau sur le stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 80039Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Alessandra Serva
- Réseau sur le stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 80039Amiens Cedex, France.,Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005Paris, France
| | - Dorian Crevel
- Réseau sur le stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 80039Amiens Cedex, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, 91025Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Jérémy De Freitas
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université de Paris, CNRS, F-75006Paris, France
| | - Nikolaos Kostopoulos
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université de Paris, CNRS, F-75006Paris, France
| | - Marc Robert
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université de Paris, CNRS, F-75006Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231Paris, France
| | - Ozlem Sel
- Chimie du Solide et de l'Energie, UMR 8260, Collège de France, 75231Paris Cedex 05, France.,Réseau sur le stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 80039Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Réseau sur le stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 80039Amiens Cedex, France.,Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231Paris, France
| | - Alexis Grimaud
- Chimie du Solide et de l'Energie, UMR 8260, Collège de France, 75231Paris Cedex 05, France.,Réseau sur le stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 80039Amiens Cedex, France.,Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts02467, United States
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5
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Lopat’eva ER, Krylov IB, Lapshin DA, Terent’ev AO. Redox-active molecules as organocatalysts for selective oxidative transformations - an unperceived organocatalysis field. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1672-1695. [PMID: 36570566 PMCID: PMC9749543 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organocatalysis is widely recognized as a key synthetic methodology in organic chemistry. It allows chemists to avoid the use of precious and (or) toxic metals by taking advantage of the catalytic activity of small and synthetically available molecules. Today, the term organocatalysis is mainly associated with redox-neutral asymmetric catalysis of C-C bond-forming processes, such as aldol reactions, Michael reactions, cycloaddition reactions, etc. Organophotoredox catalysis has emerged recently as another important catalysis type which has gained much attention and has been quite well-reviewed. At the same time, there are a significant number of other processes, especially oxidative, catalyzed by redox-active organic molecules in the ground state (without light excitation). Unfortunately, many of such processes are not associated in the literature with the organocatalysis field and thus many achievements are not fully consolidated and systematized. The present article is aimed at overviewing the current state-of-art and perspectives of oxidative organocatalysis by redox-active molecules with the emphasis on challenging chemo-, regio- and stereoselective CH-functionalization processes. The catalytic systems based on N-oxyl radicals, amines, thiols, oxaziridines, ketone/peroxide, quinones, and iodine(I/III) compounds are the most developed catalyst types which are covered here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R Lopat’eva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Igor B Krylov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Lapshin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander O Terent’ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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6
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Jiao Y, Stoddart J. Electron / hole catalysis: A versatile strategy for promoting chemical transformations. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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7
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Enders P, Májek M, Lam CM, Little D, Francke R. How to Harness Electrochemical Mediators for Photocatalysis – A Systematic Approach Using the Phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazole Framework as a Test Case. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Enders
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis: Leibniz-Institut fur Katalyse eV Electrochemistry & Catalysis GERMANY
| | - Michal Májek
- Comenius University in Bratislava: Univerzita Komenskeho v Bratislave Institute of Chemistry SLOVAKIA
| | - Chiu Marco Lam
- University of California Santa Barbara Chemistry & Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Daniel Little
- University of California Santa Barbara Chemistry & Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Robert Francke
- Rostock University Institute of Chemistry Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock GERMANY
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8
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Qian WF, Zhong B, He JY, Zhu C, Xu H. Sustainable Electrochemical C(sp3−H Oxygenation Using Water as the Oxygen Source. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 72:116965. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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9
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Hou ZW, Zhang MM, Yang WC, Wang L. Catalyst- and Oxidizing Reagent-Free Electrochemical Benzylic C(sp 3)-H Oxidation of Phenol Derivatives. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7806-7817. [PMID: 35648817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A site-selective electrochemical approach for the benzylic C(sp3)-H oxidation reaction of phenol derivatives along with hydrogen evolution has been developed. The protocol proceeds in an easily available undivided cell at room temperature under catalyst- and oxidizing reagent-free conditions. The corresponding aryl aldehydes and ketones are obtained in satisfactory yields, and the gram-scale synthesis is easy to be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhang
- Guangling College and School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Chao Yang
- Guangling College and School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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10
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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11
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Liu D, Zhang Z, Yu J, Chen H, Lin X, Li M, Wen LR, Guo WS. Site-selective electrochemical thiocyanation of benzylic C–H bonds. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00201a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Direct benzylic C(sp3)−H thiocyanation is explored as a straightforward strategy toward the synthesis of thiocyanate derivatives. We report herein an electrochemical protocol for site-selective benzylic C(sp3)−H thiocyanation under mild reaction...
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12
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Trenker S, Grunenberg L, Banerjee T, Savasci G, Poller LM, Muggli KIM, Haase F, Ochsenfeld C, Lotsch BV. A flavin-inspired covalent organic framework for photocatalytic alcohol oxidation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15143-15150. [PMID: 34909156 PMCID: PMC8612393 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04143f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offer a number of key properties that predestine them to be used as heterogeneous photocatalysts, including intrinsic porosity, long-range order, and light absorption. Since COFs can be constructed from a practically unlimited library of organic building blocks, these properties can be precisely tuned by choosing suitable linkers. Herein, we report the construction and use of a novel COF (FEAx-COF) photocatalyst, inspired by natural flavin cofactors. We show that the functionality of the alloxazine chromophore incorporated into the COF backbone is retained and study the effects of this heterogenization approach by comparison with similar molecular photocatalysts. We find that the integration of alloxazine chromophores into the framework significantly extends the absorption spectrum into the visible range, allowing for photocatalytic oxidation of benzylic alcohols to aldehydes even with low-energy visible light. In addition, the activity of the heterogeneous COF photocatalyst is less dependent on the chosen solvent, making it more versatile compared to molecular alloxazines. Finally, the use of oxygen as the terminal oxidant renders FEAx-COF a promising and “green” heterogeneous photocatalyst. In this manuscript, we report the development of a novel alloxazine COF inspired by naturally occurring flavin cofactors for photoredox catalysis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Trenker
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany.,Center for Nanoscience Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany
| | - Lars Grunenberg
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Tanmay Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus Rajasthan 333031 India
| | - Gökcen Savasci
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany.,Center for Nanoscience Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), IFG - Institute for Functional Interfaces Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Laura M Poller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Katharina I M Muggli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Frederik Haase
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), IFG - Institute for Functional Interfaces Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany.,Center for Nanoscience Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany.,e-conversion Cluster of Excellence Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany.,Center for Nanoscience Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany.,e-conversion Cluster of Excellence Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748 Garching Germany
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13
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Krueger R, Moeller KD. Capitalizing on Mediated Electrolyses for the Construction of Complex, Addressable Molecular Surfaces. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15847-15865. [PMID: 34617752 PMCID: PMC8802379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic organic chemists are beginning to exploit electrochemical methods in increasingly creative ways. This is leading to a surge in productivity that is only now starting to take advantage of the full-potential of electrochemistry for accessing new structures in novel, more efficient ways. In this perspective, we provide insight into the potential of electrochemistry as a synthetic tool gained through studies of both direct anodic oxidation reactions and more recent indirect methods, and highlight how the development of new electrochemical methods can expand the nature of synthetic problems our community can tackle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Krueger
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Kevin D. Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
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14
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Li X, Bai F, Liu C, Ma X, Gu C, Dai B. Selective Electrochemical Oxygenation of Alkylarenes to Carbonyls. Org Lett 2021; 23:7445-7449. [PMID: 34517705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient electrochemical method for benzylic C(sp3)-H bond oxidation has been developed. A variety of methylarenes, methylheteroarenes, and benzylic (hetero)methylenes could be converted into the desired aryl aldehydes and aryl ketones in moderate to excellent yields in an undivided cell, using O2 as the oxygen source and lutidinium perchlorate as an electrolyte. On the basis of cyclic voltammetry studies, 18O labeling experiments, and radical trapping experiments, a possible single-electron transfer mechanism has been proposed for the electrooxidation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, Uygur Autonomous Region 832000, China
| | - Fang Bai
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, Uygur Autonomous Region 832000, China
| | - Chaogan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, Uygur Autonomous Region 832000, China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, Uygur Autonomous Region 832000, China
| | - Chengzhi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, Uygur Autonomous Region 832000, China
| | - Bin Dai
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, Uygur Autonomous Region 832000, China
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15
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Novaes LFT, Liu J, Shen Y, Lu L, Meinhardt JM, Lin S. Electrocatalysis as an enabling technology for organic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7941-8002. [PMID: 34060564 PMCID: PMC8294342 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00223f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has recently gained increased attention as a versatile strategy for achieving challenging transformations at the forefront of synthetic organic chemistry. Electrochemistry's unique ability to generate highly reactive radical and radical ion intermediates in a controlled fashion under mild conditions has inspired the development of a number of new electrochemical methodologies for the preparation of valuable chemical motifs. Particularly, recent developments in electrosynthesis have featured an increased use of redox-active electrocatalysts to further enhance control over the selective formation and downstream reactivity of these reactive intermediates. Furthermore, electrocatalytic mediators enable synthetic transformations to proceed in a manner that is mechanistically distinct from purely chemical methods, allowing for the subversion of kinetic and thermodynamic obstacles encountered in conventional organic synthesis. This review highlights key innovations within the past decade in the area of synthetic electrocatalysis, with emphasis on the mechanisms and catalyst design principles underpinning these advancements. A host of oxidative and reductive electrocatalytic methodologies are discussed and are grouped according to the classification of the synthetic transformation and the nature of the electrocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F T Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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16
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17
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Dolganov AV, Gants OY, Kostryukov SG, Balandina AV, Pryanichnikova MK, Kozlov AS, Lyukshin YI, Akhmatova AA, Zhirnova VO, Yudina AD, Timonina AS. Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of 2,5-Disubstituted Derivatives of 1,4-Bis(4,5-diphenylidimidazol-2-yl)benzene. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363220060055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Barham JP, König B. Synthetic Photoelectrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11732-11747. [PMID: 31805216 PMCID: PMC7383880 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis (PRC) and synthetic organic electrochemistry (SOE) are often considered competing technologies in organic synthesis. Their fusion has been largely overlooked. We review state-of-the-art synthetic organic photoelectrochemistry, grouping examples into three categories: 1) electrochemically mediated photoredox catalysis (e-PRC), 2) decoupled photoelectrochemistry (dPEC), and 3) interfacial photoelectrochemistry (iPEC). Such synergies prove beneficial not only for synthetic "greenness" and chemical selectivity, but also in the accumulation of energy for accessing super-oxidizing or -reducing single electron transfer (SET) agents. Opportunities and challenges in this emerging and exciting field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Barham
- Universität RegensburgFakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Burkhard König
- Universität RegensburgFakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie93040RegensburgGermany
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19
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Chugunov DB, Okina EV, Timonina AS, Klimaeva LA, Selivanova YM. Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of 2,5-Disubstituted 1,4-Bis(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzene Derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428020070167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Lubov DP, Talsi EP, Bryliakov KP. Methods for selective benzylic C–H oxofunctionalization of organic compounds. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Barham
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Burkhard König
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
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22
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Ding H, Xu K, Zeng CC. Nickel-catalyzed electrochemical Minisci acylation of aromatic N-heterocycles with α-keto acids via ligand-to-metal electron transfer pathway. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Wang Q, Jiang Y, Zeng C, Sun B. Electrocatalytic Synthesis of Non‐Symmetric Biphenols Mediated by Tri(p‐bromophenyl)amine: Selective Oxidative Cross‐Coupling of Different Phenols and Naphthols. CHINESE J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201800560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing‐Qing Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Food and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science & BioengineeringBeijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Yang‐Ye Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science & BioengineeringBeijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Cheng‐Chu Zeng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science & BioengineeringBeijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Bao‐Guo Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Food and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
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24
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Wang J, Qian P, Hu K, Zha Z, Wang Z. Electrocatalytic Fixation of Carbon Dioxide with Amines and Arylketones. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry & Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Peng Qian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry & Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Kangfei Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry & Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Zhenggen Zha
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry & Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry & Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
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25
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Adeli Y, Huang K, Liang Y, Jiang Y, Liu J, Song S, Zeng CC, Jiao N. Electrochemically Oxidative C–C Bond Cleavage of Alkylarenes for Anilines Synthesis. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeerlan Adeli
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kaimeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yujie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yangye Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Song Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Cheng-Chu Zeng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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26
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Sundar S, Rengan R. Direct synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles from primary alcohols by diruthenium(ii) catalysts under aerobic conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:1402-1409. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02785d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward synthetic approach to 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles from readily available primary alcohols using arene diruthenium(ii) catalysts has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Sundar
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli 620 024
- India
| | - Ramesh Rengan
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli 620 024
- India
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27
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Zheng MW, Yuan X, Cui YS, Qiu JK, Li G, Guo K. Electrochemical Sulfonylation/Heteroarylation of Alkenes via Distal Heteroaryl ipso-Migration. Org Lett 2018; 20:7784-7789. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Zheng
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Institute of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Institute of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Sheng Cui
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Kai Qiu
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Kai Guo
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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28
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Dehydrogenative reagent-free annulation of alkenes with diols for the synthesis of saturated O-heterocycles. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3551. [PMID: 30177691 PMCID: PMC6120897 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydrogenative annulation reactions are among the most straightforward and efficient approach for the preparation of cyclic structures. However, the applications of this strategy for the synthesis of saturated heterocycles have been rare. In addition, reported dehydrogenative bond-forming reactions commonly employ stoichiometric chemical oxidants, the use of which reduces the sustainability of the synthesis and brings safety and environmental issues. Herein, we report an organocatalyzed electrochemical dehydrogenative annulation reaction of alkenes with 1,2- and 1,3-diols for the synthesis of 1,4-dioxane and 1,4-dioxepane derivatives. The combination of electrochemistry and redox catalysis using an organic catalyst allows the electrosynthesis to proceed under transition metal- and oxidizing reagent-free conditions. In addition, the electrolytic method has a broad substrate scope and is compatible with many common functional groups, providing an efficient and straightforward access to functionalized 1,4-dioxane and 1,4-dioxepane products with diverse substitution patterns. Dehydrogenative annulation is a valuable approach to heterocycles, however, stoichiometric oxidants are often required. Here, the authors describe the electrochemical dehydrogenative annulation of diols and alkenes to generate dioxanes and dioxepanes under metal- and oxidant-free conditions.
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29
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Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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30
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Lennox AJJ, Nutting JE, Stahl SS. Selective electrochemical generation of benzylic radicals enabled by ferrocene-based electron-transfer mediators. Chem Sci 2018; 9:356-361. [PMID: 29732109 PMCID: PMC5909123 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04032f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation and intermolecular functionalisation of carbon-centred radicals has broad potential synthetic utility. Herein, we show that benzylic radicals may be generated electrochemically from benzylboronate derivatives at low electrode potentials (ca. -0.3 V vs. Cp2Fe0/+) via single electron oxidation. Use of a catalytic quantity of a ferrocene-based electron-transfer mediator is crucial to achieve successful radical functionalisation and avoid undesirable side reactions arising from direct electrochemical oxidation or from the use of stoichiometric ferrocenium-based oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J J Lennox
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , USA .
| | - Jordan E Nutting
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , USA .
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , USA .
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31
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Francke R, Schille B, Roemelt M. Homogeneously Catalyzed Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide-Methods, Mechanisms, and Catalysts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4631-4701. [PMID: 29319300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of CO2 via electrochemical reduction constitutes a promising approach toward production of value-added chemicals or fuels using intermittent renewable energy sources. For this purpose, molecular electrocatalysts are frequently studied and the recent progress both in tuning of the catalytic properties and in mechanistic understanding is truly remarkable. While in earlier years research efforts were focused on complexes with rare metal centers such as Re, Ru, and Pd, the focus has recently shifted toward earth-abundant transition metals such as Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni. By application of appropriate ligands, these metals have been rendered more than competitive for CO2 reduction compared to the heavier homologues. In addition, the important roles of the second and outer coordination spheres in the catalytic processes have become apparent, and metal-ligand cooperativity has recently become a well-established tool for further tuning of the catalytic behavior. Surprising advances have also been made with very simple organocatalysts, although the mechanisms behind their reactivity are not yet entirely understood. Herein, the developments of the last three decades in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction with homogeneous catalysts are reviewed. A discussion of the underlying mechanistic principles is included along with a treatment of the experimental and computational techniques for mechanistic studies and catalyst benchmarking. Important catalyst families are discussed in detail with regard to mechanistic aspects, and recent advances in the field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Francke
- Institute of Chemistry , Rostock University , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
| | - Benjamin Schille
- Institute of Chemistry , Rostock University , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
| | - Michael Roemelt
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie , Ruhr-University Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany.,Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
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32
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Hou ZW, Mao ZY, Melcamu YY, Lu X, Xu HC. Electrochemical Synthesis of Imidazo-Fused N-Heteroaromatic Compounds through a C−N Bond-Forming Radical Cascade. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces i ChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Yi Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces i ChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Yared Yohannes Melcamu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces i ChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces i ChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces i ChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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33
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Hou ZW, Mao ZY, Melcamu YY, Lu X, Xu HC. Electrochemical Synthesis of Imidazo-Fused N-Heteroaromatic Compounds through a C−N Bond-Forming Radical Cascade. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1636-1639. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces i ChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Yi Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces i ChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Yared Yohannes Melcamu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces i ChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces i ChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces i ChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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34
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Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13230-13319. [PMID: 28991454 PMCID: PMC5786875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1852] [Impact Index Per Article: 264.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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35
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Johnson BM, Francke R, Little RD, Berben LA. High turnover in electro-oxidation of alcohols and ethers with a glassy carbon-supported phenanthroimidazole mediator. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6493-6498. [PMID: 28989674 PMCID: PMC5628575 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02482g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glassy carbon electrodes covalently modified with a phenanthroimidazole mediator promote electrochemical alcohol and ether oxidation: three orders of magnitude increase in TON, to ∼15 000 in each case, was observed compared with homogeneous mediated reactions.
Glassy carbon electrodes covalently modified with a phenanthroimidazole mediator promote electrochemical alcohol and ether oxidation: three orders of magnitude increase in TON, to ∼15 000 in each case, was observed compared with homogeneous mediated reactions. We propose the deactivation pathways in homogeneous solution are prevented by the immobilization: modified electrode reversibility is increased for a one-electron oxidation reaction. The modified electrodes were used to catalytically oxidize p-anisyl alcohol and 1-((benzyloxy)methyl)-4-methoxybenzene, selectively, to the corresponding benzaldehyde and benzyl ester, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Davis , CA 95616 , USA .
| | - Robert Francke
- Institut für Chemie , Abteilung Technische Chemie , Universität Rostock , Germany .
| | - R Daniel Little
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA 93106 , USA .
| | - Louise A Berben
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Davis , CA 95616 , USA .
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36
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Cardoso DSP, Šljukić B, Santos DMF, Sequeira CAC. Organic Electrosynthesis: From Laboratorial Practice to Industrial Applications. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. P. Cardoso
- Materials Electrochemistry
Group, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Biljana Šljukić
- Materials Electrochemistry
Group, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo M. F. Santos
- Materials Electrochemistry
Group, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - César A. C. Sequeira
- Materials Electrochemistry
Group, Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials (CeFEMA), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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37
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Qian P, Su JH, Wang Y, Bi M, Zha Z, Wang Z. Electrocatalytic C–H/N–H Coupling of 2′-Aminoacetophenones for the Synthesis of Isatins. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6434-6440. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology and ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Hu Su
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology and ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yukang Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology and ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Meixiang Bi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology and ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhenggen Zha
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology and ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology and ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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38
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Fu N, Li L, Yang Q, Luo S. Catalytic Asymmetric Electrochemical Oxidative Coupling of Tertiary Amines with Simple Ketones. Org Lett 2017; 19:2122-2125. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niankai Fu
- Key
Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10049 Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Longji Li
- Key
Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10049 Beijing, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10049 Beijing, China
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Key
Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10049 Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Key
Laboratory for Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lihui Zhu
- Key
Laboratory for Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Key
Laboratory for Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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40
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Hanoon HD, Kowsari E, Abdouss M, Ghasemi MH, Zandi H. Highly efficient and simple protocol for synthesis of 2,4,5-triarylimidazole derivatives from benzil using fluorinated graphene oxide as effective and reusable catalyst. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-016-2847-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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41
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Liang S, Zeng CC, Tian HY, Sun BG, Luo XG, Ren FZ. Electrochemically Oxidative α-C–H Functionalization of Ketones: A Cascade Synthesis of α-Amino Ketones Mediated by NH4I. J Org Chem 2016; 81:11565-11573. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Liang
- Beijing
Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School
of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing100048, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing100083, China
| | - Cheng-Chu Zeng
- Beijing
Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School
of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing100048, China
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing100124, China
| | - Hong-Yu Tian
- Beijing
Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School
of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing100048, China
| | - Bao-Guo Sun
- Beijing
Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School
of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing100048, China
| | - Xu-Gang Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing100083, China
| | - Fa-zheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing100083, China
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42
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Gong M, Huang JM. Electrochemical Oxidative C−H/N−H Coupling between γ-Lactams and Anilines. Chemistry 2016; 22:14293-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 P. R. China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 P. R. China
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43
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Qian P, Bi M, Su J, Zha Z, Wang Z. Electrosynthesis of (E)-Vinyl Sulfones Directly from Cinnamic Acids and Sodium Sulfinates via Decarboxylative Sulfono Functionalization. J Org Chem 2016; 81:4876-82. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Meixiang Bi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jihu Su
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhenggen Zha
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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44
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Jiang YY, Wang QQ, Liang S, Hu LM, Little RD, Zeng CC. Electrochemical Oxidative Amination of Sodium Sulfinates: Synthesis of Sulfonamides Mediated by NH4I as a Redox Catalyst. J Org Chem 2016; 81:4713-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-ye Jiang
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Qing-Qing Wang
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Sen Liang
- Beijing
Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School
of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Li-Ming Hu
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - R. Daniel Little
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Cheng-Chu Zeng
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing
Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School
of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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45
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Zhang KY, Lu NN, Yoo SJ, Hu LM, Little R, Zeng CC. Electrochemical analysis of the triarylimidazole-type organic redox catalysts: Chemical stability and homogeneous electron transfer kinetics for the oxidation of 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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46
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Kang LS, Xiao HL, Zeng CC, Hu LM, Little RD. Electrochemical synthesis of benzoxazoles mediated by 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-hydroquinone (DDH) as a redox catalyst. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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47
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Li Y, Gao H, Zhang Z, Qian P, Bi M, Zha Z, Wang Z. Electrochemical synthesis of α-enaminones from aryl ketones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:8600-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03709g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach to realize the synthesis of α-enaminones via electrochemical oxidation was developed under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Huihui Gao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Peng Qian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Meixiang Bi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenggen Zha
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
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48
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Turygin VV, Tomilov AP. Possible trends in the development of applied electrochemical synthesis of organic compounds (Review). RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193515110191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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49
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Li LJ, Jiang YY, Lam CM, Zeng CC, Hu LM, Little RD. Aromatic C–H Bond Functionalization Induced by Electrochemically in Situ Generated Tris(p-bromophenyl)aminium Radical Cation: Cationic Chain Reactions of Electron-Rich Aromatics with Enamides. J Org Chem 2015; 80:11021-30. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long-Ji Li
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yang-Ye Jiang
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Chiu Marco Lam
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Cheng-Chu Zeng
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Li-Ming Hu
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - R. Daniel Little
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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50
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Copper-catalyzed base-accelerated direct oxidation of C–H bond to synthesize benzils, isatins, and quinoxalines with molecular oxygen as terminal oxidant. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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