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Ortho-Phosphinoarenesulfonamide-Mediated Staudinger Reduction of Aryl and Alkyl Azides. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27175707. [PMID: 36080474 PMCID: PMC9458194 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conventional Staudinger reductions of organic azides are sluggish with aryl or bulky aliphatic azides. In addition, Staudinger reduction usually requires a large excess of water to promote the decomposition of the aza-ylide intermediate into phosphine oxide and amine products. To overcome the challenges above, we designed a novel triaryl phosphine reagent 2c with an ortho-SO2NH2 substituent. Herein, we report that such phosphine reagents are able to mediate the Staudinger reduction of both aryl and alkyl azides in either anhydrous or wet solvents. Good to excellent yields were obtained in all cases (even at a diluted concentration of 0.01 M). The formation of B-TAP, a cyclic aza-ylide, instead of phosphine oxide, eliminates the requirement of water in the Staudinger reduction. In addition, computational studies disclose that the intramolecular protonation of the aza-ylide by the ortho-SO2NH2 group is kinetically favorable and responsible for the acceleration of Staudinger reduction of the aryl azides.
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2
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Gant Kanegusuku AL, Roizen JL. Recent Advances in Photoredox-Mediated Radical Conjugate Addition Reactions: An Expanding Toolkit for the Giese Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21116-21149. [PMID: 33629454 PMCID: PMC8382814 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photomediated Giese reactions are at the forefront of radical chemistry, much like the classical tin-mediated Giese reactions were nearly forty years ago. With the global recognition of organometallic photocatalysts for the mild and tunable generation of carbon-centered radicals, chemists have developed a torrent of strategies to form previously inaccessible radical intermediates that are capable of engaging in intermolecular conjugate addition reactions. This Review summarizes advances in photoredox-mediated Giese reactions since 2013, with a focus on the breadth of methods that provide access to crucial carbon-centered radical intermediates that can engage in radical conjugate addition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L Roizen
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Box 90346, Durham, NC, 27708-0354, USA
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3
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Gant Kanegusuku AL, Roizen JL. Recent Advances in Photoredox‐Mediated Radical Conjugate Addition Reactions: An Expanding Toolkit for the Giese Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L. Roizen
- Department of Chemistry Duke University Box 90346 Durham NC 27708-0354 USA
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4
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Dong W, Badir SO, Zhang X, Molander GA. Accessing Aliphatic Amines in C-C Cross-Couplings by Visible Light/Nickel Dual Catalysis. Org Lett 2021; 23:4250-4255. [PMID: 33998797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A general aminoalkylation of aryl halides was developed, overcoming intolerance of free amines in nickel-mediated C-C coupling. This transformation features broad functional group tolerance and high efficiency. Taking advantage of the fast desilylation of α-silylamines upon single-electron transfer (SET) facilitated by carbonate, α-amino radicals are generated regioselectively, which then engage in nickel-mediated C-C coupling. The reaction displays high chemoselectivity for C-C over C-N bond formation. Highly functionalized pharmacophores and peptides are also amenable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Dong
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Shorouk O Badir
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Xuange Zhang
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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5
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Papaioannou N, Fray MJ, Rennhack A, Sanderson TJ, Stokes JE. Regioselective Amidomethylation of 4-Chloro-3-fluoropyridine by Metalation and Minisci-Type Reactions. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12067-12079. [PMID: 32809816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of 2-amidomethylated pyridines (3-8) was investigated, starting from 4-chloro-3-fluoropyridine. Kinetic deprotonation at -75 °C followed by reaction with DMF gave 2-formyl-4-chloro-3-fluoropyridine 10 regioselectively, which was converted to 2-aminomethyl analogue 1 via sulfinamide 2. Alternatively, Minisci-type amidomethylation under Ag+/persulfate or photoredox-mediated conditions using a series of amino acid derivatives gave (3-8, 19, and 34) in 30-74% yield and isomer ratios in the range 6.7:1 to >50:1. The latter methods gave overall yields similar to that of the deprotonation approach, but were shorter and more amenable to scale-up. In particular, N-Boc analogue 8 was obtained in a single step. The amidomethylations of another six 3-fluoropyridines under the photoredox conditions were briefly examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Papaioannou
- Shire HGT Inc., A Takeda Company, 125 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - M Jonathan Fray
- Concept Life Sciences, Discovery Park House, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9ND, U.K
| | - Andreas Rennhack
- Concept Life Sciences, Discovery Park House, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9ND, U.K
| | - Thomas J Sanderson
- Concept Life Sciences, Discovery Park House, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9ND, U.K
| | - Jamie E Stokes
- Concept Life Sciences, Discovery Park House, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9ND, U.K
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6
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Ikawa T, Masuda S, Akai S. One‐Pot Generation of Benzynes from Phenols: Formation of Primary Anilines by the Deoxyamination of Phenols. Chemistry 2020; 26:4320-4332. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Yamadaoka 1–6 Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Shigeaki Masuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Yamadaoka 1–6 Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Shuji Akai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Yamadaoka 1–6 Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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7
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Ostacolo C, Di Sarno V, Musella S, Ciaglia T, Vestuto V, Pepe G, Merciai F, Campiglia P, Gomez Monterrey IM, Bertamino A. An Efficient Approach to Aromatic Aminomethylation Using Dichloromethane as Methylene Source. Front Chem 2019; 7:568. [PMID: 31457005 PMCID: PMC6700257 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound-promoted N-aminomethylation of indoles can be achieved in basic medium using sodium hydride and dichloromethane (DCM) as C1 donor source. This innovative amino methylation protocol results in good to excellent yields of multifunctional indole derivatives. The procedure is also applicable to other aza-heterocyclic compounds and, interestingly, affords direct access to aminomethyl-substituted aryl alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Ostacolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Tania Ciaglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Pepe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.,Fondazione EBRIS, Salerno, Italy
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8
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Connah L, Joshi R, Vibhute S, Gambino G, Correia JD, Angelovski G. Solid-Phase-Supported Approach for the Preparation of Bioresponsive and Multifunctional MRI Probes. Org Lett 2019; 21:5378-5382. [PMID: 31150258 PMCID: PMC6750874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of bifunctional imaging probes can often be challenging with difficult and time-consuming solution phase chemistry protocols and purification techniques. A solid phase synthetic protocol was therefore utilized to produce a functionalized derivative of a potent bismacrocyclic calcium-responsive contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. Through a convenient building block approach, the applicability of this methodology in the preparation and simple future development of multifunctional imaging probes was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Connah
- MR Neuroimaging
Agents and Physiology of Cognitive Processes, MPI
for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rajendra Joshi
- MR Neuroimaging
Agents and Physiology of Cognitive Processes, MPI
for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sandip Vibhute
- MR Neuroimaging
Agents and Physiology of Cognitive Processes, MPI
for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Gambino
- MR Neuroimaging
Agents and Physiology of Cognitive Processes, MPI
for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - João D.
G. Correia
- Centro
de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Departamento de Engenharia
e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior
Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Goran Angelovski
- MR Neuroimaging
Agents and Physiology of Cognitive Processes, MPI
for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
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9
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Li S, Shi P, Liu RH, Hu XH, Loh TP. Cobalt-Catalyzed N–O and C–C Bond Cleavage in 1,2-Oxazetidines: Solvent-Controlled C–H Aminomethylation and Hydroxymethylation of Heteroarenes. Org Lett 2019; 21:1602-1606. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Li
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Pengfei Shi
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Rui-Hua Liu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xu-Hong Hu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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10
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Piontek A, Siodłak D, Zarychta B. Naphthalene-2,6-diyl bis(4-methylbenzenesulfonate). IUCRDATA 2018. [DOI: 10.1107/s2414314618008908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete molecule of the title compound, C24H20O6S2, is generated by a crystallographic inversion centre at the middle of the naphthalene ring system. The dihedral angle between the naphthalene ring system and the pendant benzene ring is 10.23 (6)° and the C—S—O—C torsion angle is −172.05 (10)°. In the crystal, weak C—H...O interactions link the molecules into (10-1) sheets.
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11
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Abstract
In the title compound, C17H13ClO3S, the naphthalene ring system and the benzene ring of the tosylate substituent are inclined to one another by 55.32 (5)°. The crystal structure features weak intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds, one of which forms inversion dimers. Additional C—H...O hydrogen bonds and weak Cl...Cl halogen bonds stack the molecules along the b-axis direction.
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12
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Direct synthesis of benzylic amines by palladium-catalyzed carbonylative aminohomologation of aryl halides. Commun Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-018-0029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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13
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Ran Y, Yang Y, You H, You J. RhCl3-Catalyzed Oxidative C–H/C–H Cross-Coupling of (Hetero)aromatic Sulfonamides with (Hetero)arenes. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b04298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- You Ran
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry
and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Yudong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry
and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Huansha You
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry
and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Jingsong You
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry
and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China
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14
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Wu X, Chen Z, Ding W, Liu Y, Ma Z. Chemical constituents of the fermentative extracts of marine fungi Phoma sp. CZD-F11 and Aspergillus sp. CZD-F18 from Zhoushan Archipelago, China. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:1562-1566. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1389929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wu
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, Chinese Traditional Medicine Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanjing Ding
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongjun Ma
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
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15
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Remeur C, Kelly CB, Patel NR, Molander GA. Aminomethylation of Aryl Halides using α-Silylamines Enabled by Ni/Photoredox Dual Catalysis. ACS Catal 2017; 7:6065-6069. [PMID: 29354317 PMCID: PMC5771658 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A protocol for the aminomethylation of aryl halides using α-silylamines via Ni/photoredox dual catalysis is described. The low oxidation potential of these silylated species enables facile single electron transfer (SET) oxidation of the amine followed by rapid desilylation. The resulting α-amino radicals can be directly funneled into a nickel-mediated cross-coupling cycle with aryl halides. The process accomplishes aminomethylation under remarkably mild conditions and tolerates numerous aryl- and heteroaryl halides with an array of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Remeur
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Christopher B. Kelly
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Niki R. Patel
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Gary A. Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
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16
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Liu W, Zhao Y, Yi F, Chen J. Palladium(II)/copper(I)-catalyzed sequential CH arylation and oxidative CN bond cleavage of aryl sulfonamino acids: Efficient one-pot synthesis of primary biaryl sulfonamides. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Abstract
A general protocol for the synthesis of benzylic amines via side-chain amination of alkylquinones is reported. The reactions are initiated by the tautomerization of an alkylquinone to the corresponding quinone methide, which is subsequently trapped in situ by an amine nucleophile. This process is promoted by tertiary amines in protic solvents under mild conditions and is compatible with many functional groups. 1,2- and 1,4-benzoquinones, as well as naphthoquinones, participate in this reaction using a wide range of primary and secondary amines/anilines. The synthetic utility of this transformation is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Mori-Quiroz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas , 2010 Malott Hall, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Michael D Clift
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas , 2010 Malott Hall, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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18
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Liu W, Wang D, Zhao Y, Yi F, Chen J. Palladium-Catalyzed Mono-SelectiveorthoCH Arylation of Aryl Sulfonamides in Water: A Concise Access to Biaryl Sulfoamide Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201501104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Wales SM, Hammer KA, Somphol K, Kemker I, Schröder DC, Tague AJ, Brkic Z, King AM, Lyras D, Riley TV, Bremner JB, Keller PA, Pyne SG. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of binaphthyl-based, functionalized oxazole and thiazole peptidomimetics. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10813-24. [PMID: 26349598 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01638j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thirty two new binaphthyl-based, functionalized oxazole and thiazole peptidomimetics and over thirty five novel leucine-containing intermediate oxazoles and thiazoles were prepared in this study. This includes the first examples of the direct C-5 arylation of an amino acid dipeptide-derived oxazole. Moderate to excellent antibacterial activity was observed for all new compounds across Gram positive isolates with MICs ranging from 1-16 μg mL(-1). Results for Gram negative E. coli and A. baumannii were more variable, but MICs as low as 4 μg mL(-1) were returned for two examples. Significantly, the in vitro results with a fluoromethyl-oxazole derivative collectively represent the best obtained to date for a member of our binaphthyl peptide antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Wales
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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20
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Miyazawa K, Koike T, Akita M. Hydroaminomethylation of Olefins with Aminomethyltrifluoroborate by Photoredox Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Molander GA, Shin I. Potassium Boc-protected secondary aminomethyltrifluoroborates: synthesis and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. Org Lett 2012; 14:4458-61. [PMID: 22931498 PMCID: PMC3447629 DOI: 10.1021/ol301955s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Seven potassium Boc-protected secondary aminomethyltrifluoroborates were prepared in a standardized two-step process. The Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction was studied with this new class of nucleophiles, and a large variety of aryl and hetaryl chlorides provided the desired products in good to excellent yields, thereby allowing easy access to secondary aminomethyl substructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana A. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
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