1
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Wang X, He J, Wang YN, Zhao Z, Jiang K, Yang W, Zhang T, Jia S, Zhong K, Niu L, Lan Y. Strategies and Mechanisms of First-Row Transition Metal-Regulated Radical C-H Functionalization. Chem Rev 2024; 124:10192-10280. [PMID: 39115179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Radical C-H functionalization represents a useful means of streamlining synthetic routes by avoiding substrate preactivation and allowing access to target molecules in fewer steps. The first-row transition metals (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) are Earth-abundant and can be employed to regulate radical C-H functionalization. The use of such metals is desirable because of the diverse interaction modes between first-row transition metal complexes and radical species including radical addition to the metal center, radical addition to the ligand of metal complexes, radical substitution of the metal complexes, single-electron transfer between radicals and metal complexes, hydrogen atom transfer between radicals and metal complexes, and noncovalent interaction between the radicals and metal complexes. Such interactions could improve the reactivity, diversity, and selectivity of radical transformations to allow for more challenging radical C-H functionalization reactions. This review examines the achievements in this promising area over the past decade, with a focus on the state-of-the-art while also discussing existing limitations and the enormous potential of high-value radical C-H functionalization regulated by these metals. The aim is to provide the reader with a detailed account of the strategies and mechanisms associated with such functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Wang
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jing He
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chemical Theory and Mechanism, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyan Zhao
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Kui Jiang
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Innovation, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 451162, P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Jia
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Kangbao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Linbin Niu
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chemical Theory and Mechanism, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
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2
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Gao C, Liu YZ, Wang YN, Zhang ZQ, Zhan ZP. Regioselective Synthesis of α-Quaternary Amino Acid Derivatives Enabled by Photoinduced Energy Transfer. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10393-10402. [PMID: 38953569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
α-Quaternary amino acids have found application in many biologically relevant compounds and pharmaceuticals. Although there are many methods for the synthesis of α-quaternary amino acids, most of them are mainly realized with the aid of transition metals and complex ligands. We present herein a 2,7-Br-4CzIPN catalyzed regioselective alkylation of azlactones with redox-active esters via radical-radical couplings. Strikingly, this approach is devoid of any metal or additive and shows broad scope and superior sensitive functional group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Zhi Liu
- Gulei Innovation Institute, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, 363100, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ni Wang
- Gulei Innovation Institute, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, 363100, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Qiang Zhang
- Yunnan Precious Metals Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Zhuang-Ping Zhan
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, P. R. China
- Gulei Innovation Institute, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, 363100, Fujian, P. R. China
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3
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Lee WCC, Zhang XP. Metalloradical Catalysis: General Approach for Controlling Reactivity and Selectivity of Homolytic Radical Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202320243. [PMID: 38472114 PMCID: PMC11097140 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202320243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Since Friedrich Wöhler's groundbreaking synthesis of urea in 1828, organic synthesis over the past two centuries has predominantly relied on the exploration and utilization of chemical reactions rooted in two-electron heterolytic ionic chemistry. While one-electron homolytic radical chemistry is both rich in fundamental reactivities and attractive with practical advantages, the synthetic application of radical reactions has been long hampered by the formidable challenges associated with the control over reactivity and selectivity of high-energy radical intermediates. To fully harness the untapped potential of radical chemistry for organic synthesis, there is a pressing need to formulate radically different concepts and broadly applicable strategies to address these outstanding issues. In pursuit of this objective, researchers have been actively developing metalloradical catalysis (MRC) as a comprehensive framework to guide the design of general approaches for controlling over reactivity and stereoselectivity of homolytic radical reactions. Essentially, MRC exploits the metal-centered radicals present in open-shell metal complexes as one-electron catalysts for homolytic activation of substrates to generate metal-entangled organic radicals as the key intermediates to govern the reaction pathway and stereochemical course of subsequent catalytic radical processes. Different from the conventional two-electron catalysis by transition metal complexes, MRC operates through one-electron chemistry utilizing stepwise radical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chen Cindy Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467 (USA)
| | - X. Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467 (USA)
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4
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Donthoju A, Phanindrudu M, Ellandula S, Lal MR, Nanubolu JB, Chegondi R. Rh 2(II)-Catalyzed Selective C(sp 3)-H Bond Electrophilic Amination of Aryl Azide-Tethered 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds. Org Lett 2023; 25:7589-7594. [PMID: 37818903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the accomplishment of Rh2(II)-catalyzed intramolecular amination of aryl azide-tethered 1,3-dicarbonyls to access privileged heterocyclic scaffolds with exclusive diastereoselectivity under simple reaction conditions. This method also allows an unconventional direct α-amination at electron-deficient C(sp3)-H bonds of aryl azide-tethered 1,3-diketones to afford fused 2-azatricyclo[4.4.0.02,8]decanones and 2,2-disubstituted indolines, which are present in several biologically active alkaloids. Kinetic isotope experiments revealed that the nucleophilic addition of enol π-bonds on the transient electrophilic rhodium-nitrenoid intermediate enables C-N bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Donthoju
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Rambabu Chegondi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
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5
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Li Y, Yang J, Geng X, Tao P, Shen Y, Su Z, Zheng K. Modular Construction of Unnatural α‐Tertiary Amino Acid Derivatives by Multicomponent Radical Cross‐Couplings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210755. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Geng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Pan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Yanling Shen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Zhishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
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6
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Yang B, Liu X, Yu A, Yang Q, Wang Y. Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed Allylic 1,3-Diamination. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beiqi Yang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Aiwen Yu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuanhua Wang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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7
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Zhou J, Yang Q, Lee CS, Wang J(J. Enantio‐ and Regioselective Construction of 1,4‐Diamines via Cascade Hydroamination of Methylene Cyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202160. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon, Hong Kong China
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong, 518055 China
| | - Qingjing Yang
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong, 518055 China
| | - Chi Sing Lee
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Jun (Joelle) Wang
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon, Hong Kong China
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8
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Reek JNH, de Bruin B, Pullen S, Mooibroek TJ, Kluwer AM, Caumes X. Transition Metal Catalysis Controlled by Hydrogen Bonding in the Second Coordination Sphere. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12308-12369. [PMID: 35593647 PMCID: PMC9335700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalysis is of utmost importance for the development of sustainable processes in academia and industry. The activity and selectivity of metal complexes are typically the result of the interplay between ligand and metal properties. As the ligand can be chemically altered, a large research focus has been on ligand development. More recently, it has been recognized that further control over activity and selectivity can be achieved by using the "second coordination sphere", which can be seen as the region beyond the direct coordination sphere of the metal center. Hydrogen bonds appear to be very useful interactions in this context as they typically have sufficient strength and directionality to exert control of the second coordination sphere, yet hydrogen bonds are typically very dynamic, allowing fast turnover. In this review we have highlighted several key features of hydrogen bonding interactions and have summarized the use of hydrogen bonding to program the second coordination sphere. Such control can be achieved by bridging two ligands that are coordinated to a metal center to effectively lead to supramolecular bidentate ligands. In addition, hydrogen bonding can be used to preorganize a substrate that is coordinated to the metal center. Both strategies lead to catalysts with superior properties in a variety of metal catalyzed transformations, including (asymmetric) hydrogenation, hydroformylation, C-H activation, oxidation, radical-type transformations, and photochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost N H Reek
- Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,InCatT B.V., Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Pullen
- Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tiddo J Mooibroek
- Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Xavier Caumes
- InCatT B.V., Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Zhou J, Yang Q, Lee CS, WANG J. Enantio‐ and Regioselective Construction of 1,4‐diamines via Cascade Hydroamination of Methylene Cyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Hong Kong Baptist University Department of Chemistry HONG KONG
| | - Qingjing Yang
- Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Chi Sing Lee
- Hong Kong Baptist University Department of Chemistry HONG KONG
| | - Jun WANG
- Hong Kong Baptist University Department of Chemistry Ho Sin Hang Campus 000000 Hong Kong HONG KONG
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10
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Hwang Y, Baek SB, Kim D, Chang S. Chain Walking as a Strategy for Iridium-Catalyzed Migratory Amidation of Alkenyl Alcohols to Access α-Amino Ketones. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4277-4285. [PMID: 35200026 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic carbon-nitrogen bond formation in hydrocarbons is an appealing synthetic tool to access valuable nitrogen-containing compounds. Although a number of synthetic approaches have been developed to construct a bifunctional α-amino carbonyl scaffold in this realm, installation of an amino functionality at the remote and unfunctionalized aliphatic sites remains underdeveloped. Here we present a tandem iridium catalysis that enables the redox-relay amidation of alkenyl alcohols via chain walking and metal-nitrenoid transfer, which eventually offers a new route to various α-amino ketones with excellent regioselectivity. The virtue of this transformation is that an unrefined isomeric mixture of alkenyl alcohols can be utilized as the readily available starting materials to lead to the regioconvergent amidation. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the reaction proceeds via a tandem process involving two key components of redox-relay chain walking and intermolecular nitrenoid transfer with the assistance of hydrogen bonding, thus representing the competence of Ir catalysis for the olefin migratory C-N coupling with high efficiency and exquisite selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongyu Hwang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Seung Beom Baek
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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11
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Fu Y, Zerull EE, Schomaker JM, Liu P. Origins of Catalyst-Controlled Selectivity in Ag-Catalyzed Regiodivergent C-H Amination. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2735-2746. [PMID: 35130697 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ag-catalyzed nitrene transfer (NT) converts C-H bonds into valuable C-N bonds. These reactions offer a promising strategy for catalyst-controlled regiodivergent functionalization of different types of reactive C-H bonds, as the regioselectivity is tunable by varying the steric and electronic environments around the Ag nitrene, as well as the identity of the nitrene precursors and the tether length. Therefore, a unified understanding of how these individual factors affect the regioselectivity is key to the rational design of highly selective and regiodivergent C-H amination reactions. Herein, we report a computational study of various Ag-catalyzed NT reactions that indicates a concerted H-atom transfer (HAT)/C-N bond formation mechanism. A detailed analysis was carried out on the effects of the C-H bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE), charge transfer, ligand-substrate steric repulsions, and transition state ring strain on the stability of the C-H insertion transition states with different Ag nitrene complexes. The ancillary ligands on the Ag and the nitrene precursor identity both affect transition state geometries to furnish differing sensitivities to the BDE, tether length, and electronic effects of the reactive C-H bonds. Based on our understanding of the dominant factors that control selectivity, we established a rational catalyst and precursor selection approach for regiodivergent amination of diverse C-H bonds. The computationally predicted regiodivergent amination of β- and γ-C-H bonds of aliphatic alcohol derivatives was validated by experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Emily E Zerull
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jennifer M Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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12
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Gwon Y, Lee M, Kim D, Chang S. Iridium-Catalyzed Amidation of In Situ Prepared Silyl Ketene Acetals to Access α-Amino Esters. Org Lett 2022; 24:1088-1093. [PMID: 35084196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Disclosed herein is a convenient Ir-catalyzed amidation of esters to access α-amido esters. Initially prepared silyl ketene acetals are directly employed, without separate purification, for subsequent amidation with an oxycarbonylnitrenoid precursor using the Cp*(LX)Ir(III) catalyst. The α-amidation was facile for both α-aryl and α-alkyl esters. Density functional theory studies revealed that the generation of a putative Ir-nitrenoid is facilitated by the chelation of the countercation additive during the N-O bond cleavage of the nitrene precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyeong Gwon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Minhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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13
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Mukherjee A, Singh R, Mane KD, Das GK. Regioselectivity in metalloradical catalyzed C H bond activation: A theoretical study. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Sinha SK, Guin S, Maiti S, Biswas JP, Porey S, Maiti D. Toolbox for Distal C-H Bond Functionalizations in Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5682-5841. [PMID: 34662117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalyzed C-H activation has developed a contemporary approach to the omnipresent area of retrosynthetic disconnection. Scientific researchers have been tempted to take the help of this methodology to plan their synthetic discourses. This paradigm shift has helped in the development of industrial units as well, making the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceutical drugs step-economical. In the vast zone of C-H bond activation, the functionalization of proximal C-H bonds has gained utmost popularity. Unlike the activation of proximal C-H bonds, the distal C-H functionalization is more strenuous and requires distinctly specialized techniques. In this review, we have compiled various methods adopted to functionalize distal C-H bonds, mechanistic insights within each of these procedures, and the scope of the methodology. With this review, we give a complete overview of the expeditious progress the distal C-H activation has made in the field of synthetic organic chemistry while also highlighting its pitfalls, thus leaving the field open for further synthetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kumar Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sudip Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jyoti Prasad Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sandip Porey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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15
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Kiyokawa K, Jou K, Minakata S. Intramolecular C-H Amination of N-Alkylsulfamides by tert-Butyl Hypoiodite or N-Iodosuccinimide. Chemistry 2021; 27:13971-13976. [PMID: 34403187 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Diamines are an important class of compounds that are broadly found in natural products and are also widely used as building blocks in organic synthesis. Although the intramolecular C-H amination of N-alkylsulfamide derivatives is a reliable method for the construction of 1,3-diamine structures, the majority of these methods involve the use of a transition-metal catalyst. We herein report on a new transition-metal-free method using tert-butyl hypoiodite (t-BuOI) or N-iodosuccinimide (NIS), enabling secondary non-benzylic and tertiary C-H amination reactions to proceed. The cyclic sulfamide products can be easily transformed into 1,3-diamines. Mechanistic investigations revealed that amination reactions using t-BuOI or NIS each proceed via different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kiyokawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Jou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Minakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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16
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van Leest N, de Bruin B. Revisiting the Electronic Structure of Cobalt Porphyrin Nitrene and Carbene Radicals with NEVPT2-CASSCF Calculations: Doublet versus Quartet Ground States. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8380-8387. [PMID: 34096281 PMCID: PMC8220492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt porphyrin complexes are established catalysts for carbene and nitrene radical group-transfer reactions. The key carbene and mono- and bisnitrene radical complexes coordinated to [Co(TPP)] (TPP = tetraphenylporphyrin) have previously been investigated with a variety of experimental techniques and supporting (single-reference) density functional theory (DFT) calculations that indicated doublet (S = 1/2) ground states for all three species. In this contribution, we revisit their electronic structures with multireference N-electron valence state perturbation theory (NEVPT2)-complete-active-space self-consistent-field (CASSCF) calculations to investigate possible multireference contributions to the ground-state wave functions. The carbene ([CoIII(TPP)(•CHCO2Et)]) and mononitrene ([CoIII(TPP)(•NNs)]) radical complexes were confirmed to have uncomplicated doublet ground states, although a higher carbene or nitrene radical character and a lower Co-C/N bond order was found in the NEVPT2-CASSCF calculations. Supported by electron paramagnetic resonance analysis and spin counting, paramagnetic molar susceptibility determination, and NEVPT2-CASSCF calculations, we report that the cobalt porphyrin bisnitrene complex ([CoIII(TPP•)(•NNs)2]) has a quartet (S = 3/2) spin ground state, with a thermally accesible multireference and multideterminant "broken-symmetry" doublet spin excited state. A spin flip on the porphyrin-centered unpaired electron allows for interconversion between the quartet and broken-symmetry doublet spin states, with an approximate 10-fold higher Boltzmann population of the quartet at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas
P. van Leest
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular
and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for
Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular
and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for
Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Mahato SK, Ohara N, Khake SM, Chatani N. Iridium(III)-Catalyzed Direct Intermolecular Chemoselective α-Amidation of Masked Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids with Dioxazolones via Nitrene Transfer. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjit K. Mahato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nozomi Ohara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shrikant M. Khake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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18
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Aguilar Troyano FJ, Merkens K, Anwar K, Gómez‐Suárez A. Radical-Based Synthesis and Modification of Amino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1098-1115. [PMID: 32841470 PMCID: PMC7820943 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) are key structural motifs with widespread applications in organic synthesis, biochemistry, and material sciences. Recently, with the development of milder and more versatile radical-based procedures, the use of strategies relying on radical chemistry for the synthesis and modification of AAs has gained increased attention, as they allow rapid access to libraries of novel unnatural AAs containing a wide range of structural motifs. In this Minireview, we provide a broad overview of the advancements made in this field during the last decade, focusing on methods for the de novo synthesis of α-, β-, and γ-AAs, as well as for the selective derivatisation of canonical and non-canonical α-AAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kay Merkens
- Organic ChemistryBergische Universität WuppertalGaussstrasse 2042119WuppertalGermany
| | - Khadijah Anwar
- Organic ChemistryBergische Universität WuppertalGaussstrasse 2042119WuppertalGermany
| | - Adrián Gómez‐Suárez
- Organic ChemistryBergische Universität WuppertalGaussstrasse 2042119WuppertalGermany
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19
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Fan Z, Wang Z, Shi R, Wang Y. Dirhodium( ii)-catalyzed diamination reaction via a free radical pathway. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00894c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unlike C–N bond formation through the well-known dirhodium(ii)-nitrenoid pathway, dirhodium(ii)-catalyzed 1,2- and 1,3-diamination reactions are realized by a free radical mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Fan
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zhifan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ruoyi Shi
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuanhua Wang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
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20
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21
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Das SK, Roy S, Khatua H, Chattopadhyay B. Iron-Catalyzed Amination of Strong Aliphatic C(sp 3)-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16211-16217. [PMID: 32893615 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A concept for intramolecular denitrogenative C(sp3)-H amination of 1,2,3,4-tetrazoles bearing unactivated primary, secondary, and tertiary C-H bonds is discovered. This catalytic amination follows an unprecedented metalloradical activation mechanism. The utility of the method is showcased with the short synthesis of a bioactive molecule. Moreover, an initial effort has been embarked on for the enantioselective C(sp3)-H amination through the catalyst design. Collectively, this study underlines the development of C(sp3)-H bond functionalization chemistry that should find wide application in the context of drug discovery and natural product synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Kumar Das
- Center of Bio-Medical Research, Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Satyajit Roy
- Center of Bio-Medical Research, Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hillol Khatua
- Center of Bio-Medical Research, Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Buddhadeb Chattopadhyay
- Center of Bio-Medical Research, Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug Discovery, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
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22
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Lee M, Jung H, Kim D, Park JW, Chang S. Modular Tuning of Electrophilic Reactivity of Iridium Nitrenoids for the Intermolecular Selective α-Amidation of β-Keto Esters. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11999-12004. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Minhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hoimin Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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23
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Lee J, Lee J, Jung H, Kim D, Park J, Chang S. Versatile Cp*Co(III)(LX) Catalyst System for Selective Intramolecular C–H Amidation Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12324-12332. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jeonghyo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Hoimin Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Juhyeon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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24
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Dong Y, Clarke RM, Porter GJ, Betley TA. Efficient C–H Amination Catalysis Using Nickel-Dipyrrin Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10996-11005. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Ryan M. Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Gerard J. Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Theodore A. Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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25
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Su B, Bunescu A, Qiu Y, Zuend SJ, Ernst M, Hartwig JF. Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidation of β-C(sp 3)-H Bonds of Primary Alkylamines through a Rare Four-Membered Palladacycle Intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7912-7919. [PMID: 32216373 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective functionalizations of C-H bonds are often achieved with a directing group that leads to five- or six-membered metallacyclic intermediates. Analogous reactions that occur through four-membered metallacycles are rare. We report a challenging palladium-catalyzed oxidation of primary C-H bonds β to nitrogen in an imine of an aliphatic amine, a process that occurs through a four-membered palladacyclc intermediate. The success of the reaction relies on the identification, by H/D exchange, of a simple directing group (salicylaldehyde) capable of inducing the formation of this small ring. To gain insight into the steps of the catalytic cycle of this unusual oxidation reaction, a series of mechanistic experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted. The experimental studies showed that cleavage of the C-H bond is rate-limiting and formation of the strained four-membered palladacycle is thermodynamically uphill. DFT calculations corroborated these conclusions and suggested that the presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the oxygen of the directing group and hydroxyl group of the ligating acetic acid is crucial for stabilization of the palladacyclic intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ala Bunescu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yehao Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephan J Zuend
- BASF Corporation, 46820 Fremont Boulevard, Fremont, California 94538, United States
| | - Martin Ernst
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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26
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Kumar G, Pradhan S, Chatterjee I. N‐Centered Radical Directed Remote C−H Bond Functionalization via Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:651-672. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Ropar Nangal Road, Rupnagar Punjab 140001 India
| | - Suman Pradhan
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Ropar Nangal Road, Rupnagar Punjab 140001 India
| | - Indranil Chatterjee
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Ropar Nangal Road, Rupnagar Punjab 140001 India
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27
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Short MA, Blackburn JM, Roizen JL. Modifying Positional Selectivity in C-H Functionalization Reactions with Nitrogen-Centered Radicals: Generalizable Approaches to 1,6-Hydrogen-Atom Transfer Processes. Synlett 2020; 31:102-116. [PMID: 33986583 PMCID: PMC8115226 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1691501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-centered radicals are powerful reaction intermediates owing in part to their ability to guide position-selective C(sp3)-H functionalization reactions. Typically, these reactive species dictate the site of functionalization by preferentially engaging in 1,5-hydrogen-atom transfer (1,5-HAT) processes. Broadly relevant approaches to alter the site-selectivity of HAT pathways would be valuable because they could be paired with a variety of tactics to install diverse functional groups. Yet, until recently, there have been no generalizable strategies to modify the position-selectivity observed in these HAT processes. This Synpacts article reviews transformations in which nitrogen-centered radicals preferentially react through 1,6-HAT pathways. Specific attention will be focused on strategies that employ alcohol- and amine-anchored sulfamate esters and sulfamides as templates to achieve otherwise rare γ-selective functionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Short
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina, 27708-0354, USA
| | - J. Miles Blackburn
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina, 27708-0354, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Roizen
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina, 27708-0354, USA
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28
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Liu Y, You T, Wang HX, Tang Z, Zhou CY, Che CM. Iron- and cobalt-catalyzed C(sp3)–H bond functionalization reactions and their application in organic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5310-5358. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the developments in iron and cobalt catalyzed C(sp3)–H bond functionalization reactions with emphasis on their applications in organic synthesis, i.e. natural products and pharmaceuticals synthesis and/or modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungen Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Tingjie You
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Hai-Xu Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Zhou Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Cong-Ying Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
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29
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Dong Y, Lukens JT, Clarke RM, Zheng SL, Lancaster KM, Betley TA. Synthesis, characterization and C-H amination reactivity of nickel iminyl complexes. Chem Sci 2019; 11:1260-1268. [PMID: 34123250 PMCID: PMC8147896 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04879k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metalation of the deprotonated dipyrrin (AdFL)Li with NiCl2(py)2 afforded the divalent Ni product (AdFL)NiCl(py)2 (1) (AdFL: 1,9-di(1-adamantyl)-5-perfluorophenyldipyrrin; py: pyridine). To generate a reactive synthon on which to explore oxidative group transfer, we used potassium graphite to reduce 1, affording the monovalent Ni synthon (AdFL)Ni(py) (2) and concomitant production of a stoichiometric equivalent of KCl and pyridine. Slow addition of mesityl- or 1-adamantylazide in benzene to 2 afforded the oxidized Ni complexes (AdFL)Ni(NMes) (3) and (AdFL)Ni(NAd) (4), respectively. Both 3 and 4 were characterized by multinuclear NMR, EPR, magnetometry, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, theoretical calculations, and X-ray absorption spectroscopies to provide a detailed electronic structure picture of the nitrenoid adducts. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) on the Ni reveals higher energy Ni 1s → 3d transitions (3: 8333.2 eV; 4: 8333.4 eV) than NiI or unambiguous NiII analogues. N K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy performed on 3 and 4 reveals a common low-energy absorption present only for 3 and 4 (395.4 eV) that was assigned via TDDFT as an N 1s promotion into a predominantly N-localized, singly occupied orbital, akin to metal-supported iminyl complexes reported for iron. On the continuum of imido (i.e., NR2−) to iminyl (i.e., 2NR−) formulations, the complexes are best described as NiII-bound iminyl species given the N K-edge and TDDFT results. Given the open-shell configuration (S = 1/2) of the iminyl adducts, we then examined their propensity to undergo nitrenoid-group transfer to organic substrates. The adamantyl complex 4 readily consumes 1,4-cyclohexadiene (CHD) via H-atom abstraction to afford the amide (AdFL)Ni(NHAd) (5), whereas no reaction was observed upon treatment of the mesityl variant 3 with excess amount of CHD over 3 hours. Toluene can be functionalized by 4 at room temperature, exclusively affording the N-1-adamantyl-benzylidene (6). Slow addition of the organoazide substrate (4-azidobutyl)benzene (7) with 2 exclusively forms 4-phenylbutanenitrile (8) as opposed to an intramolecular cyclized pyrrolidine, resulting from facile β-H elimination outcompeting H-atom abstraction from the benzylic position, followed by rapid H2-elimination from the intermediate Ni hydride ketimide intermediate. Nickel-supported nitrenoids exhibit iminyl character, as determined by multi-edge XAS and TDDFT analysis, demonstrate efficacy for C–H activation and nitrene transfer chemistry.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
| | - James T Lukens
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Ryan M Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
| | - Shao-Liang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Theodore A Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
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30
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Michiyuki T, Komeyama K. Recent Advances in Four‐Coordinated Planar Cobalt Catalysis in Organic Synthesis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Michiyuki
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringHiroshima University 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
| | - Kimihiro Komeyama
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringHiroshima University 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
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31
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Short MA, Shehata MF, Sanders MA, Roizen JL. Sulfamides direct radical-mediated chlorination of aliphatic C-H bonds. Chem Sci 2019; 11:217-223. [PMID: 34040715 PMCID: PMC8132995 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03428e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the prevalence of aliphatic amines in bioactive small molecules, amine derivatives are opportune as directing groups. Herein, sulfamides serve as amine surrogates to guide intermolecular chlorine-transfer at γ-C(sp3) centers. This unusual position-selectivity arises because accessed sulfamidyl radical intermediates engage preferentially in otherwise rare 1,6-hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) processes through seven-membered transition states. The site-selectivity of C–H abstraction can be modulated by adjusting the steric and electronic properties of the sulfamide nitrogen substituents, an ability that has not been demonstrated with other substrate classes. The disclosed reaction relies on a light-initiated radical chain-propagation mechanism to oxidize C(sp3)–H bonds efficiently. Amine-anchored sulfamides direct radical-mediated chlorination of aliphatic C–H bonds. The site of C–H abstraction can be modulated by varying the sulfamide nitrogen substituents, a feature that has not been demonstrated with other substrate classes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Short
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry Box 90346 Durham North Carolina 27709-0354 USA
| | - Mina F Shehata
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry Box 90346 Durham North Carolina 27709-0354 USA
| | - Matthew A Sanders
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry Box 90346 Durham North Carolina 27709-0354 USA
| | - Jennifer L Roizen
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry Box 90346 Durham North Carolina 27709-0354 USA
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32
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Roy S, Khatua H, Das SK, Chattopadhyay B. Iron(II)‐Based Metalloradical Activation: Switch from Traditional Click Chemistry to Denitrogenative Annulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11439-11443. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Roy
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug DiscoveryCentre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR)SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014 U.P. India
| | - Hillol Khatua
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug DiscoveryCentre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR)SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014 U.P. India
| | - Sandip Kumar Das
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug DiscoveryCentre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR)SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014 U.P. India
| | - Buddhadeb Chattopadhyay
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug DiscoveryCentre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR)SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014 U.P. India
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33
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Roy S, Khatua H, Das SK, Chattopadhyay B. Iron(II)‐Based Metalloradical Activation: Switch from Traditional Click Chemistry to Denitrogenative Annulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Roy
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug DiscoveryCentre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR)SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014 U.P. India
| | - Hillol Khatua
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug DiscoveryCentre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR)SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014 U.P. India
| | - Sandip Kumar Das
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug DiscoveryCentre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR)SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014 U.P. India
| | - Buddhadeb Chattopadhyay
- Division of Molecular Synthesis & Drug DiscoveryCentre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR)SGPGIMS Campus Raebareli Road Lucknow 226014 U.P. India
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34
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Abstract
Reduction of (ArL)CoIIBr (ArL = 5-mesityl-1,9-(2,4,6-Ph3C6H2)dipyrrin) with potassium graphite afforded the novel CoI synthon (ArL)CoI. Treatment of (ArL)CoI with a stoichiometric amount of various alkyl azides (N3R) furnished three-coordinate CoIII alkyl imidos (ArL)Co(NR), as confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (R: CMe2Bu, CMe2(CH2)2CHMe2). The exclusive formation of four-coordinate cobalt tetrazido complexes (ArL)Co(κ2-N4R2) was observed upon addition of excess azide, inhibiting any subsequent C-H amination. However, when a weak C-H bond is appended to the imido moiety, as in the case of (4-azido-4-methylpentyl)benzene, intramolecular C-H amination kinetically outcompetes formation of the corresponding tetrazene species to generate 2,2-dimethyl-5-phenylpyrrolidine in a catalytic fashion without requiring product sequestration. The imido (ArL)Co(NAd) exists in equilibrium in the presence of pyridine with a four-coordinate cobalt imido (ArL)Co(NAd)(py) ( Ka = 8.04 M-1), as determined by 1H NMR titration experiments. Kinetic studies revealed that pyridine binding slows down the formation of the tetrazido complex by blocking azide coordination to the CoIII imido. Further, (ArL)Co(NR)(py) displays enhanced C-H amination reactivity compared to that of the pyridine-free complex, enabling higher catalytic turnover numbers under milder conditions. The mechanism of C-H amination was probed via kinetic isotope effect experiments [ kH/ kD = 10.2(9)] and initial rate analysis with para-substituted azides, suggesting a two-step radical pathway. Lastly, the enhanced reactivity of (ArL)Co(NR)(py) can be correlated to a higher spin-state population, resulting in a decreased crystal field due to a geometry change upon pyridine coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjung Baek
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Theodore A Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Raebareli), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini
Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Anirban Mukherjee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Raebareli), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini
Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
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36
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Azek E, Khalifa M, Bartholoméüs J, Ernzerhof M, Lebel H. Rhodium(ii)-catalyzed C-H aminations using N-mesyloxycarbamates: reaction pathway and by-product formation. Chem Sci 2019; 10:718-729. [PMID: 30746107 PMCID: PMC6340404 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03153c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Mesyloxycarbamates are practical nitrene precursors that undergo C-H amination reactions in the presence of rhodium dimer catalysts. Under these conditions, both oxazolidinones and chiral amines have been prepared in a highly efficient manner. Given the elevated reactivity of the intermediates involved in the catalytic cycle, mechanistic details have remained hypothetical, relying on indirect experiments. Herein a density functional theory (DFT) study is presented to validate the catalytic cycle of the rhodium-catalyzed C-H amination with N-mesyloxycarbamates. A concerted pathway involving Rh-nitrene species that undergoes C-H insertion is found to be favored over a stepwise C-N bond formation manifold. Density functional calculations and kinetic studies suggest that the rate-limiting step is the C-H insertion process rather than the formation of Rh-nitrene species. In addition, these studies provide mechanistic details about competitive by-product formation, resulting from an intermolecular reaction between the Rh-nitrene species and the N-mesyloxycarbamate anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emna Azek
- Département de Chimie , Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal , Québec , Canada H3C3J7 .
| | - Maroua Khalifa
- Département de Chimie , Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal , Québec , Canada H3C3J7 .
| | - Johan Bartholoméüs
- Département de Chimie , Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal , Québec , Canada H3C3J7 .
| | - Matthias Ernzerhof
- Département de Chimie , Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal , Québec , Canada H3C3J7 .
| | - Hélène Lebel
- Département de Chimie , Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal , Québec , Canada H3C3J7 .
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37
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Zhou Z, Chen S, Qin J, Nie X, Zheng X, Harms K, Riedel R, Houk KN, Meggers E. Catalytic Enantioselective Intramolecular C(sp
3
)−H Amination of 2‐Azidoacetamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1088-1093. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Zhou
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Jie Qin
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Xin Nie
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Xingwen Zheng
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Klaus Harms
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Radostan Riedel
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
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38
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Zhou Z, Chen S, Qin J, Nie X, Zheng X, Harms K, Riedel R, Houk KN, Meggers E. Catalytic Enantioselective Intramolecular C(sp
3
)−H Amination of 2‐Azidoacetamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Zhou
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Jie Qin
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Xin Nie
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Xingwen Zheng
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Klaus Harms
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Radostan Riedel
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
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39
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Li C, Lang K, Lu H, Hu Y, Cui X, Wojtas L, Zhang XP. Catalytic Radical Process for Enantioselective Amination of C(sp 3 )-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16837-16841. [PMID: 30347505 PMCID: PMC6339699 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new catalytic radical system involving CoII -based metalloradical catalysis is effective in activating sulfamoyl azides for enantioselective radical 1,6-amination of C(sp3 )-H bonds, affording six-membered chiral heterocyclic sulfamides in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities. The CoII -catalyzed C-H amination features an unusual degree of functional-group tolerance and chemoselectivity. The unique reactivity and stereoselectivity is attributed to the underlying stepwise radical pathway. The resulting optically active cyclic sulfamides can be readily converted into synthetically useful chiral 1,3-diamine derivatives without loss in enantiopurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620 (USA)
| | - Kai Lang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 (USA)
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620 (USA)
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620 (USA)
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620 (USA)
| | - Lukasz Wojtas
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620 (USA)
| | - X. Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 (USA)
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40
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Zhu C, Zeng H, Chen F, Yang Z, Cai Y, Jiang H. Intermolecular C(sp
3
)−H Amination Promoted by Internal Oxidants: Synthesis of Trifluoroacetylated Hydrazones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:17215-17219. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanle Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Fulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Zhiyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Yingying Cai
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
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41
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Zhu C, Zeng H, Chen F, Yang Z, Cai Y, Jiang H. Intermolecular C(sp
3
)−H Amination Promoted by Internal Oxidants: Synthesis of Trifluoroacetylated Hydrazones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanle Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Fulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Zhiyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Yingying Cai
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
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42
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Li C, Lang K, Lu H, Hu Y, Cui X, Wojtas L, Zhang XP. Catalytic Radical Process for Enantioselective Amination of C(sp
3
)−H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Li
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Kai Lang
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Lukasz Wojtas
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - X. Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
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43
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Clark JR, Feng K, Sookezian A, White MC. Manganese-catalysed benzylic C(sp 3)-H amination for late-stage functionalization. Nat Chem 2018; 10:583-591. [PMID: 29713037 PMCID: PMC6217814 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reactions that directly install nitrogen into C-H bonds of complex molecules are significant because of their potential to change the chemical and biological properties of a given compound. Although selective intramolecular C-H amination reactions are known, achieving high levels of reactivity while maintaining excellent site selectivity and functional-group tolerance remains a challenge for intermolecular C-H amination. Here, we report a manganese perchlorophthalocyanine catalyst [MnIII(ClPc)] for intermolecular benzylic C-H amination of bioactive molecules and natural products that proceeds with unprecedented levels of reactivity and site selectivity. In the presence of a Brønsted or Lewis acid, the [MnIII(ClPc)]-catalysed C-H amination demonstrates unique tolerance for tertiary amine, pyridine and benzimidazole functionalities. Mechanistic studies suggest that C-H amination likely proceeds through an electrophilic metallonitrene intermediate via a stepwise pathway where C-H cleavage is the rate-determining step of the reaction. Collectively, these mechanistic features contrast with previous base-metal-catalysed C-H aminations and provide new opportunities for tunable selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Clark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kaibo Feng
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Anasheh Sookezian
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - M Christina White
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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44
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Goswami M, Geuijen P, Reek JNH, de Bruin B. Application of [Co(Corrole)]-
Complexes in Ring-Closing C-H Amination of Aliphatic Azides via Nitrene Radical Intermediates. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201701343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Goswami
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Paul Geuijen
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joost. N. H. Reek
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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45
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Planas O, Chirila PG, Whiteoak CJ, Ribas X. Current Mechanistic Understanding of Cobalt-Catalyzed C–H Functionalization. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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46
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Huang M, Yang T, Paretsky JD, Berry JF, Schomaker JM. Inverting Steric Effects: Using "Attractive" Noncovalent Interactions To Direct Silver-Catalyzed Nitrene Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17376-17386. [PMID: 29091737 PMCID: PMC6292671 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitrene transfer (NT) reactions represent powerful and direct methods to convert C-H bonds into amine groups that are prevalent in many commodity chemicals and pharmaceuticals. The importance of the C-N bond has stimulated the development of numerous transition-metal complexes to effect chemo-, regio-, and diastereoselective NT. An ongoing challenge is to understand how subtle interactions between catalyst and substrate influence the site-selectivity of the C-H amination event. In this work, we explore the underlying reasons why Ag(tpa)OTf (tpa = tris(pyridylmethyl)amine) prefers to activate α-conjugated C-H bonds over 3° alkyl C(sp3)-H bonds and apply these insights to reaction optimization and catalyst design. Experimental results suggest possible roles of noncovalent interactions (NCIs) in directing the NT; computational studies support the involvement of π···π and Ag···π interactions between catalyst and substrate, primarily by lowering the energy of the directed transition state and reaction conformers. A simple Hess's law relationship can be employed to predict selectivities for new substrates containing competing NCIs. The insights presented herein are poised to inspire the design of other catalyst-controlled C-H functionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxue Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tzuhsiung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Paretsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - John F. Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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47
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Kuijpers PF, van der Vlugt JI, Schneider S, de Bruin B. Nitrene Radical Intermediates in Catalytic Synthesis. Chemistry 2017; 23:13819-13829. [PMID: 28675476 PMCID: PMC5656926 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitrene radical complexes are reactive intermediates with discrete spin density at the nitrogen-atom of the nitrene moiety. These species have become important intermediates for organic synthesis, being invoked in a broad range of C-H functionalization and aziridination reactions. Nitrene radical complexes have intriguing electronic structures, and are best described as one-electron reduced Fischer type nitrenes. They can be generated by intramolecular single electron transfer to the "redox non-innocent" nitrene moiety at the metal. Nitrene radicals generated at open-shell cobalt(II) have thus far received most attention in terms of spectroscopic characterization, reactivity screening, catalytic nitrene-transfer reactions and (computational and experimental) mechanistic studies, but some interesting iron and precious metal catalysts have also been employed in related reactions involving nitrene radicals. In some cases, redox-active ligands are used to facilitate intramolecular single electron transfer from the complex to the nitrene moiety. Organic azides are among the most attractive nitrene precursors in this field, typically requiring pre-activated organic azides (e.g. RSO2 N3 , (RO)2 P(=O)N3 , ROC(=O)N3 and alike) to achieve efficient and selective catalysis. Challenging, non-activated aliphatic organic azides were recently added to the palette of reagents useful in synthetically relevant reactions proceeding via nitrene radical intermediates. This concept article describes the electronic structure of nitrene radical complexes, emphasizes on their usefulness in the catalytic synthesis of various organic products, and highlights the important developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrus F Kuijpers
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jarl Ivar van der Vlugt
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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48
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Nageswar Rao D, Rasheed S, Raina G, Ahmed QN, Jaladanki CK, Bharatam PV, Das P. Cobalt-Catalyzed Regioselective Ortho C(sp2)-H Bond Nitration of Aromatics through Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Assistance. J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Desaboini Nageswar Rao
- Medicinal
Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu 180001, India
| | - Sk. Rasheed
- Medicinal
Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu 180001, India
| | - Gaurav Raina
- Medicinal
Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu 180001, India
| | - Qazi Naveed Ahmed
- Medicinal
Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu 180001, India
| | - Chaitanya Kumar Jaladanki
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160 062 Punjab, India
| | - Prasad V. Bharatam
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160 062 Punjab, India
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Medicinal
Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu 180001, India
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49
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Kuijpers PF, Tiekink MJ, Breukelaar WB, Broere DLJ, van Leest NP, van der Vlugt JI, Reek JNH, de Bruin B. Cobalt-Porphyrin-Catalysed Intramolecular Ring-Closing C-H Amination of Aliphatic Azides: A Nitrene-Radical Approach to Saturated Heterocycles. Chemistry 2017; 23:7945-7952. [PMID: 28332743 PMCID: PMC5488222 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt-porphyrin-catalysed intramolecular ring-closing C-H bond amination enables direct synthesis of various N-heterocycles from aliphatic azides. Pyrrolidines, oxazolidines, imidazolidines, isoindolines and tetrahydroisoquinoline can be obtained in good to excellent yields in a single reaction step with an air- and moisture-stable catalyst. Kinetic studies of the reaction in combination with DFT calculations reveal a metallo-radical-type mechanism involving rate-limiting azide activation to form the key cobalt(III)-nitrene radical intermediate. A subsequent low barrier intramolecular hydrogen-atom transfer from a benzylic C-H bond to the nitrene-radical intermediate followed by a radical rebound step leads to formation of the desired N-heterocyclic ring products. Kinetic isotope competition experiments are in agreement with a radical-type C-H bond-activation step (intramolecular KIE=7), which occurs after the rate-limiting azide activation step. The use of di-tert-butyldicarbonate (Boc2 O) significantly enhances the reaction rate by preventing competitive binding of the formed amine product. Under these conditions, the reaction shows clean first-order kinetics in both the [catalyst] and the [azide substrate], and is zero-order in [Boc2 O]. Modest enantioselectivities (29-46 % ee in the temperature range of 100-80 °C) could be achieved in the ring closure of (4-azidobutyl)benzene using a new chiral cobalt-porphyrin catalyst equipped with four (1S)-(-)-camphanic-ester groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrus F. Kuijpers
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn J. Tiekink
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Willem B. Breukelaar
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Daniël L. J. Broere
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas P. van Leest
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jarl Ivar van der Vlugt
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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50
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Zou X, Zou J, Yang L, Li G, Lu H. Thermal Rearrangement of Sulfamoyl Azides: Reactivity and Mechanistic Study. J Org Chem 2017; 82:4677-4688. [PMID: 28414236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The rearrangement of sulfamoyl azides under thermal conditions to form a C-C bond while breaking two C-N bonds is reported. Mechanistic study shows that this reaction goes through a Curtius-type rearrangement to form a 1,1-diazene, then which rearranges possibly through both a concerted rearrangement process and a stepwise radical process. This rearrangement could be used in the synthesis of complex biologically active molecules, such as sterols, and piperine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zou
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiaqi Zou
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lizheng Yang
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
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