1
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Nomura M, Begum Z, Seki C, Okuyama Y, Kwon E, Uwai K, Tokiwa M, Tokiwa S, Takeshita M, Nakano H. Thiourea fused γ-amino alcohol organocatalysts for asymmetric Mannich reaction of β-keto active methylene compounds with imines. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3715-3722. [PMID: 36756606 PMCID: PMC9891089 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08317e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic functionality of new optically active thiourea fused γ-amino alcohols was examined in the asymmetric Mannich reaction of β-keto active methylene compounds with imines to afford chiral Mannich products, β-amino keto compounds, with continuous chiral centers, that are versatile synthetic intermediates for deriving various biologically active compounds. In particular, the thiourea fused γ-amino alcohols showed satisfactory catalytic activity in this reaction and afforded chiral Mannich products in excellent chemical yield (up to 88%) and stereoselectivities (up to syn : anti/93 : 7 dr, up to 99% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miku Nomura
- Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology 27-1 Mizumoto-cho Muroran 050-8585 Japan
| | - Zubeda Begum
- Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology 27-1 Mizumoto-cho Muroran 050-8585 Japan
| | - Chigusa Seki
- Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology 27-1 Mizumoto-cho Muroran 050-8585 Japan
| | - Yuko Okuyama
- Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology 27-1 Mizumoto-cho Muroran 050-8585 Japan .,Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-Ku Sendai 981-8558 Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-KuSendai 981-8558Japan
| | - Koji Uwai
- Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology 27-1 Mizumoto-cho Muroran 050-8585 Japan
| | - Michio Tokiwa
- Tokiwakai Group62 Numajiri Tsuduri-Chou UchigoIwaki 973-8053Japan
| | - Suguru Tokiwa
- Tokiwakai Group62 Numajiri Tsuduri-Chou UchigoIwaki 973-8053Japan
| | | | - Hiroto Nakano
- Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology 27-1 Mizumoto-cho Muroran 050-8585 Japan
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2
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Begum Z, Seki C, Okuyama Y, Kwon E, Uwai K, Tokiwa M, Tokiwa S, Takeshita M, Nakano H. New boro amino amide organocatalysts for asymmetric cross aldol reaction of ketones with carbonyl compounds. RSC Adv 2023; 13:888-894. [PMID: 36686933 PMCID: PMC9811241 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06272k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct types of new boron fused primary amino amide organocatalysts were designed and synthesized from commercially available amino acids. Their catalytic activities were investigated in asymmetric crossed aldol reaction of ketones with aromatic aldehydes to afford the corresponding chiral anti-aldol adducts with good chemical yields, moderate diastereoselectivity and good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 94% yields, up to 90 : 10 dr, up to 94% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubeda Begum
- Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology27-1 Mizumoto-choMuroran 050-8585Japan
| | - Chigusa Seki
- Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology27-1 Mizumoto-choMuroran 050-8585Japan
| | - Yuko Okuyama
- Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-KuSendai 981-8558Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Sciences, Tohoku University6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-KuSendai 980-8578Japan
| | - Koji Uwai
- Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology27-1 Mizumoto-choMuroran 050-8585Japan
| | - Michio Tokiwa
- Tokiwakai Group62 Numajiri Tsuduri-Chou UchigoIwaki 973-8053Japan
| | - Suguru Tokiwa
- Tokiwakai Group62 Numajiri Tsuduri-Chou UchigoIwaki 973-8053Japan
| | | | - Hiroto Nakano
- Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology27-1 Mizumoto-choMuroran 050-8585Japan
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3
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Nakano H, Ganesan D, Parasuraman P, Begum Z, Seki C, Okuyama Y, Kwon E, Uwai K, Tokiwa M, Tokiwa S, Takeshita M, Thiyagarajan R. New Sugar Based γ-Amino Silyl Ether Organocatalysts for Asymmetric Michael Addition of β-Keto Esters with Nitroolefins. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.3987/com-21-s(r)2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Di Carmine G, Forster L, Wang S, Parlett C, Carlone A, D'Agostino C. NMR relaxation time measurements of solvent effects in an organocatalysed asymmetric aldol reaction over silica SBA-15 supported proline. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00471a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The behaviour of solvents in solid-supported proline organocatalysts is explored using NMR relaxation measurements coupled with reaction screening. Solvents with a lower affinity for the solid surface lead to a higher reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, I-44121, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Luke Forster
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Simeng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher Parlett
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
- The University of Manchester at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
- Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OX11 0FA, Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Armando Carlone
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Carmine D'Agostino
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
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5
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Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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6
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Turke K, Meinusch R, Cop P, Prates da Costa E, Brand RD, Henss A, Schreiner PR, Smarsly BM. Amine-Functionalized Nanoporous Silica Monoliths for Heterogeneous Catalysis of the Knoevenagel Condensation in Flow. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:425-437. [PMID: 33458494 PMCID: PMC7807742 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Porous carrier materials functionalized with organocatalysts offer substantial advantages compared to homogeneous catalysts, e.g., easy separation of the catalyst, scalability, and an improved implementation in continuous operations. Here, we report the immobilization of (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) onto self-prepared silica monoliths and its application as a heterogeneous catalyst in the Knoevenagel condensation between cyano ethylacetate and various aromatic aldehydes under continuous-flow conditions. The meso-macroporous silica monoliths (6-7 cm in length) were optimized to be used in flow taking advantage of their hierarchical meso- and macroporosity. The monoliths were cladded with a poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) tube by a refined procedure to guarantee tight connection between the carrier material and PEEK. Functionalization of the bare silica monoliths consisting of APTMS can be efficiently performed in flow in ethanol and toluene. While a large grafting gradient is obtained for toluene, the grafting in ethanol proceeds homogenously throughout the monolith, as evidenced by elemental analysis and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The silica monoliths exhibit high conversion up to 95% with concurrent low back pressures, which is of importance in flow catalysis. By connecting two monoliths, high conversions can be maintained for several flow rates. Two types of monoliths were synthesized, possessing different mesopore sizes. The monolith bearing the larger mesopore size showed an enhanced turnover frequency (TOF), while the monolith with the smaller mesopores allowed for larger quantities of the product to be synthesized, due to the higher surface area. A long-term stability test showed that the functionalized monoliths were still active after 66 h of continuous usage, while the overall yield decreased over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Turke
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University
Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center
for Materials Research, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rafael Meinusch
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University
Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center
for Materials Research, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Pascal Cop
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University
Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center
for Materials Research, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Eric Prates da Costa
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University
Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center
for Materials Research, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Raoul D. Brand
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University
Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center
for Materials Research, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Henss
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University
Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center
for Materials Research, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University
Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center
for Materials Research, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernd M. Smarsly
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University
Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center
for Materials Research, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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7
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Lizandara-Pueyo C, Fan X, Ayats C, Pericàs MA. Calcium carbonate as heterogeneous support for recyclable organocatalysts. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Begum Z, Sannabe H, Seki C, Okuyama Y, Kwon E, Uwai K, Tokiwa M, Tokiwa S, Takeshita M, Nakano H. Simple primary β-amino alcohols as organocatalysts for the asymmetric Michael addition of β-keto esters to nitroalkenes. RSC Adv 2020; 11:203-209. [PMID: 35423042 PMCID: PMC8690173 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09041g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple primary β-amino alcohols act as an efficient organocatalysts in the asymmetric Michael addition of β-keto esters with nitroalkenes affording highly pure chiral Michael adducts. Also, both enantiomers of the adducts were obtained, depending on the specific catalyst used and reaction temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubeda Begum
- Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology 27-1 Mizumoto-cho Muroran 050-8585
| | - Haruka Sannabe
- Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology 27-1 Mizumoto-cho Muroran 050-8585
| | - Chigusa Seki
- Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology 27-1 Mizumoto-cho Muroran 050-8585
| | - Yuko Okuyama
- Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-Ku Sendai 981-8558 Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Sciences, Tohoku University 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-Ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Koji Uwai
- Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology 27-1 Mizumoto-cho Muroran 050-8585
| | - Michio Tokiwa
- Tokiwakai Group 62 Numajiri Tsuduri-Chou Uchigo Iwaki 973-8053 Japan
| | - Suguru Tokiwa
- Tokiwakai Group 62 Numajiri Tsuduri-Chou Uchigo Iwaki 973-8053 Japan
| | | | - Hiroto Nakano
- Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology 27-1 Mizumoto-cho Muroran 050-8585
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9
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Lai J, Fianchini M, Pericàs MA. Development of Immobilized SPINOL-Derived Chiral Phosphoric Acids for Catalytic Continuous Flow Processes. Use in the Catalytic Desymmetrization of 3,3-Disubstituted Oxetanes. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junshan Lai
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Mauro Fianchini
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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10
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Krištofíková D, Modrocká V, Mečiarová M, Šebesta R. Green Asymmetric Organocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2828-2858. [PMID: 32141177 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric organocatalysis is becoming one of the main tools for the synthesis of chiral compounds that are needed as medicines, crop protection agents, and other bioactive molecules. It can be effectively combined with various green chemistry methodologies. Intensification techniques, such as ball milling, flow, high pressure, or light, bring not only higher yields, faster reactions, and easier product isolation, but also new reactivities. More sustainable reaction media, such as ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, green solvent alternatives, and water, also considerably enhance the sustainability profile of many organocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Krištofíková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viktória Modrocká
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Mečiarová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Radovan Šebesta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
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11
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Yu T, Ding Z, Nie W, Jiao J, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Xue C, Duan X, Yamada YMA, Li P. Recent Advances in Continuous-Flow Enantioselective Catalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:5729-5747. [PMID: 31916323 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The increased demand for more efficient, safe, and green production in fine chemical and pharmaceutical industry calls for the development of continuous-flow manufacturing, and for chiral chemicals in particular, enantioselective catalytic processes. In recent years, this emerging direction has received considerable attention and has seen rapid progress. In most cases, catalytic enantioselective flow processes using homogeneous, heterogeneous, or enzymatic catalysts have shown significant advantages over the conventional batch mode, such as shortened reaction times, lower catalysts loadings, and higher selectivities in addition to the normal merits of non-enantioselective flow operations. In this Minireview, the advancements, key strategies, methods, and technologies developed the last six years as well as remaining challenges are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zhengwei Ding
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Wenzheng Nie
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, P. R. China
| | - Chao Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Efficient Development and, Utilization of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710065, P. R. China
| | - Xinhua Duan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yoichi M A Yamada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.,Xian Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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12
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Yoo WJ, Ishitani H, Saito Y, Laroche B, Kobayashi S. Reworking Organic Synthesis for the Modern Age: Synthetic Strategies Based on Continuous-Flow Addition and Condensation Reactions with Heterogeneous Catalysts. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5132-5145. [PMID: 32069417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
While organic synthesis carried out in most laboratories uses batch methods, there is growing interest in modernizing fine chemical synthesis through continuous-flow processes. As a synthetic method, flow processes have several advantages over batch systems in terms of environmental compatibility, efficiency, and safety, and recent advances have allowed for the synthesis of several complex molecules, including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Nevertheless, due to several reasons related to the difficulties arising from byproduct formation during the flow process, such as lower yields, poor selectivities, clogging of columns due to poor solubility, catalyst poisoning, etc., successful examples of continuous-flow synthesis of complex organic molecules are still limited. In order to solve this bottleneck, the development of selective and atom-economical continuous-flow organic transformations are needed. This perspective highlights examples of atom-economical addition and condensation reactions with heterogeneous catalysts under continuous-flow conditions and their applications for the synthesis of complex organic molecules such as natural products and APIs. In order to realize new continuous-flow methodologies, based on addition and condensation reactions, in place of substitution reactions, the development of novel reactions and heterogeneous catalysts is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Yoo
- Green & Sustainable Chemistry Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruro Ishitani
- Green & Sustainable Chemistry Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuki Saito
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Benjamin Laroche
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shu Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Green & Sustainable Chemistry Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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13
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De Risi C, Bortolini O, Brandolese A, Di Carmine G, Ragno D, Massi A. Recent advances in continuous-flow organocatalysis for process intensification. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00076k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The progresses on continuous-flow organocatalysis from 2016 to early 2020 are reviewed with focus on transition from batch to flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela De Risi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | | | | | - Daniele Ragno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
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14
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Zheng Z, Lin J, Sun Y, Zhang S. Threonine-derived thioureas as bifunctional organocatalysts for enantioselective Michael addition. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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15
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Togashi R, Chennapuram M, Seki C, Okuyama Y, Kwon E, Uwai K, Tokiwa M, Takeshita M, Nakano H. 2-Azanorbornane-Based Amino Alcohol Organocatalysts for Asymmetric Michael Reaction of β-Keto Esters with Nitroolefins. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rei Togashi
- Department of Bioengineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Muroran Institute of Technology.; 27-1 Mizumoto 050-8585 Muroran Japan
| | - Madhu Chennapuram
- Department of Bioengineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Muroran Institute of Technology.; 27-1 Mizumoto 050-8585 Muroran Japan
| | - Chigusa Seki
- Department of Bioengineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Muroran Institute of Technology.; 27-1 Mizumoto 050-8585 Muroran Japan
| | - Yuko Okuyama
- Graduate School of Engineering; Tohoku Medicinal and Pharmaceutical University; 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku 981-8585 Sendai Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules; Graduate School of Sciences; Tohoku University; 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku 980-8578 Sendai Japan
| | - Koji Uwai
- Department of Bioengineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Muroran Institute of Technology.; 27-1 Mizumoto 050-8585 Muroran Japan
| | - Michio Tokiwa
- Graduate School of Sciences; Tokiwakai Group; 62 Numajiri Tsuduri-chou Uchigo 973-8053 Iwaki Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Takeshita
- Graduate School of Sciences; Tokiwakai Group; 62 Numajiri Tsuduri-chou Uchigo 973-8053 Iwaki Japan
| | - Hiroto Nakano
- Department of Bioengineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Muroran Institute of Technology.; 27-1 Mizumoto 050-8585 Muroran Japan
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16
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Kucherenko AS, Kostenko AA, Komogortsev AN, Lichitsky BV, Fedotov MY, Zlotin SG. C2-Symmetric Chiral Squaramide, Recyclable Organocatalyst for Asymmetric Michael Reactions. J Org Chem 2019; 84:4304-4311. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Kucherenko
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A. Kostenko
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey N. Komogortsev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Boris V. Lichitsky
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Michael Yu. Fedotov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei G. Zlotin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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17
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Tukhvatshin RS, Kucherenko AS, Nelyubina YV, Zlotin SG. Stereoselective Synthesis of Tetrahydroquinolines via Asymmetric Domino Reaction Catalyzed by a Recyclable Ionic-Liquid-Supported Bifunctional Tertiary Amine. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rinat S. Tukhvatshin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky Prospect 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S. Kucherenko
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky Prospect 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Yulia V. Nelyubina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; 28, Vavilova str 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Sergei G. Zlotin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky Prospect 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
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18
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Franconetti A, de Gonzalo G. Recent Developments on Supported Hydrogen-bond Organocatalysts. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Franconetti
- Departamento de Química; Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Cerdanyola del Vallés 01893 Spain
| | - Gonzalo de Gonzalo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Universidad de Sevilla; c/ Profesor García González 2 41012 Sevilla Spain
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19
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Colella M, Carlucci C, Luisi R. Supported Catalysts for Continuous Flow Synthesis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:46. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Ghosh T, Ghosh R, Ghosh P. Mechanistic Insight into Fast and Highly Efficient Organocatalytic Activity of a Tripodal Dimeric Hexaurea Capsular Assembly in Michael Addition Reactions. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:10647-10656. [PMID: 31459185 PMCID: PMC6645588 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A tris(2-aminoethyl)-amine-based dimeric capsular assembly of pentafluorophenyl urea (C1) has been employed as a catalyst in a wide range of Michael addition reactions. This capsular catalyst assembly dramatically accelerates the Michael addition reaction of β-nitrostyrenes (2a-2d) with various Michael donors such as ketoesters (3a, 3e), 1,3-diketones (3b), diesters (3C), and cyanoesters (3d) at room temperature to yield the corresponding nitroalkanes in significantly high yields within a very short reaction time. Significant improvement in solubility and use of conventional organic solvents in reaction along with a drastic decrease in reaction time (high value of the rate constant of the reaction) has been achieved through C1 as compared to the previously reported homologous tripodal monomeric urea catalyst (L1). The addition of enolate to β-nitrostyrenes to generate an anionic intermediate seemed to be highly stabilized by the six urea units of capsular assembly. Control experiments and in situ kinetic studies are performed for this addition reaction and based on the results, a plausible mechanism has been proposed for the formation of Michael adduct inside the capsular cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamal
Kanti Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Rajib Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Pradyut Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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21
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Rodríguez‐Escrich C, Pericàs MA. Catalytic Enantioselective Flow Processes with Solid‐Supported Chiral Catalysts. CHEM REC 2018; 19:1872-1890. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Rodríguez‐Escrich
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química OrgànicaUniversitat de Barcelona 08080 Barcelona Spain
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22
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Bifunctional iminophosphorane superbases: Potent organocatalysts for enantio- and diastereoselective Michael addition reactions. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Kim YH, Jang S, Kim DY. Highly Diastereo- and Enantioselective Organocatalyzed Michael/Oxa-Michael Sequence: Asymmetric Synthesis of Pyranonaphthoquinone Derivatives. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Soonchunhyang University; Chungnam 31538 South Korea
| | - Subin Jang
- Department of Chemistry; Soonchunhyang University; Chungnam 31538 South Korea
| | - Dae Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Soonchunhyang University; Chungnam 31538 South Korea
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24
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Ullah M, Itsuno S. Cinchona Squaramide-Based Chiral Polymers as Highly Efficient Catalysts in Asymmetric Michael Addition Reaction. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:4573-4582. [PMID: 31458680 PMCID: PMC6641636 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We have synthesized novel chiral polymers containing a cinchona-based squaramide in the main chain. We designed a novel cinchona squaramide dimer that contains two cinchona squaramide units connected by diamines. The olefinic double bonds in the cinchona squaramide dimer were used for Mizoroki-Heck (MH) polymerization with aromatic diiodides. The MH polymerization of the cinchona squaramide dimer and aromatic diiodide proceeded well to give the corresponding chiral polymers in good yields. The catalytic activity of the chiral polymers was investigated for asymmetric Michael addition reactions. The effect of the squaramide structure of the polymeric catalyst on the catalytic performance is discussed in detail. We have surveyed the influence of the chiral polymer structure on the catalytic activity and enantioselectivity of the asymmetric reaction. The asymmetric Michael addition of β-ketoesters to nitroolefins was successfully catalyzed by polymeric cinchona squaramide organocatalysts to obtain the corresponding Michael adducts in good yields with excellent enantio- and diastereoselectivities. The polymeric catalysts were insoluble in commonly used organic solvents and easily recovered from the reaction mixture and reused several times without the loss of catalytic activity.
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25
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26
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Prohens R, Portell A, Font-Bardia M, Bauzá A, Frontera A. H-Bonded anion–anion complex trapped in a squaramido-based receptor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:1841-1844. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09241e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the experimental observation (X-ray characterization) of an anion–anion complex (anion = hydrogen fumarate) stabilized by H-bonds that is trapped in a secondary squaramide receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafel Prohens
- Unitat de Polimorfisme i Calorimetria, Centres Científics i Tecnològics
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Anna Portell
- Unitat de Polimorfisme i Calorimetria, Centres Científics i Tecnològics
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Mercè Font-Bardia
- Unitat de Difracció de Raigs X
- Centres Científics i Tecnològics
- Universitat de Barcelona
- Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma
- Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma
- Spain
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27
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Prohens R, Portell A, Vallcorba O, Font-Bardia M, Bauzá A, Frontera A. Polymorphism in secondary squaramides: on the importance of π-interactions involving the four membered ring. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce01945a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the crystal structures of four new squaric acid derivatives, i.e. three polymorphs of 3,4-bis((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amino)cyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione (1a–c) and a cocrystal with resorcinol. A DFT study has been also carried out to investigate the supramolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafel Prohens
- Unitat de Polimorfisme i Calorimetria
- Centres Científics i Tecnològics
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Anna Portell
- Unitat de Polimorfisme i Calorimetria
- Centres Científics i Tecnològics
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Oriol Vallcorba
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source
- Cerdanyola del Vallès
- Barcelona 08920
- Spain
| | - Mercè Font-Bardia
- Unitat de Difracció de Raigs X
- Centres Científics i Tecnològics
- Universitat de Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma (Baleares)
- Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma (Baleares)
- Spain
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28
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Endo Y, Takata S, Kumpuga BT, Itsuno S. Synthesis of Cinchona Alkaloid Sulfonamide Polymers as Enantioselective Catalysts for the Michael Addition Reaction of β-Ketoester and Nitrostyrene. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Endo
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences; Toyohashi University of Technology, Tempaku-cho; Toyohashi 441-8580 Japan
| | - Shohei Takata
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences; Toyohashi University of Technology, Tempaku-cho; Toyohashi 441-8580 Japan
| | - Bahati Thom Kumpuga
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences; Toyohashi University of Technology, Tempaku-cho; Toyohashi 441-8580 Japan
| | - Shinichi Itsuno
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences; Toyohashi University of Technology, Tempaku-cho; Toyohashi 441-8580 Japan
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29
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Ullah MS, Itsuno S. Synthesis of cinchona alkaloid squaramide polymers as bifunctional chiral organocatalysts for the enantioselective michael addition of β-ketoesters to nitroolefins. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Chennapuram M, Subba Reddy UV, Seki C, Okuyama Y, Kwon E, Uwai K, Tokiwa M, Takeshita M, Nakano H. Hybrid-Type Squaramide-Fused Amino Alcohol Organocatalysts for Enantioselective Diels-Alder Reactions of 3-Hydroxy-2-Pyridones with Maleimides. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Chennapuram
- Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Muroran Institute of Technology; 27-1 Mizumoto-cho 050-8585 Muroran Japan
| | - U. V. Subba Reddy
- Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Muroran Institute of Technology; 27-1 Mizumoto-cho 050-8585 Muroran Japan
| | - Chigusa Seki
- Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Muroran Institute of Technology; 27-1 Mizumoto-cho 050-8585 Muroran Japan
| | - Yuko Okuyama
- Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University; 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku 981-8558 Sendai Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Research and Analytical Centre for Giant Molecules; Graduate School of Sciences; Tohoku University; 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku 980-8578 Sendai Japan
| | - Koji Uwai
- Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Muroran Institute of Technology; 27-1 Mizumoto-cho 050-8585 Muroran Japan
| | - Michio Tokiwa
- Tokiwakai Group; 62 Numajiri, Tsuduri-chou Uchigo 973-8053 Iwaki Japan
| | | | - Hiroto Nakano
- Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Muroran Institute of Technology; 27-1 Mizumoto-cho 050-8585 Muroran Japan
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31
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Andrés JM, Losada J, Maestro A, Rodríguez-Ferrer P, Pedrosa R. Supported and Unsupported Chiral Squaramides as Organocatalysts for Stereoselective Michael Additions: Synthesis of Enantiopure Chromenes and Spirochromanes. J Org Chem 2017; 82:8444-8454. [PMID: 28738149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel supported chiral bifunctional squaramides have been easily prepared starting from diamines derived from natural amino acids and commercially available aminoalkyl polystyrene resins. These squaramides behave as excellent stereoselective recoverable organocatalysts in different Michael additions, in neat conditions at room temperature. The reaction on 2-(2-nitrovinyl) phenol as electrophile lead, in excellent yields and enantioselectivities, to intermediates that can be easily transformed into 4H-chromenes, and spirochromanones.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Andrés
- Instituto CINQUIMA and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid , Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jorge Losada
- Instituto CINQUIMA and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid , Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alicia Maestro
- Instituto CINQUIMA and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid , Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Patricia Rodríguez-Ferrer
- Instituto CINQUIMA and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid , Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rafael Pedrosa
- Instituto CINQUIMA and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid , Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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32
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Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1020] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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33
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Alonso DA, Baeza A, Chinchilla R, Gómez C, Guillena G, Pastor IM, Ramón DJ. Recent Advances in Asymmetric Organocatalyzed Conjugate Additions to Nitroalkenes. Molecules 2017; 22:E895. [PMID: 28555049 PMCID: PMC6152790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The asymmetric conjugate addition of carbon and heteroatom nucleophiles to nitroalkenes is a very interesting tool for the construction of highly functionalized synthetic building blocks. Thanks to the rapid development of asymmetric organocatalysis, significant progress has been made during the last years in achieving efficiently this process, concerning chiral organocatalysts, substrates and reaction conditions. This review surveys the advances in asymmetric organocatalytic conjugate addition reactions to α,β-unsaturated nitroalkenes developed between 2013 and early 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Alonso
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Baeza
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Rafael Chinchilla
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Cecilia Gómez
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Gabriela Guillena
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Isidro M Pastor
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Diego J Ramón
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
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34
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Tukhvatshin RS, Kucherenko AS, Nelyubina YV, Zlotin SG. Tertiary Amine-Derived Ionic Liquid-Supported Squaramide as a Recyclable Organocatalyst for Noncovalent “On Water” Catalysis. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rinat S. Tukhvatshin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky
Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S. Kucherenko
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky
Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia V. Nelyubina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute
of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28, Vavilova
Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei G. Zlotin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky
Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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35
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Zhao B, Li J, Du D. Squaramide‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Reactions. CHEM REC 2017; 17:994-1018. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo‐Liang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology 5 South Zhongguancun Street Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun‐Hua Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology 5 South Zhongguancun Street Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Da‐Ming Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology 5 South Zhongguancun Street Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
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36
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Cañellas S, Ayats C, Henseler AH, Pericàs MA. A Highly Active Polymer-Supported Catalyst for Asymmetric Robinson Annulations in Continuous Flow. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cañellas
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avda. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carles Ayats
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avda. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Andrea H. Henseler
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avda. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avda. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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37
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Prohens R, Portell A, Font-Bardia M, Bauzá A, Frontera A. A combined crystallographic and theoretical study of weak intermolecular interactions in crystalline squaric acid esters and amides. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00556c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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38
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Facile TEMPO Immobilization onto Poly(acrylic acid)-Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles: Preparation and Property. INT J POLYM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/9621635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adding catalysts to magnetic polyvalent supports facilitating catalyst recycling and recovery seems feasible. Polymer-modified magnetic nanocomposites for organocatalyst immobilization are a plausible approach to this technology. Here, we present facile and efficient method for 2,2′,6,6′-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy (TEMPO) immobilization onto polymer-modified magnetic nanoparticles under mild reaction conditions. Poly(acrylic acid) was chosen to graft from magnetic nanoparticle through a simple inverse emulsion polymerization technique. The resulting poly(acrylic acid) magnetic nanocomposite is an ideal material to immobilize the organocatalyst 4-hydroxy-2,2′,6,6′-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy (H-TEMPO) via an esterification reaction with pendant carboxyl group on the polymer chain. Instrumental analysis confirmed that poly(acrylic acid) chain was grafted on the silica-coated magnetic particles by this simple method while maintaining their magnetic properties; elemental analysis indicated that TEMPO was efficiently immobilized onto the polymer chain. The catalysis tests under both Anelli and Minisci system showed that the nanocomposite catalyst exhibits proper selectivity and activity for the alcohol/aldehyde transformation. Recycling experiments showed that stability and reusability of the nanocomposite catalyst were satisfying.
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39
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Etayo P, Ayats C, Pericàs MA. Synthesis and catalytic applications of C3-symmetric tris(triazolyl)methanol ligands and derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1997-2010. [PMID: 26701737 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08961a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently introduced tris(1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methanols and derivatives (TTM ligands) have become a valuable subclass of C3-symmetric tripodal ligands for transition metal-mediated reactions. TTM-based ligand architectures are modularly constructed through regioselective, one-pot triple [3+2] cycloaddition of azides and alkynes. Applications of homogeneous systems of this type and of heterogenised (polystyrene- and magnetic nanoparticle-supported) TTM ligands in synthesis and catalysis are compiled in this Feature Article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Etayo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Carles Ayats
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Miquel A Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain. and Departament de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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40
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Günler ZI, Companyó X, Alfonso I, Burés J, Jimeno C, Pericàs MA. Deciphering the roles of multiple additives in organocatalyzed Michael additions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:6821-4. [PMID: 27128165 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01026a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic effects of multiple additives (water and acetic acid) on the asymmetric Michael addition of acetone to nitrostyrene catalyzed by primary amine-thioureas (PAT) were precisely determined. Acetic acid facilitates hydrolysis of the imine intermediates, thus leading to catalytic behavior, and minimizes the formation of the double addition side product. In contrast, water slows down the reaction but minimizes catalyst deactivation, eventually leading to higher final yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Inci Günler
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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41
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Ranjbar S, Riente P, Rodríguez-Escrich C, Yadav J, Ramineni K, Pericàs MA. Polystyrene or Magnetic Nanoparticles as Support in Enantioselective Organocatalysis? A Case Study in Friedel–Crafts Chemistry. Org Lett 2016; 18:1602-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ranjbar
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science of Technology, Avda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Paola Riente
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science of Technology, Avda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carles Rodríguez-Escrich
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science of Technology, Avda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jagjit Yadav
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science of Technology, Avda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Kishore Ramineni
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science of Technology, Avda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science of Technology, Avda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Department
de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08080 Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Hosamani B, Ribeiro MF, da Silva Júnior EN, Namboothiri INN. Catalytic asymmetric reactions and synthesis of quinones. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:6913-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01119e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Organo- and metal–ligand catalysed asymmetric reactions of quinones lead to complex enantiopure compounds including quinones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matheus F. Ribeiro
- Institute of Exact Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
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43
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Prohens R, Portell A, Font-Bardia M, Bauzá A, Frontera A. Experimental and theoretical study of weak intermolecular interactions in crystalline tertiary squaramides. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce01299j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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44
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Osorio-Planes L, Rodríguez-Escrich C, Pericàs MA. Removing the superfluous: a supported squaramide catalyst with a minimalistic linker applied to the enantioselective flow synthesis of pyranonaphthoquinones. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy00473c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new, cost-effective polystyrene-supported squaramide organocatalyst has been shown to mediate the highly enantioselective formation of pyranonaphthoquinones in flow through a sequential two-step process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Osorio-Planes
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Carles Rodríguez-Escrich
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
- Departament de Química Orgànica
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45
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Martínez JI, Uria U, Muñiz M, Reyes E, Carrillo L, Vicario JL. Organocatalytic and enantioselective Michael reaction between α-nitroesters and nitroalkenes. Syn/anti-selectivity control using catalysts with the same absolute backbone chirality. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:2577-83. [PMID: 26734103 PMCID: PMC4685793 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The asymmetric and catalytic Michael reaction between α-nitroesters and nitroalkenes has been studied in the presence of two bifunctional catalysts both containing the same absolute chirality at the carbon backbone. The reaction performed in similar conditions allows us to control the syn or anti selectivity of the Michael adduct obtaining good yields and high enantiocontrol in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose I Martínez
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Uxue Uria
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maria Muñiz
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Efraím Reyes
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luisa Carrillo
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jose L Vicario
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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46
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Ötvös SB, Szloszár A, Mándity IM, Fülöp F. Heterogeneous Dipeptide-Catalyzed α-Amination of Aldehydes in a Continuous-Flow Reactor: Effect of Residence Time on Enantioselectivity. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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47
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Malamidou-Xenikaki E, Tsanakopoulou M, Chatzistefanou M, Hadjipavlou-Litina D. Styryl and functionalized aryl derivatives of lawsone through metal-free cross-coupling of its BF3-activated phenyliodonium ylide with cinnamaldehydes and arylaldehydes. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Nair DK, Menna-Barreto RFS, da Silva Júnior EN, Mobin SM, Namboothiri INN. Chiral squaramide-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of pyranones and pyranonaphthoquinones via cascade reactions of 1,3-dicarbonyls with Morita-Baylis-Hillman acetates of nitroalkenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:6973-6. [PMID: 24817645 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02279c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cascade reactions of 1,3-dicarbonyls with Morita-Baylis-Hillman acetates of nitroalkenes using a quinine derived chiral squaramide organocatalyst led to the formation of pyranones and pyranonaphthoquinones in good to excellent yields and high diastereo- and enantioselectivities. Representative examples of the reaction scale-up with a much lower catalyst loading without an appreciable loss of selectivities and synthetic transformations of the products are also reported here. The compounds described herein for the first time were evaluated against the infective bloodstream form of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, since the structures are related to bioactive α-lapachones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya K Nair
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India.
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49
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Izquierdo J, Ayats C, Henseler AH, Pericàs MA. A polystyrene-supported 9-amino(9-deoxy)epi quinine derivative for continuous flow asymmetric Michael reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4204-9. [PMID: 25723553 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00325c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A polystyrene (PS)-supported 9-amino(9-deoxy)epi quinine derivative catalyzes Michael reactions affording excellent levels of conversion and enantioselectivity using different nucleophiles and structurally diverse enones. The highly recyclable, immobilized catalyst has been used to implement a single-pass, continuous flow process (residence time: 40 min) that can be operated for 21 hours without significant decrease in conversion and with improved enantioselectivity with respect to batch operation. The flow process has also been used for the sequential preparation of a small library of enantioenriched Michael adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Izquierdo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, E-43007, Tarragona, Spain
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50
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Atodiresei I, Vila C, Rueping M. Asymmetric Organocatalysis in Continuous Flow: Opportunities for Impacting Industrial Catalysis. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana Atodiresei
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carlos Vila
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Magnus Rueping
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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