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Kenny RT, Liu F. Robust and Scalable Synthesis of Soai Aldehydes via Improved Barbier‐type Halogen–lithium Exchange. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fei Liu
- Macquarie University Dept. of Molecular Sciences F7B 330 2109 Sydney AUSTRALIA
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2
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Abstract
AbstractThe generally accepted hypothesis to explain the origin of biological homochirality (that is to say, the fact that proteinogenic amino acids are left-handed, and carbohydrates right-handed, in all living beings) is to assume, in the course of prebiotic chemical evolution, the appearance of an initial enantiomeric excess in a set of chiral molecular entities by spontaneous mirror-symmetry breaking (SMSB), together with suitable amplification and replication mechanisms that overcome the thermodynamic drive to racemization. However, the achievement of SMSB in chemical reactions taking place in solution requires highly specific reaction networks showing nonlinear dynamics based on enantioselective autocatalysis, and examples of its experimental realization are very rare. On the other hand, emergence of net supramolecular chirality by SMSB in the self-assembly of achiral molecules has been seen to occur in several instances, and the chirality sign of the resulting supramolecular system can be controlled by the action of macroscopic chiral forces. These considerations led us to propose a new mechanism for the generation of net chirality in molecular systems, in which the SMSB takes place in the formation of chiral supramolecular dissipative structures from achiral monomers, leading to asymmetric imbalances in their composition that are subsequently transferred to a standard enantioselective catalytic reaction, dodging in this way the highly limiting requirement of finding suitable reactions in solution that show enantioselective autocatalysis. We propose the name ‘absolute asymmetric catalysis’ for this approach, in which an achiral monomer is converted into a nonracemic chiral aggregate that is generated with SMSB and that is catalytically active.Our aim in this Account is to present a step-by-step narrative of the conceptual and experimental development of this hitherto unregarded, but prebiotically plausible, mechanism for the emergence of net chirality in molecular reactions.1 Introduction: The Origin of Biological Homochirality and Spontaneous Mirror-Symmetry Breaking2 Experimental Chemical Models for Spontaneous Mirror-Symmetry Breaking: The Soai Reaction and Beyond3 Spontaneous Mirror-Symmetry Breaking in Supramolecular Chemistry: Plenty of Room at the Top4 Absolute Asymmetric Catalysis: An Alternative Mechanism for the Emergence of Net Chirality in Molecular Systems
5 Experimental Realization of Top-Down Chirality Transfer to the Molecular Level6 Conclusions and Outlook
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Crusats
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Chemistry
- Institute of Cosmos Science (IEE-ICC), Universitat de Barcelona
| | - Albert Moyano
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Chemistry
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Lucas F, McIntosh N, Jacques E, Lebreton C, Heinrich B, Donnio B, Jeannin O, Rault-Berthelot J, Quinton C, Cornil J, Poriel C. [4]Cyclo- N-alkyl-2,7-carbazoles: Influence of the Alkyl Chain Length on the Structural, Electronic, and Charge Transport Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8804-8820. [PMID: 34077184 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrocycles possessing radially oriented π-orbitals have experienced a fantastic development. However, their incorporation in organic electronic devices remains very scarce. In this work, we aim at bridging the gap between organic electronics and nanorings by reporting the first detailed structure-properties-device performance relationship study of organic functional materials based on a nanoring system. Three [4]cyclo-N-alkyl-2,7-carbazoles bearing different alkyl chains on their nitrogen atoms have been synthesized and characterized by combined experimental and theoretical approaches. This study includes electrochemical, photophysical, thermal, and structural solid-state measurements and charge transport properties investigations. An optimized protocol of the Pt approach has been developed to synthesize the [4]cyclocarbazoles in high yield (52-64%), of great interest for further development of nanorings, especially in materials science. The charge transport properties of [4]cyclocarbazoles and model compound [8]cycloparaphenylene ([8]CPP) have been studied. Although no field effect (FE) mobility was recorded for the benchmark [8]CPP, FE mobility values of ca. 10-5 cm2·V-1·s-1 were recorded for the [4]cyclocarbazoles. The characteristics (threshold voltage VTH, subthreshold swing SS, trapping energy ΔE) recorded for the three [4]cyclocarbazoles appear to be modulated by the alkyl chain length borne by the nitrogen atoms. Remarkably, the space-charge-limited current mobilities measured for the [4]cyclocarbazoles are about 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of [8]CPP (1.37/2.78 × 10-4 cm2·V-1·s-1 for the [4]cyclocarbazoles vs 1.21 × 10-7 cm2·V-1·s-1 for [8]CPP), highlighting the strong effect of nitrogen bridges on the charge transport properties. The whole study opens the way to the use of nanorings in electronics, which is now the next step of their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lucas
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Nemo McIntosh
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | | | | | - Benoît Heinrich
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Bertrand Donnio
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | | | | | | | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Cyril Poriel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
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4
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Buhse T, Cruz JM, Noble-Terán ME, Hochberg D, Ribó JM, Crusats J, Micheau JC. Spontaneous Deracemizations. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2147-2229. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Buhse
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas−IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico
| | - José-Manuel Cruz
- Facultad de Ciencias en Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 29050, Mexico
| | - María E. Noble-Terán
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas−IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico
| | - David Hochberg
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera Ajalvir, Km. 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid Spain
| | - Josep M. Ribó
- Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (IEEC-ICC) and Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalunya Spain
| | - Joaquim Crusats
- Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (IEEC-ICC) and Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalunya Spain
| | - Jean-Claude Micheau
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR au CNRS No. 5623, Université Paul Sabatier, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
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5
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Romagnoli C, Sieng B, Amedjkouh M. Kinetic relationship in parallel autocatalytic amplifications of pyridyl alkanol and chiral trigger pyrimidyl alkanol. Chirality 2020; 32:1143-1151. [PMID: 32602567 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and kinetic analysis of a chemical system combines autocatalytic amplification of 2-alkynyl-5-pyrimidyl alkanol 2 and 6-alkynyl-3-pyridyl akanol 4 in which 2 acts as a chiral trigger and 4 being the subsequent autocatalyst. Starting from a very low initial ee, both alkanols are produced with high enantiopurity in one single cycle. This provides insight into a dual nonlinear amplification of chirality observed with amplifying trigger 2 and accelerated amplification of autocatalyst 4. These kinetic studies reveal a five-fold magnitude superior amplification rates of 4 associated with trigger's enantiopurity at the outset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bora Sieng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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6
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Cruz-Rosas HI, Riquelme F, Santiago P, Rendón L, Buhse T, Ortega-Gutiérrez F, Borja-Urby R, Mendoza D, Gaona C, Miramontes P, Cocho G. Multiwall and bamboo-like carbon nanotubes from the Allende chondrite: A probable source of asymmetry. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218750. [PMID: 31260466 PMCID: PMC6602194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents multiwall and bamboo-like carbon nanotubes found in samples from the Allende carbonaceous chondrite using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). A highly disordered lattice observed in this material suggests the presence of chiral domains in it. Our results also show amorphous and poorly-graphitized carbon, nanodiamonds, and onion-like fullerenes. The presence of multiwall and bamboo-like carbon nanotubes have important implications for hypotheses that explain how a probable source of asymmetry in carbonaceous chondrites might have contributed to the enantiomeric excess in soluble organics under extraterrestrial scenarios. This is the first study proving the existence of carbon nanotubes in carbonaceous chondrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo I. Cruz-Rosas
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., Mexico
| | - Francisco Riquelme
- Laboratorio de Sistemática Molecular, Escuela de Estudios Superiores del Jicarero, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Jicarero, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Patricia Santiago
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., Mexico
| | - Luis Rendón
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., Mexico
| | - Thomas Buhse
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Fernando Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., Mexico
| | - Raúl Borja-Urby
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Zacatenco, Cd. Mx., Mexico
| | - Doroteo Mendoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., Mexico
| | - Carlos Gaona
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., Mexico
| | - Pedro Miramontes
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., Mexico
| | - Germinal Cocho
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., Mexico
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7
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Wu D, Cheng W, Ban X, Xia J. Cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs): An Overview of Synthesis, Properties, and Potential Applications. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science; Wuhan University of Technology; No. 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Wei Cheng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science; Wuhan University of Technology; No. 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Xiangtao Ban
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science; Wuhan University of Technology; No. 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Jianlong Xia
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science; Wuhan University of Technology; No. 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing; Wuhan University of Technology; No. 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
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Sun Z, Matsuno T, Isobe H. Stereoisomerism and Structures of Rigid Cylindrical Cycloarylenes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- JST, ERATO, Isobe Degenerate π-Integration Project, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taisuke Matsuno
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- JST, ERATO, Isobe Degenerate π-Integration Project, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- JST, ERATO, Isobe Degenerate π-Integration Project, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Asymmetric autocatalysis of pyrimidyl alkanol and related compounds. Self-replication, amplification of chirality and implication for the origin of biological enantioenriched chirality. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Matsumoto A, Fujiwara S, Abe T, Hara A, Tobita T, Sasagawa T, Kawasaki T, Soai K. Elucidation of the Structures of Asymmetric Autocatalyst Based on X-ray Crystallography. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20160160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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11
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Miners SA, Rance GA, Khlobystov AN. Chemical reactions confined within carbon nanotubes. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4727-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00090h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The confinement of molecules and catalysts inside carbon nanotubes affects the yield and distribution of products of preparative chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham A. Rance
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre
| | - Andrei N. Khlobystov
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre
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12
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Liu YY, Lin JY, Bo YF, Xie LH, Yi MD, Zhang XW, Zhang HM, Loh TP, Huang W. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Highly Strained [4]Cyclofluorene: Green-Emitting Fluorophore. Org Lett 2015; 18:172-5. [PMID: 26695881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[4]Cyclo-9,9-dipropyl-2,7-fluorene ([4]CF) with the strain energy of 79.8 kcal/mol is synthesized in high quantum yield. Impressively, hoop-shaped [4]CF exhibits a green fluorescence emission around 512 nm offering a new explanation for the green band (g-band) in polyfluorenes. The solution-processed [4]CF-based organic light emitting diode (OLED) has also been fabricated with the a stronger green band emission. Strained semiconductors offer a promising approach to fabricating multifunctional optoelectronic materials in organic electronics and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications , 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin-Yi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yi-Fan Bo
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications , 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ling-Hai Xie
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications , 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ming-Dong Yi
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications , 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin-Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications , 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications , 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications , 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.,Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
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Matsumoto A, Abe T, Hara A, Tobita T, Sasagawa T, Kawasaki T, Soai K. Crystal Structure of the Isopropylzinc Alkoxide of Pyrimidyl Alkanol: Mechanistic Insights for Asymmetric Autocatalysis with Amplification of Enantiomeric Excess. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15218-21. [PMID: 26494200 PMCID: PMC4691336 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric amplification during self-replication is a key feature that is used to explain the origin of homochirality. Asymmetric autocatalysis of pyrimidyl alkanol in the asymmetric addition of diisopropylzinc to pyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde is a unique example of this phenomenon. Crystallization of zinc alkoxides of this 5-pyrimidyl alkanol and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the alkoxide crystals reveal the existence of tetramer or higher oligomer structures in this asymmetric autocatalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arimasa Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of ScienceKagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan) E-mail:
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of ScienceKagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan)
| | - Takaaki Abe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of ScienceKagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan) E-mail:
| | - Atsushi Hara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of ScienceKagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan) E-mail:
| | - Takayuki Tobita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of ScienceKagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan) E-mail:
| | - Taisuke Sasagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of ScienceKagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan) E-mail:
| | - Tsuneomi Kawasaki
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of ScienceKagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of FukuiBunkyo, Fukui 910-8507 (Japan)
| | - Kenso Soai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of ScienceKagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan) E-mail:
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of ScienceKagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 (Japan)
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14
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Crystal Structure of the Isopropylzinc Alkoxide of Pyrimidyl Alkanol: Mechanistic Insights for Asymmetric Autocatalysis with Amplification of Enantiomeric Excess. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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15
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Abstract
The first synthesis of a cyclic oligophenylene possessing a radial π system was reported in 2008. In the short period that has elapsed since, there has been an ever-increasing level of interest in molecules of this type, as evidenced by the volume of publications in this area. This interest has been driven by the highly unusual properties of these molecules in comparison to their linear oligoarene analogues, as well as the diverse array of potential applications for them. Notably, CPPs and related structures were proposed as viable templates for the bottom-up synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), a proposition which has recently been realised. This review gives a comprehensive and strictly chronological (by date of first online publication) treatment of literature reports from the inception of the field, with emphasis on both synthesis and properties of CPPs and related nanohoops. (The scope of this review is restricted to molecules possessing a radial π system consisting entirely of subunits which are aromatic in isolation, e.g. CPPs, but not cycloparaphenyleneacetylenes or cyclopolyacetylenes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon E Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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16
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Romagnoli C, Sieng B, Amedjkouh M. Asymmetric Amplification Coupling Enantioselective Autocatalysis and Asymmetric Induction for Alkylation of Azaaryl Aldehydes. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Chiral surfactants induce excellent dispersion of CNTs. The dispersed CNTs improve the thermal properties and chiral stability of the dispersion medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Lin
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- P. R. China
| | - Yuehua Cong
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- P. R. China
| | - Baoyan Zhang
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- P. R. China
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18
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Soai K, Kawasaki T, Matsumoto A. Asymmetric autocatalysis of pyrimidyl alkanol and its application to the study on the origin of homochirality. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:3643-54. [PMID: 25511374 DOI: 10.1021/ar5003208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: Amplification of enantiomeric excess (ee) is a key feature for the chemical evolution of biological homochirality from the origin of chirality. We describe the amplification of ee in the asymmetric autocatalysis of 5-pyrimidyl alkanols in the reaction between diisopropylzinc (i-Pr2Zn) and pyrimidine-5-carbaldehydes. During the reaction, an extremely low ee (ca. 0.00005% ee) can be amplified to >99.5% ee, and therefore, the initial slightly major enantiomer is automultiplied by a factor of ca. 630000, while the initial slightly minor enantiomer is automultiplied by a factor of less than 1000. In addition, pyrimidyl alkanols with various substituents at the 2-position of the pyrimidine ring, 3-quinolyl alkanol, 5-carbamoyl-3-pyridyl alkanol, and large multifunctionalized pyrimidyl alkanols also act as highly efficient asymmetric autocatalysts in the addition of i-Pr2Zn to the corresponding aldehydes. The asymmetric autocatalysis of pyrimidyl alkanol can discriminate the chirality of various compounds. Chiral substances such as alcohols, amino acids, hydrocarbons, metal complexes, and heterogeneous chiral materials can act as chiral triggers for asymmetric autocatalysis to afford pyrimidyl alkanols with the corresponding absolute configuration of the initiator. This recognition ability of chiral compounds is extremely high, and chiral discrimination of a cryptochiral quaternary saturated hydrocarbon was established by applying asymmetric autocatalysis. By using the large amplification effect of the asymmetric autocatalysis, we can link various proposed origins of chirality with highly enantioenriched organic compounds in conjunction with asymmetric autocatalysis. Thus, a statistical fluctuation in ee of racemic compounds can be amplified to high ee by using asymmetric autocatalysis. Enantiomeric imbalance induced by irradiation of circularly polarized light can affect the enantioselectivity of asymmetric autocatalysis. The asymmetric autocatalysis was also triggered by the morphology of inorganic chiral crystals such as quartz, sodium chlorate, and cinnabar. Chiral organic crystals of achiral compounds also act as chiral initiators, and during the study of a crystal of cytosine, enantioselective chiral crystal phase transformation of the cytosine crystal was achieved by removal of the water of crystallization in an achiral monohydrate crystal. Enantioselective C-C bond formation was realized on the surfaces of achiral single crystals based on the oriented prochirality of achiral aldehydes. Furthermore, asymmetric autocatalysis of pyrimidyl alkanols is a highly sensitive reaction that can recognize and amplify the significantly small effect of a chiral compound arising solely from isotope substitution of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen (D/H, (13)C/(12)C, and (18)O/(16)O). These examples show that asymmetric autocatalysis with an amplification of chirality is a powerful tool for correlating the origin of chirality with highly enantioenriched organic compounds. Asymmetric autocatalysis using two β-amino alcohols reveals a reversal of enantioselectivity in the addition of i-Pr2Zn to aldehyde and is one approach toward understanding the mechanism of asymmetric dialkylzinc addition, where heteroaggregates act as the catalytic species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsuneomi Kawasaki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
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Sato S, Yamasaki T, Isobe H. Solid-state structures of peapod bearings composed of finite single-wall carbon nanotube and fullerene molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8374-9. [PMID: 24912184 PMCID: PMC4060721 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406518111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A supramolecular combination of carbon nanotube and fullerene, so-called a peapod, has attracted much interest, not solely because of its physical properties but also for its unique assembled structures of carbonaceous entities. However, the detailed structural information available was not sufficient for in-depth understanding of its structural chemistry or for exploratory research inspired by novel physical phenomena, mainly because of the severely inhomogeneous nature of currently available carbon nanotubes. We herein report solid-state structures of a molecular peapod. This structure, solved with a belt-persistent finite carbon nanotube molecule at the atomic level by synchrotron X-ray diffraction, revealed the presence of a smooth, inflection-free Hirshfeld surface inside the tube, and the smoothness permitted dynamic motion of the C60 guest molecule even in the solid state. This precise structural information may inspire the molecular design of carbonaceous machines assembled purely through van der Waals contacts between two neutral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sota Sato
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Isobe Degenerate π-Integration Project andAdvanced Institute for Materials Research, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan; andDepartment of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Isobe
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Isobe Degenerate π-Integration Project andAdvanced Institute for Materials Research, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan; andDepartment of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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