1
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Synthesis of Bis(N,N-diethyl)aniline-Based, Nonlinear, Optical Chromophores with Increased Electro-Optic Activity by Optimizing the Thiolated Isophorone Bridge. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14030586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Six nonlinear, optical chromophores, Z1–Z6, based on the bis(N,N-diethyl)aniline-derived donor and thiolated isophorone bridge, were designed and synthesized. The bis(N,N-diethyl)aniline-derived donor was applied in a chromophore with thiolated isophorone as an electron bridge for the first time. In particular, the bridge parts of chromophores Z2–Z6 were modified with different functional groups, including tert-butyltrimethylsilane and tert-butyl(methyl)diphenylsilane derivative: 1,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene and alkylaniline cyanoacetate, respectively. Density functional theory calculations suggested this series of chromophores show much greater hyperpolarizability than traditional, nonlinear, optical chromophores due to strong electron donor ability. These chromophores, Z1–Z6, showed very high poling efficiencies due to the large steric hindrance and hyperpolarizability of the chromophores. A large poling efficiency (2.04 ± 0.08 nm2/V2) and r33 value (193 pm/V) were achieved for polymeric thin films doped with 25 wt% chromophore Z6 at 1310 nm.
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2
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Xu H, Elder DL, Johnson LE, de Coene Y, Hammond SR, Vander Ghinst W, Clays K, Dalton LR, Robinson BH. Electro-Optic Activity in Excess of 1000 pm V -1 Achieved via Theory-Guided Organic Chromophore Design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104174. [PMID: 34545643 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High performance organic electro-optic (OEO) materials enable ultrahigh bandwidth, small footprint, and extremely low drive voltage in silicon-organic hybrid and plasmonic-organic hybrid photonic devices. However, practical OEO materials under device-relevant conditions are generally limited to performance of ≈300 pm V-1 (10× the EO response of lithium niobate). By means of theory-guided design, a new series of OEO chromophores is demonstrated, based on strong bis(4-dialkylaminophenyl)phenylamino electron donating groups, capable of EO coefficients (r33 ) in excess of 1000 pm V-1 . Density functional theory modeling and hyper-Rayleigh scattering measurements are performed and confirm the large improvement in hyperpolarizability due to the stronger donor. The EO performance of the exemplar chromophore in the series, BAY1, is evaluated neat and at various concentrations in polymer host and shows a nearly linear increase in r33 and poling efficiency (r33 /Ep , Ep is poling field) with increasing chromophore concentration. 25 wt% BAY1/polymer composite shows a higher poling efficiency (3.9 ± 0.1 nm2 V-2 ) than state-of-the-art neat chromophores. Using a high-ε charge blocking layer with BAY1, a record-high r33 (1100 ± 100 pm V-1 ) and poling efficiency (17.8 ± 0.8 nm2 V-2 ) at 1310 nm are achieved. This is the first reported OEO material with electro-optic response larger than thin-film barium titanate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Delwin L Elder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Nonlinear Materials Corporation, 2212 Queen Anne Ave North, Box #324, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Lewis E Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Nonlinear Materials Corporation, 2212 Queen Anne Ave North, Box #324, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Yovan de Coene
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Scott R Hammond
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Nonlinear Materials Corporation, 2212 Queen Anne Ave North, Box #324, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Wouter Vander Ghinst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Koen Clays
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Larry R Dalton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Bruce H Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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3
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Rothe C, Neusser D, Hoppe N, Dirnberger K, Vogel W, Gámez-Valenzuela S, López Navarrete JT, Villacampa B, Berroth M, Ruiz Delgado MC, Ludwigs S. Push-pull thiophene chromophores for electro-optic applications: from 1D linear to β-branched structures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2283-2294. [PMID: 31922173 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05640h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of a novel series of push-pull chromophores bearing 1D linear and β-branched thiophenes as π-conjugated spacers between a 2,2,4,7-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline electron donor unit and dicyano- and tricyanovinylene electron acceptor groups. The effect of the introduction of β-thiophenes on the linear and nonlinear (NLO) optical properties as well as electrochemical and thermal data is studied in detail by performing a comparative study between the branched and 1D linear systems. In addition, a parallel DFT computational study is used to evaluate structure-property relationships. The non-linear optical behavior of the molecules both in solution and in solid state as electro-optic (EO) films using a guest-host approach shows very promising performance for electro-optic applications with high molecular first hyperpolarizabilities (μβ) of 4840 × 10-48 esu and electro-optic coefficients r33 reaching 650 pm V-1. One highlight is that the electro-optic films of the β-branched chromophores are superior in terms of thermal stability in device operation as measured by a transmissive modified reflective Teng-Man method. This work provides guidelines for the design of improved electro-optic materials including β-branched chromophores which could be useful for practical EO applications, where both enhanced β and r33 values together with chemical and thermal stability are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rothe
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - David Neusser
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Niklas Hoppe
- Institute of Electrical and Optical Communications Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Dirnberger
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Vogel
- Institute of Electrical and Optical Communications Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Belén Villacampa
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Escuela de Ingeniería y Arquitectura - Universidad de Zaragoza, C/María de Luna, 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manfred Berroth
- Institute of Electrical and Optical Communications Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Sutradhar T, Misra A. Enhancement of Nonlinear Optical Properties of Indole Based Dyes through Electron Acceptor and π‐Linker for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cell Applications. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Sutradhar
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Bengal Darjeeling – 734 013, West Bengal India
| | - Anirban Misra
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Bengal Darjeeling – 734 013, West Bengal India
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5
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Choi SH, Duzik AJ, Kim HJ, Park Y, Kim J, Ko HU, Kim HC, Yun S, Kyung KU. Perspective and Potential of Smart Optical Materials. SMART MATERIALS & STRUCTURES 2017; 26:093001. [PMID: 33479557 PMCID: PMC7816775 DOI: 10.1088/1361-665x/aa7c32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The increasing requirements of hyperspectral imaging optics, electro/photo-chromic materials, negative refractive index metamaterial optics, and miniaturized optical components from micro-scale to quantum-scale optics have all contributed to new features and advancements in optics technology. Development of multifunctional capable optics has pushed the boundaries of optics into new fields that require new disciplines and materials to maximize the potential benefits. The purpose of this study is to understand and show the fundamental materials and fabrication technology for field-controlled spectrally active optics (referred to as smart optics) that are essential for future industrial, scientific, military, and space applications, such as membrane optics, light detection and ranging (LIDAR) filters, windows for sensors and probes, telescopes, spectroscopes, cameras, light valves, light switches, and flat-panel displays. The proposed smart optics are based on the Stark and Zeeman effects in materials tailored with quantum dot arrays and thin films made from readily polarizable materials via ferroelectricity or ferromagnetism. Bound excitonic states of organic crystals are also capable of optical adaptability, tunability, and reconfigurability. To show the benefits of smart optics, this paper reviews spectral characteristics of smart optical materials and device technology. Experiments testing the quantum-confined Stark effect, arising from rare earth element doping effects in semiconductors, and applied electric field effects on spectral and refractive index are discussed. Other bulk and dopant materials were also discovered to have the same aspect of shifts in spectrum and refractive index. Other efforts focus on materials for creating field-controlled spectrally smart active optics (FCSAO) on a selected spectral range. Surface plasmon polariton transmission of light through apertures is also discussed, along with potential applications. New breakthroughs in micro scale multiple zone plate optics as a micro convex lens are reviewed, along with the newly discovered pseudo-focal point not predicted with conventional optics modeling. Micron-sized solid state beam scanner chips for laser waveguides are reviewed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang H Choi
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA
| | - Adam J Duzik
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | | | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Nam-ku, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Hyun-U Ko
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Nam-ku, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Chan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Nam-ku, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Sungryul Yun
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, South Korea
| | - Ki-Uk Kyung
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, South Korea
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6
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Electro-optic properties of a side chain poly(norbornene-dicarboximide) system with an appended phenyl vinylene thiophene chromophore. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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8
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Wu J, Bo S, Wang W, Deng G, Zhen Z, Liu X, Chiang KS. Facile bromine-termination of nonlinear optical chromophore: remarkable optimization in photophysical properties, surface morphology and electro-optic activity. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20801g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes how a small molecular structure modification can enhance the microscopic and macroscopic properties of chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyun Wu
- School of Communication and Information Engineering
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Shuhui Bo
- Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Communication and Information Engineering
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Guowei Deng
- College of Chemistry and Life Science
- Chengdu Normal University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Zhen Zhen
- Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xinhou Liu
- Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Kin-seng Chiang
- School of Communication and Information Engineering
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu
- China
- Department of Electronic Engineering
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9
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Jarowski PD, Mo Y. Two States Are Not Enough: Quantitative Evaluation of the Valence-Bond Intramolecular Charge-Transfer Model and Its Use in Predicting Bond Length Alternation Effects. Chemistry 2014; 20:17214-21. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Bell WK, Rawlings BM, Long BK, Webb RC, Keitz BK, Häußling L, Willson CG. Poling and crosslinking processes in NLO polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William K. Bell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas; Austin Texas 78712
| | - Brandon M. Rawlings
- Department of Chemical Engineering; The University of Texas; Austin Texas 78712
| | - Brian K. Long
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996
| | - R. Chad Webb
- Department of Chemical Engineering; The University of Texas; Austin Texas 78712
| | - B. Keith Keitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering; The University of Texas; Austin Texas 78712
| | - Lukas Häußling
- The IBM Almaden Research Center; San Jose California 95120
| | - C. Grant Willson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas; Austin Texas 78712
- Department of Chemical Engineering; The University of Texas; Austin Texas 78712
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996
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11
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Zhang A, Xiao H, Peng C, Bo S, Xu H, Zhang M, Deng G, Zhen Z, Liu X. Microwave-assisted synthesis of novel julolidinyl-based nonlinear optical chromophores with enhanced electro-optic activity. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10078f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Under microwave (MW) irradiation at a proper temperature, three chromophores (A, B and C) with julolidinyl-based donors and TCF or CF3-Ph-TCF acceptors have been synthesized in high overall yields compared with the conventional heating method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Hongyan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, PR China
| | - Chengcheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Shuhui Bo
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, PR China
| | - Huajun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Maolin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Guowei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhen Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinhou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technique Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing, PR China
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12
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Knorr DB, Benight SJ, Krajina B, Zhang C, Dalton LR, Overney RM. Nanoscale Phase Analysis of Molecular Cooperativity and Thermal Transitions in Dendritic Nonlinear Optical Glasses. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:13793-805. [DOI: 10.1021/jp307370y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Knorr
- Weapons and Materials Research
Directorate, United States Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21009, United States
| | | | | | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007-0896, United States
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13
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Chen Z, Bo S, Qiu L, Zhen Z, Liu X. Synthesis and optical properties of a crosslinkable polymer system containing tricyanofuran-based chromophores with excellent electro-optic activity and thermal stability. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Tancini F, Wu YL, Schweizer WB, Gisselbrecht JP, Boudon C, Jarowski PD, Beels MT, Biaggio I, Diederich F. 1,1-Dicyano-4-[4-(diethylamino)phenyl]buta-1,3-dienes: Structure-Property Relationships. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Mori Y, Nakaya K, Piao X, Yamamoto K, Otomo A, Yokoyama S. Large electro-optic activity and enhanced temporal stability of methacrylate-based crosslinking hyperbranched nonlinear optical polymer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.25915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Zhou XH, Luo J, Davies JA, Huang S, Jen AKY. Push–pull tetraene chromophores derived from dialkylaminophenyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl and julolidinyl moieties: optimization of second-order optical nonlinearity by fine-tuning the strength of electron-donating groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32848h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Shi Z, Luo J, Huang S, Polishak BM, Zhou XH, Liff S, Younkin TR, Block BA, Jen AKY. Achieving excellent electro-optic activity and thermal stability in poled polymers through an expeditious crosslinking process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm14254b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Cabanetos C, Mahé H, Blart E, Pellegrin Y, Montembault V, Fontaine L, Adamietz F, Rodriguez V, Bosc D, Odobel F. Preparation of a new electro-optic polymer cross-linkable via copper-free thermal Huisgen cyclo-addition and fabrication of optical waveguides by Reactive Ion Etching. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:2092-2098. [PMID: 21563799 DOI: 10.1021/am2003153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
High-quality trails of ridge waveguides were successfully fabricated using a new cross-linkable polymer (PCC01) by UV photolithography followed by Reactive-Ion Etching (RIE) process. The cross-linking reaction of PCC01 is based on the copper-free Huisgen cyclo-addition between an azide and an acetylene group. The new cross-linkable polymer (PCC01) consists of a structural modification of the previously described materials (Scarpaci et al. Polym. Chem.2011, 2, 157), because the ethynyl group is functionalized by a methyl group instead of the TMS protecting group. This feature prevents the formation of silica (SiO(2)) generated by trimethylsilyl groups and which was stopping the engraving process before completion. Herein, we describe the synthesis, the NLO characterizations, and the fabrication of a high-quality ridge waveguide with PCC01. The new cross-linkable polymer PCC01 not only solves the problems encountered with our previously described polymers, but also presents an enhancement of the electro-optic stability, because d(33) coefficients up to 30 pm/V stable at 150 °C were recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Cabanetos
- Université de Nantes , CNRS, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR CNRS n° 6230, 2, rue de la Houssinière - BP 92208 - 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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19
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Cabanetos C, Blart E, Pellegrin Y, Montembault V, Fontaine L, Adamietz F, Rodriguez V, Odobel F. Simpler and more efficient strategy to stabilize the chromophore orientation in electro-optic polymers with copper-free thermal Huisgen reaction. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Zhou XH, Davies J, Huang S, Luo J, Shi Z, Polishak B, Cheng YJ, Kim TD, Johnson L, Jen A. Facile structure and property tuning through alteration of ring structures in conformationally locked phenyltetraene nonlinear optical chromophores. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02855j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Witzens J, Baehr-Jones T, Hochberg M. Design of transmission line driven slot waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometers and application to analog optical links. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:16902-16928. [PMID: 20721082 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.016902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Slot waveguides allow joint confinement of the driving electrical radio frequency field and of the optical waveguide mode in a narrow slot, allowing for highly efficient polymer based interferometers. We show that the optical confinement can be simply explained by a perturbation theoretical approach taking into account the continuity of the electric displacement field. We design phase matched transmission lines and show that their impedance and RF losses can be modeled by an equivalent circuit and linked to slot waveguide properties by a simple set of equations, thus allowing optimization of the device without iterative simulations. We optimize the interferometers for analog optical links and predict record performance metrics (V(pi) = 200 mV @ 10 GHz in push-pull configuration) assuming a modest second order nonlinear coefficient (r(33) = 50 pm/V) and slot width (100 nm). Using high performance optical polymers (r(33) = 150 pm/V), noise figures of state of the art analog optical links can be matched while reducing optical power levels by approximately 30 times. With required optical laser power levels predicted at 50 mW, this could be a game changing improvement by bringing high performance optical analog link power requirements in the reach of laser diodes. A modified transmitter architecture allows shot noise limited performance, while reducing power levels in the slot waveguides and enhancing reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Witzens
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Campus Box 352500 Seattle, WA 98195-2500, USA.
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22
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Molecular Design and Supramolecular Organization of Highly Efficient Nonlinear Optical Chromophores for Exceptional Electro-Optic Properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2010-1039.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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23
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Andreu R, Carrasquer L, Franco S, Garín J, Orduna J, Martínez de Baroja N, Alicante R, Villacampa B, Allain M. 4H-Pyran-4-ylidenes: strong proaromatic donors for organic nonlinear optical chromophores. J Org Chem 2009; 74:6647-57. [PMID: 19655768 DOI: 10.1021/jo901142f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Merocyanines where a polyenic spacer separates a 4H-pyran-4-ylidene moiety and different strong organic acceptors have been synthesized. According to NMR studies and X-ray diffraction data, these compounds have weakly alternated structures and remarkably zwitterionic ground states, with a partial aromatic character that is compared to those of other pyran derivatives. The proaromaticity of the 4H-pyran-4-ylidene donor lies behind the cyanine-like behavior and low (positive or negative) second-order optical nonlinearities of the shorter derivatives. On the other hand, lengthening the pi-spacer gives rise to rapidly increasing mubeta(1907) values up to 17,400 x 10(-48) esu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Andreu
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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24
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Cui HF, Yang YQ, Chai Z, Li P, Zheng CW, Zhu SZ, Zhao G. Enantioselective Synthesis of Functionalized Fluorinated Cyclohexenones via Robinson Annulation Catalyzed by Primary−Secondary Diamines. J Org Chem 2009; 75:117-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902081w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances and Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying-Quan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances and Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhuo Chai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances and Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances and Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chang-Wu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances and Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shi-Zheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances and Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances and Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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25
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Dalton LR, Sullivan PA, Bale DH. Electric Field Poled Organic Electro-optic Materials: State of the Art and Future Prospects. Chem Rev 2009; 110:25-55. [DOI: 10.1021/cr9000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 777] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larry R. Dalton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Philip A. Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Denise H. Bale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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26
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Knorr DB, Zhou XH, Shi Z, Luo J, Jang SH, Jen AKY, Overney RM. Molecular Mobility in Self-Assembled Dendritic Chromophore Glasses. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:14180-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp907609p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Knorr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115-1750, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115-2120
| | - Xing-Hua Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115-1750, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115-2120
| | - Zhengwei Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115-1750, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115-2120
| | - Jingdong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115-1750, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115-2120
| | - Sei-Hum Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115-1750, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115-2120
| | - Alex K.-Y. Jen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115-1750, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115-2120
| | - René M. Overney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115-1750, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115-2120
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27
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Shi Z, Luo J, Huang S, Cheng YJ, Kim TD, Polishak BM, Zhou XH, Tian Y, Jang SH, Knorr, Jr. DB, Overney RM, Younkin TR, Jen AKY. Controlled Diels−Alder Reactions Used To Incorporate Highly Efficient Polyenic Chromophores into Maleimide-Containing Side-Chain Polymers for Electro-Optics. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma802612g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124
| | - Jingdong Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124
| | - Su Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124
| | - Yen-Ju Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124
| | - Tae-Dong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124
| | - Brent M. Polishak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124
| | - Xing-Hua Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124
| | - Yanqing Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124
| | - Sei-Hum Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124
| | - Daniel B. Knorr, Jr.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124
| | - René M. Overney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124
| | - Todd R. Younkin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124
| | - Alex K.-Y. Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124
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29
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Luo J, Zhou XH, Jen AKY. Rational molecular design and supramolecular assembly of highly efficient organic electro-optic materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b907173c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Scarpaci A, Blart E, Montembault V, Fontaine L, Rodriguez V, Odobel F. A new crosslinkable system based on thermal Huisgen reaction to enhance the stability of electro-optic polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:1825-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b900669a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Scarpaci A, Monnereau C, Hergué N, Blart E, Legoupy S, Odobel F, Gorfo A, Pérez-Moreno J, Clays K, Asselberghs I. Preparation and characterization of second order non-linear optical properties of new “push–pull” platinum complexes. Dalton Trans 2009:4538-46. [DOI: 10.1039/b900282k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Leolukman M, Paoprasert P, Wang Y, Makhija V, McGee DJ, Gopalan P. Influence of Architecture, Concentration, and Thermal History on the Poling of Nonlinear Optical Chromophores in Block Copolymer Domains. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800318s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melvina Leolukman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Physics, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey 07940
| | - Peerasak Paoprasert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Physics, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey 07940
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Physics, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey 07940
| | - Varun Makhija
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Physics, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey 07940
| | - David J. McGee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Physics, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey 07940
| | - Padma Gopalan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Physics, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey 07940
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