1
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Deng X, Song CC, Gu WJ, Wang YJ, Feng L, Zhou XJ, Zhou MQ, Yuan WC, Chen YZ. Regioselective and enantioselective propargylic hydroxylations catalyzed by P450tol monooxygenases. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2024; 11:64. [PMID: 38954282 PMCID: PMC11219674 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-024-00771-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Regioselective and enantioselective hydroxylation of propargylic C-H bonds are useful reactions but often lack appropriate catalysts. Here a green and efficient asymmetric hydroxylation of primary and secondary C-H bonds at propargylic positions has been established. A series of optically active propargylic alcohols were prepared with high regio- and enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee) under mild reaction conditions by using P450tol, while the C≡C bonds in the molecule remained unreacted. This protocol provides a green and practical method for constructing enantiomerically chiral propargylic alcohols. In addition, we also demonstrated that the biohydroxylation strategy was able to scaled up to 2.25 mmol scale with the production of chiral propargyl alcohol 2a at a yield of 196 mg with 96% ee, which's an important synthetic intermediate of antifungal drug Ravuconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Wen-Jing Gu
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yu-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
| | - Ming-Qiang Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wei-Cheng Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yong-Zheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
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2
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Zhan MM, Xing Y, Li Z, Yin F. A GSH-resistant FK228 analogue containing a stable disulfide bond. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107119. [PMID: 38219481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
FK228 is a potent natural pan HDAC inhibitor approved by the FDA for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma as well as peripheral T-cell lymphoma. It is generally believed that the mechanism of FK228 acting on HDACs is by reducing its disulfide bond after entering the cell, and the dithiol group may chelate with Zn2+ and form a weak reversible covalent bond with cysteine in the catalytic pocket of HDACs, therefore inhibiting the activity of HDACs. However, due to the weak stability of the disulfide bond in FK228, it has been difficult to obtain direct evidence for the above conjecture. Thus, improving the stability of the FK228 disulfide bond will help to explore the exact mechanism of FK228. In this study, based on the stability and target-induced covalent properties of the Cysteine-Penicillamine (Cys-Pen) disulfide bond reported previously, the Pen was introduced into the modification of FK228. Specifically, the d-Cys in FK228 was replaced by d-Pen, the total synthetic pathway was optimized, and the novel synthetic FK228 analogue (FK-P) stability was verified. FK-P can also be used as a new drug molecule in the future to participate in the research of related biological mechanisms or the treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Miao Zhan
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Yun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China.
| | - Feng Yin
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China.
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3
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Guo YY, Zhang JY, Sun JF, Nie P, Gao H. Synthesis and application of small molecules approved for the treatment of lymphoma. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115835. [PMID: 37801827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoma is a form of cancer that impacts the lymphatic system, which plays a crucial role in defending the body against infections and illnesses. It is characterized by the atypical proliferation of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, which can form tumors in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, etc. Lymphoma is usually treated using a combination of targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the development of new drugs to treat lymphoma, which has led to the discovery of several promising compounds. The primary targets for lymphoma treatment have been identified as Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), phosphoinositide3-kinase (PI3K), histone deacetylase (HDAC), and DNA polymerase (POLA). This review aims to provide an overview of the clinical applications and synthesis of several notable drugs approved to treat lymphoma, to expedite the exploration of more potent novel medications for the management of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jing-Yi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University, 450044, China.
| | - Jin-Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, College of Pharmacy, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China.
| | - Peng Nie
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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4
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Narita K. [Synthetic Study on Bicyclic Depsipeptides Containing an Intramolecular Disulfide Bond]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:917-926. [PMID: 36047217 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.22-00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclic depsipeptide natural products containing an intramolecular disulfide bond are potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Among them, FK228 (romidepsin) is approved for treating cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma. This study focused on developing a new synthesis method for producing this class of natural products for use as HDAC inhibitors with high efficacy and low toxicity. In this paper, the total syntheses of FK228 as well as spiruchostatins A and B are described. The synthesis routes include a convergent way to assemble seco-acids via the amide condensation of amine segments with carboxylic acid segments. The syntheses of C4- and C7-modified FK228 analogs (FK-A1 to FK-A8) are also described. The evaluation of HDAC and cell growth inhibitory activities of the synthesized analogs revealed novel aspects of their structure-activity relationship. Potent and highly isoform-selective HDAC1 inhibitors were identified. Furthermore, the analogs showed phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitory activity. Structural optimization of the analogs as HDAC/PI3K dual inhibitors led to the identification of FK-A11 as the most potent analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Narita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
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5
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Ohsawa K, Fukaya S, Doi T. Total Synthesis and Structural Determination of Cyclodepsipeptide Decatransin. Org Lett 2022; 24:5552-5556. [PMID: 35867629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structure determination of the 30-membered cyclodepsipeptide decatransin was demonstrated on the basis of total synthesis. Both (R)- and (S)-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoic acid derivatives were prepared via the Evans asymmetric alkylation. N-Alkyl-enriched peptide fragments were synthesized by the Cbz strategy in the solution phase without formation of diketopiperazine and epimerization. The synthesis of putative candidates was achieved by convergent peptide coupling of three peptide fragments, followed by macrocyclization under the Mitsunobu conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ohsawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Sakiko Fukaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takayuki Doi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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6
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Human iPSC-Cardiomyocytes as an Experimental Model to Study Epigenetic Modifiers of Electrophysiology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020200. [PMID: 35053315 PMCID: PMC8774228 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic landscape and the responses to pharmacological epigenetic regulators in each human are unique. Classes of epigenetic writers and erasers, such as histone acetyltransferases, HATs, and histone deacetylases, HDACs, control DNA acetylation/deacetylation and chromatin accessibility, thus exerting transcriptional control in a tissue- and person-specific manner. Rapid development of novel pharmacological agents in clinical testing—HDAC inhibitors (HDACi)—targets these master regulators as common means of therapeutic intervention in cancer and immune diseases. The action of these epigenetic modulators is much less explored for cardiac tissue, yet all new drugs need to be tested for cardiotoxicity. To advance our understanding of chromatin regulation in the heart, and specifically how modulation of DNA acetylation state may affect functional electrophysiological responses, human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocyte (hiPSC-CM) technology can be leveraged as a scalable, high-throughput platform with ability to provide patient-specific insights. This review covers relevant background on the known roles of HATs and HDACs in the heart, the current state of HDACi development, applications, and any adverse cardiac events; it also summarizes relevant differential gene expression data for the adult human heart vs. hiPSC-CMs along with initial transcriptional and functional results from using this new experimental platform to yield insights on epigenetic control of the heart. We focus on the multitude of methodologies and workflows needed to quantify responses to HDACis in hiPSC-CMs. This overview can help highlight the power and the limitations of hiPSC-CMs as a scalable experimental model in capturing epigenetic responses relevant to the human heart.
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7
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Kataria P, Nomula R, Kontham R. Studies directed toward the synthesis of hedycoropyrans: total synthesis of des-hydroxy (-)-hedycoropyran B ( ent-rhoiptelol B). Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:444-463. [PMID: 34904991 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01972d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A full account of our efforts directed towards the synthesis of the diarylheptanoid-derived natural products hedycoropyrans that led to the total synthesis of ent-rhoiptelol B is described. In this endeavor, we have attempted two distinct synthetic strategies to access hedycoropyrans A and B, which led us to establish a facile synthetic route for des-hydroxy (-)-hedycoropyran B (ent-rhoiptelol B) from simple and readily accessible building blocks of 4-allylanisole and vanillin, employing Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, CBS reduction, and an intramolecular AgOTf-catalyzed oxa-Michael reaction of suitably functionalized hydroxy-ynone as key transformations. The investigations disclosed herein will provide insights into designing novel synthetic routes for THP-DAH-derived natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kataria
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Rajesh Nomula
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Ravindar Kontham
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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8
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Doherty S, Knight JG, Alshaikh H, Wilson J, Waddell PG, Wills C, Dixon CM. Arene‐Immobilized Ru(II)/TsDPEN Complexes: Synthesis and Applications to the Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Doherty
- Newcastle University Centre for Catalysis (NUCAT) School of Chemistry, Bedson Building Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Julian G. Knight
- Newcastle University Centre for Catalysis (NUCAT) School of Chemistry, Bedson Building Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Hind Alshaikh
- Department of Chemistry Science and Arts College King Abdulaziz University Rabigh Campus Jeddah 21911 Saudi Arabia
| | - James Wilson
- Newcastle University Centre for Catalysis (NUCAT) School of Chemistry, Bedson Building Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Paul G. Waddell
- Newcastle University Centre for Catalysis (NUCAT) School of Chemistry, Bedson Building Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Corinne Wills
- Newcastle University Centre for Catalysis (NUCAT) School of Chemistry, Bedson Building Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Casey M. Dixon
- Newcastle University Centre for Catalysis (NUCAT) School of Chemistry, Bedson Building Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
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9
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Jothishankar B, Espinosa ML, Zain J, Parekh V, Di Raimondo C, Abdulla F. Complete response to romidepsin as monotherapy in treatment-resistant subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma. JAAD Case Rep 2020; 6:1245-1247. [PMID: 33294555 PMCID: PMC7701033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria L. Espinosa
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Correspondence to: Maria L. Espinosa, BS, 924 E 57th St Suite 104, Chicago, IL 60637.
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10
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Zang X, Peraro L, Davison RT, Blum TR, Vallabhaneni D, Fennell CE, Cramer SL, Shah HK, Wholly DM, Fink EA, Sivak JT, Ingalls KM, Herr CT, Lawson VE, Burnett MR, Slade DJ, Cole KE, Carle SA, Miller JS. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Depsipeptidic Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor via a Generalizable Approach Using an Optimized Latent Thioester Solid-Phase Linker. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8253-8260. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zang
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Leila Peraro
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Ryan T. Davison
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Travis R. Blum
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Deepak Vallabhaneni
- Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Caitlyn E. Fennell
- Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Stephanie L. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Heli K. Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Deirdre M. Wholly
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Elissa A. Fink
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia 23606, United States
| | - Jacob T. Sivak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia 23606, United States
| | - Kathryn M. Ingalls
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia 23606, United States
| | - Chelsea T. Herr
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Vernon E. Lawson
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Matthew R. Burnett
- Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - David J. Slade
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Kathryn E. Cole
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia 23606, United States
| | - Sigrid A. Carle
- Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Justin S. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
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11
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Mondal J, Sarkar R, Sen P, Goswami RK. Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Assignment of Sunshinamide and Its Anticancer Activity. Org Lett 2020; 22:1188-1192. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Sarojini V, Cameron AJ, Varnava KG, Denny WA, Sanjayan G. Cyclic Tetrapeptides from Nature and Design: A Review of Synthetic Methodologies, Structure, and Function. Chem Rev 2019; 119:10318-10359. [PMID: 31418274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Small cyclic peptides possess a wide range of biological properties and unique structures that make them attractive to scientists working in a range of areas from medicinal to materials chemistry. However, cyclic tetrapeptides (CTPs), which are important members of this family, are notoriously difficult to synthesize. Various synthetic methodologies have been developed that enable access to natural product CTPs and their rationally designed synthetic analogues having novel molecular structures. These methodologies include the use of reversible protecting groups such as pseudoprolines that restrict conformational freedom, ring contraction strategies, on-resin cyclization approaches, and optimization of coupling reagents and reaction conditions such as temperature and dilution factors. Several fundamental studies have documented the impacts of amino acid configurations, N-alkylation, and steric bulk on both synthetic success and ensuing conformations. Carefully executed retrosynthetic ring dissection and the unique structural features of the linear precursor sequences that result from the ring dissection are crucial for the success of the cyclization step. Other factors that influence the outcome of the cyclization step include reaction temperature, solvent, reagents used as well as dilution levels. The purpose of this review is to highlight the current state of affairs on naturally occurring and rationally designed cyclic tetrapeptides, including strategies investigated for their syntheses in the literature, the conformations adopted by these molecules, and specific examples of their function. Using selected examples from the literature, an in-depth discussion of the synthetic techniques and reaction parameters applied for the successful syntheses of 12-, 13-, and 14-membered natural product CTPs and their novel analogues are presented, with particular focus on the cyclization step. Selected examples of the three-dimensional structures of cyclic tetrapeptides studied by NMR, and X-ray crystallography are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalekshmi Sarojini
- School of Chemical Sciences and the Centre for Green Chemical Science , University of Auckland , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand.,The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
| | - Alan J Cameron
- School of Chemical Sciences and the Centre for Green Chemical Science , University of Auckland , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Kyriakos G Varnava
- School of Chemical Sciences and the Centre for Green Chemical Science , University of Auckland , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | | | - Gangadhar Sanjayan
- Division of Organic Chemistry , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Dr. Homi Bhabha Road , Pune 411 008 , India
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13
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Peng X, Liao G, Sun P, Yu Z, Chen J. An Overview of HDAC Inhibitors and their Synthetic Routes. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1005-1040. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190227221507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics play a key role in the origin, development and metastasis of cancer. Epigenetic processes include DNA methylation, histone acetylation, histone methylation, and histone phosphorylation, among which, histone acetylation is the most common one that plays important roles in the regulation of normal cellular processes, and is controlled by histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyltransferases (HATs). HDACs are involved in the regulation of many key cellular processes, such as DNA damage repair, cell cycle control, autophagy, metabolism, senescence and chaperone function, and can lead to oncogene activation. As a result, HDACs are considered to be an excellent target for anti-cancer therapeutics like histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) which have attracted much attention in the last decade. A wide-ranging knowledge of the role of HDACs in tumorigenesis, and of the action of HDACi, has been achieved. The primary purpose of this paper is to summarize recent HDAC inhibitors and the synthetic routes as well as to discuss the direction for the future development of new HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guochao Liao
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pinghua Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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14
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Liu X, Xie F, Doughty LB, Wang Q, Zhang L, Liu X, Cheng YQ. Genomics-guided discovery of a new and significantly better source of anticancer natural drug FK228. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2018; 3:268-274. [PMID: 30417143 PMCID: PMC6222137 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
FK228 is an FDA-approved anticancer drug naturally produced by Chromobacterium violaceum No. 968 up to 19 mg/L in a pilot industry-scale batch fermentation. Here we report a genomics-guided discovery of Burkholderia thailandensis MSMB43 as a new and significantly better source of FK228. The genome of B. thailandensis MSMB43 was found to contain a functional biosynthetic gene cluster highly homologous to that of FK228 in C. violaceum No. 968, and the bacterium indeed produces authentic FK228. By simple fermentation in shaking flasks in a preferred M8 medium, B. thailandensis MSMB43 produced FK228 up to 67.7 mg/L; by fed-batch fermentation in a 20-L fermentor in M8 medium, B. thailandensis MSMB43 produced FK228 up to 115.9 mg/L, which is 95 fold higher than that of C. violaceum No. 968 under the same laboratory fermentation conditions. RT-PCR analysis indicated that the high FK228 yield of B. thailandensis MSMB43 was due to high expression of biosynthetic genes, represented by Bth_depA, during the fermentation process. Further genetic manipulation resulted in a recombinant strain, B. thailandensis MSMB43/pBMTL3-tdpR, which harbors a broad host-range vector expressing the thailandepsin biosynthetic pathway regulatory gene tdpR. This engineered strain produced up to 168.5 mg/L of FK228 in fed-batch fermentation in a 20-L fermentor in M8 medium. Therefore, the wild-type B. thailandensis MSMB43 or its engineered derivative could potentially be a good starting point for an industrial process to improve FK228 production for its expanding use in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.,UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Feng Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Leah B Doughty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Xueting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Yi-Qiang Cheng
- UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
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15
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Maiga-Wandiam B, Corbu A, Massiot G, Sautel F, Yu P, Lin BWY, Houk KN, Cossy J. Intramolecular Diels–Alder Approaches to the Decalin Core of Verongidolide: The Origin of the exo-Selectivity, a DFT Analysis. J Org Chem 2018; 83:5975-5985. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Baba Maiga-Wandiam
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI), ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 - Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Andrei Corbu
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI), ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 - Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Georges Massiot
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Sciences, Moulin de la Housse, 51687 - Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - François Sautel
- CNRS/Pierre Fabre USR 3388, Centre de Recherche et Développement Pierre Fabre, 3 avenue Hubert Curien, 31035 - Toulouse Cedex 01, France
| | - Peiyuan Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90065, United States
| | - Bernice Wan-Yi Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90065, United States
| | - Kendall N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90065, United States
| | - Janine Cossy
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI), ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 - Paris Cedex 05, France
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16
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Conforti F, Davies ER, Calderwood CJ, Thatcher TH, Jones MG, Smart DE, Mahajan S, Alzetani A, Havelock T, Maher TM, Molyneaux PL, Thorley AJ, Tetley TD, Warner JA, Packham G, Ganesan A, Skipp PJ, Marshall BJ, Richeldi L, Sime PJ, O'Reilly KMA, Davies DE. The histone deacetylase inhibitor, romidepsin, as a potential treatment for pulmonary fibrosis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:48737-48754. [PMID: 28467787 PMCID: PMC5564721 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease that usually affects elderly people. It has a poor prognosis and there are limited therapies. Since epigenetic alterations are associated with IPF, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors offer a novel therapeutic strategy to address the unmet medical need. This study investigated the potential of romidepsin, an FDA-approved HDAC inhibitor, as an anti-fibrotic treatment and evaluated biomarkers of target engagement that may have utility in future clinical trials. The anti-fibrotic effects of romidepsin were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo together with any harmful effect on alveolar type II cells (ATII). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from IPF or control donors was analyzed for the presence of lysyl oxidase (LOX). In parallel with an increase in histone acetylation, romidepsin potently inhibited fibroblast proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation and LOX expression. ATII cell numbers and their lamellar bodies were unaffected. In vivo, romidepsin inhibited bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in association with suppression of LOX expression. LOX was significantly elevated in BALF of IPF patients compared to controls. These data show the anti-fibrotic effects of romidepsin, supporting its potential use as novel treatment for IPF with LOX as a companion biomarker for evaluation of early on-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Conforti
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Davies
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Claire J Calderwood
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Thomas H Thatcher
- Department of Medicine/Pulmonary & Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mark G Jones
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David E Smart
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sumeet Mahajan
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, UK
| | | | - Tom Havelock
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Toby M Maher
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.,National Heart & Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Philip L Molyneaux
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.,National Heart & Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Thorley
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Teresa D Tetley
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Jane A Warner
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, UK
| | - Graham Packham
- Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - A Ganesan
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul J Skipp
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, UK
| | | | - Luca Richeldi
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Patricia J Sime
- Department of Medicine/Pulmonary & Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Katherine M A O'Reilly
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Respiratory Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donna E Davies
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, UK
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17
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Wang M, Jiang X. Sulfur–Sulfur Bond Construction. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:14. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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18
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Gupta P, Mahajan A. Shades of chemical beauty: An overview of synthetic routes to some anticancer drugs. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2017.1324627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Princy Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, India
| | - Aman Mahajan
- Research and Development Centre, Apeejay Stya Research Foundation, Gurgaon, India
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19
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Maolanon AR, Kristensen HME, Leman LJ, Ghadiri MR, Olsen CA. Natural and Synthetic Macrocyclic Inhibitors of the Histone Deacetylase Enzymes. Chembiochem 2016; 18:5-49. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex R. Maolanon
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Helle M. E. Kristensen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Luke J. Leman
- Department of Chemistry; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - M. Reza Ghadiri
- Department of Chemistry; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Christian A. Olsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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20
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Narita K, Katoh Y, Ojima KI, Dan S, Yamori T, Ito A, Yoshida M, Katoh T. Total Synthesis of the Depsipeptide FR901375 and Preliminary Evaluation of Its Biological Activity. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Narita
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Medicinal Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University; 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku 981-8558 Sendai Japan
| | - Yuya Katoh
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Medicinal Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University; 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku 981-8558 Sendai Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Ojima
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Medicinal Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University; 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku 981-8558 Sendai Japan
| | - Singo Dan
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology; Cancer Chemotherapy Centre; Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research; 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku 135-8550 Tokyo Japan
| | - Takao Yamori
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology; Cancer Chemotherapy Centre; Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research; 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku 135-8550 Tokyo Japan
- Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA); 3-3-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku 100-0013 Tokyo Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- RIKEN; Chemical Genetics Laboratory; 2-1 Hirosawa 351-0198 Wako-shi Saitama Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- RIKEN; Chemical Genetics Laboratory; 2-1 Hirosawa 351-0198 Wako-shi Saitama Japan
| | - Tadashi Katoh
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Medicinal Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University; 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku 981-8558 Sendai Japan
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21
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Narita K, Matsuhara K, Itoh J, Akiyama Y, Dan S, Yamori T, Ito A, Yoshida M, Katoh T. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel FK228 analogues as potential isoform selective HDAC inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:592-609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Shatskiy A, Kivijärvi T, Lundberg H, Tinnis F, Adolfsson H. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Propargylic Ketones. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Shatskiy
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Tove Kivijärvi
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Fredrik Tinnis
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hans Adolfsson
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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23
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Yao Y, Tu Z, Liao C, Wang Z, Li S, Yao H, Li Z, Jiang S. Discovery of Novel Class I Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors with Promising in Vitro and in Vivo Antitumor Activities. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7672-80. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwu Yao
- Laboratory of
Medicinal Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhengchao Tu
- Laboratory of
Medicinal Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- School
of Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Laboratory of
Medicinal Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Shang Li
- Laboratory of
Medicinal Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Hequan Yao
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department
of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Laboratory of
Medicinal Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
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24
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Study for diastereoselective aldol reaction in flow: synthesis of (E)-(S)-3-hydroxy-7-tritylthio-4-heptenoic acid, a key component of cyclodepsipeptide HDAC inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Foubelo F, Nájera C, Yus M. Catalytic asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones: recent advances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Tsakos M, Schaffert ES, Clement LL, Villadsen NL, Poulsen TB. Ester coupling reactions – an enduring challenge in the chemical synthesis of bioactive natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:605-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np00106k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review we investigate the use of complex ester fragment couplings within natural product total syntheses. Using examples from the literature up to 2014 we illustrate the state-of-the-art as well as the challenges within this area of organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Tsakos
- Chemical Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Eva S. Schaffert
- Chemical Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Lise L. Clement
- Chemical Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Nikolaj L. Villadsen
- Chemical Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Thomas B. Poulsen
- Chemical Biology Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- Aarhus C
- Denmark
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27
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Kumar SV, Saravanan D, Kumar B, Jayakumar A. An update on prodrugs from natural products. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7S1:S54-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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28
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RETRACTED: Design and synthesis of CHAP31, trapoxin B and HC-toxin based bicyclic tetrapeptides disulfide as potent histone deacetylase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3850-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Total synthesis of burkholdacs A and B and 5,6,20-tri-epi-burkholdac A: HDAC inhibition and antiproliferative activity. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 76:301-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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30
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Shiva Shankar TV, Willems L. Epigenetic modulators mitigate angiogenesis through a complex transcriptomic network. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 60:57-66. [PMID: 24445350 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the knowledge pertaining to the role of epigenetics in the regulation of angiogenesis. In particular, we show that lysine acetylation and cytosine methylation are important transcriptional regulators of angiogenic genes in endothelial cells. Lysine acetylation and cytosine methylation inhibitors idiosyncratically tune the transcriptome and affect expression of key modulators of angiogenesis such as VEGF and eNOS. Transcriptomic profiling also reveals a series of novel genes that are concomitantly affected by epigenetic modulators. The reversibility and overall tolerability of currently available epigenetic inhibitors open up the prospect of therapeutic intervention in pathologies where angiogenesis is exacerbated. This type of multitargeted strategy has the major advantage of overcoming the compensatory feedback mechanisms that characterize single anti-angiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Shiva Shankar
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA-Cancer) and Molecular Biology (GxABT), University of Liège (ULg), Liège, Belgium
| | - L Willems
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA-Cancer) and Molecular Biology (GxABT), University of Liège (ULg), Liège, Belgium.
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31
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Microbial natural products: molecular blueprints for antitumor drugs. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 40:1181-210. [PMID: 23999966 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microbes from two of the three domains of life, the Prokarya, and Eukarya, continue to serve as rich sources of structurally complex chemical scaffolds that have proven to be essential for the development of anticancer therapeutics. This review describes only a handful of exemplary natural products and their derivatives as well as those that have served as elegant blueprints for the development of novel synthetic structures that are either currently in use or in clinical or preclinical trials together with some of their earlier analogs in some cases whose failure to proceed aided in the derivation of later compounds. In every case, a microbe has been either identified as the producer of secondary metabolites or speculated to be involved in the production via symbiotic associations. Finally, rapidly evolving next-generation sequencing technologies have led to the increasing availability of microbial genomes. Relevant examples of genome mining and genetic manipulation are discussed, demonstrating that we have only barely scratched the surface with regards to harnessing the potential of microbes as sources of new pharmaceutical leads/agents or biological probes.
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32
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Narita K, Fukui Y, Sano Y, Yamori T, Ito A, Yoshida M, Katoh T. Total synthesis of bicyclic depsipeptides spiruchostatins C and D and investigation of their histone deacetylase inhibitory and antiproliferative activities. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 60:295-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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33
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Case studies of the synthesis of bioactive cyclodepsipeptide natural products. Molecules 2013; 18:1337-67. [PMID: 23348990 PMCID: PMC6270203 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18021337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodepsipeptide natural products often display intriguing biological activities that along with their complex molecular scaffolds, makes them interesting targets for chemical synthesis. Although cyclodepsipeptides feature highly diverse chemical structures, their synthesis is often associated with similar synthetic challenges such as the establishment of a suitable macrocyclization methodology. This review therefore compiles case studies of synthetic approaches to different bioactive cyclodepsipeptide natural products, thereby illustrating obstacles of cyclodepsipeptide synthesis as well as their overcomings.
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34
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FK228 Analogues Induce Fetal Hemoglobin in Human Erythroid Progenitors. Anemia 2012; 2012:428137. [PMID: 22655179 PMCID: PMC3359661 DOI: 10.1155/2012/428137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) improves the clinical severity of sickle cell disease (SCD), therefore, research to identify HbF-inducing agents for treatment purposes is desirable. The focus of our study is to investigate the ability of FK228 analogues to induce HbF using a novel KU812 dual-luciferase reporter system. Molecular modeling studies showed that the structure of twenty FK228 analogues with isosteric substitutions did not disturb the global structure of the molecule. Using the dual-luciferase system, a subgroup of FK228 analogues was shown to be inducers of HbF at nanomolar concentrations. To determine the physiological relevance of these compounds, studies in primary erythroid progenitors confirmed that JMA26 and JMA33 activated HbF synthesis at levels comparable to FK228 with low cellular toxicity. These data support our lead compounds as potential therapeutic agents for further development in the treatment of SCD.
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35
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Liu KKC, Sakya SM, O’Donnell CJ, Flick AC, Ding HX. Synthetic approaches to the 2010 new drugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:1155-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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36
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Benelkebir H, Donlevy AM, Packham G, Ganesan A. Total synthesis and stereochemical assignment of burkholdac B, a depsipeptide HDAC inhibitor. Org Lett 2011; 13:6334-7. [PMID: 22091906 DOI: 10.1021/ol202197q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Three diastereomers of burkholdac B were prepared by total synthesis, enabling the full stereochemical assignment of the natural product. It is proposed that burkholdac B is identical to thailandepsin A independently isolated by Cheng from the same strain of Burkholderia thailandensis . Burkholdac B is the most potent among depsipeptide histone deacetylase inhibitors in growth inhibition of the MCF7 breast cancer cell line with an IC(50) of 60 pM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Benelkebir
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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37
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Narayanaswamy VK, Albericio F, Coovadia YM, Kruger HG, Maguire GEM, Pillay M, Govender T. Total synthesis of a depsidomycin analogue by convergent solid-phase peptide synthesis and macrolactonization strategy for antitubercular activity. J Pept Sci 2011; 17:683-9. [PMID: 21766389 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Depsidomycin is a cyclic heptadepsi-peptide isolated from the cultured broth of Streptomyces lavendofoliae MI951-62F2. It exhibits significant antimicrobial and immunosuppressive activity. The total synthesis of a depsidomycin analogue in which 1,2-piperazine-3-carboxylic acid was substituted with proline is described. After several trials using different strategies, the desired depsidomycin analogue was obtained via stepwise synthesis starting by the amino acid 'head' and macrolactonization under Yamaguchi conditions. The cyclic depsipeptide was evaluated to have an minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 µg/ml against H37RV and 16 µg/ml against MDR clinical strains of MTB (MDR-MTB), while the linear precursor 8 also had MICs of 4 and 16 µg/ml for the susceptible and resistant strains, respectively.
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38
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Williams RM. Natural products synthesis: enabling tools to penetrate Nature's secrets of biogenesis and biomechanism. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4221-59. [PMID: 21438619 PMCID: PMC3174107 DOI: 10.1021/jo2003693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Selected examples from our laboratory of how synthetic technology platforms developed for the total synthesis of several disparate families of natural products was harnessed to penetrate biomechanistic and/or biosynthetic queries is discussed. Unexpected discoveries of biomechanistic reactivity and/or penetrating the biogenesis of naturally occurring substances were made possible through access to substances available only through chemical synthesis. Hypothesis-driven total synthesis programs are emerging as very useful conceptual templates for penetrating and exploiting the inherent reactivity of biologically active natural substances. In many instances, new enabling synthetic technologies were required to be developed. The examples demonstrate the often untapped richness of complex molecule synthesis to provide powerful tools to understand, manipulate and exploit Nature's vast and creative palette of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States.
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39
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Total synthesis of largazole and analogues: HDAC inhibition, antiproliferative activity and metabolic stability. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:3650-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Romidepsin (Istodax, NSC 630176, FR901228, FK228, depsipeptide): a natural product recently approved for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2011; 64:525-31. [PMID: 21587264 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2011.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Romidepsin (Istodax), a selective inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs), was approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in November 2009 by the US Food and Drug Administration. This unique natural product was discovered from cultures of Chromobacterium violaceum, a Gram-negative bacterium isolated from a Japanese soil sample. This bicyclic compound acts as a prodrug, its disulfide bridge being reduced by glutathione on uptake into the cell, allowing the free thiol groups to interact with Zn ions in the active site of class I and II HDAC enzymes. Due to the synthetic complexity of the compound, as well as the low yield from the producing organism, analogs are sought to create synthetically accessible alternatives. As a T-cell lymphoma drug, romidepsin offers a valuable new treatment for diseases with few effective therapies.
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41
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Chromobacterium violaceum and its important metabolites--review. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2011; 55:535-47. [PMID: 21253897 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-010-0088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
C. violaceum appeared as important bacterium in different applications and mainly these aspects are related to the production of violacein. This review discusses the last reports on biosynthetic pathways, production, genetic aspects, biological activities, pathological effects, antipathogenic screening through quorum sensing, environmental effects and the products of C. violaceum with industrial interest. An important discussion is on biological applications in medicine and as industrial products such as textile and in cosmetics.
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42
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Fuse S, Okada K, Iijima Y, Munakata A, Machida K, Takahashi T, Takagi M, Shin-ya K, Doi T. Total synthesis of spiruchostatin B aided by an automated synthesizer. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3825-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob01169j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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43
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Huang W, Zheng S, Tang J, Zhao X. Iridium-catalyzed asymmetric allylation of sodium triisopropylsilanethiolate: A new way to form chiral thiols. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7897-903. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06332d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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44
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To Market, To Market—2010. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386009-5.00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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45
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Histone deacetylase inhibitors: the epigenetic therapeutics that repress hypoxia-inducible factors. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:197946. [PMID: 21151670 PMCID: PMC2997513 DOI: 10.1155/2011/197946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) have been actively explored as a new generation of chemotherapeutics for cancers, generally known as epigenetic therapeutics. Recent findings indicate that several types of HDACIs repress angiogenesis, a process essential for tumor metabolism and progression. Accumulating evidence supports that this repression is mediated by disrupting the function of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1, HIF-2, and collectively, HIF), which are the master regulators of angiogenesis and cellular adaptation to hypoxia. Since HIF also regulate glucose metabolism, cell survival, microenvironment remodeling, and other alterations commonly required for tumor progression, they are considered as novel targets for cancer chemotherapy. Though the precise biochemical mechanism underlying the HDACI-triggered repression of HIF function remains unclear, potential cellular factors that may link the inhibition of deacetylase activity to the repression of HIF function have been proposed. Here we review published data that inhibitors of type I/II HDACs repress HIF function by either reducing functional HIF-1α levels, or repressing HIF-α transactivation activity. In addition, underlying mechanisms and potential proteins involved in the repression will be discussed. A thorough understanding of HDACI-induced repression of HIF function may facilitate the development of future therapies to either repress or promote angiogenesis for cancer or chronic ischemic disorders, respectively.
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46
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Wen S, Packham G, Ganesan A. Macrolactamization versus macrolactonization: total synthesis of FK228, the depsipeptide histone deacetylase inhibitor. J Org Chem 2010; 73:9353-61. [PMID: 18991384 DOI: 10.1021/jo801866z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic depsipeptide FK228 is the only natural product histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that has advanced to clinical trials as an anticancer agent. While currently obtained by fermentation, total synthesis is an attractive alternative that will facilitate the preparation of unnatural analogues. The previous total syntheses of FK228 featured macrocylization by ester bond formation from a seco-hydroxy acid. Such routes are operationally jeopardized by the steric hindrance of the carboxylic acid and the sensitivity of the allylic alcohol toward elimination. We report a strategically different approach whereby the ester bond is formed intermolecularly at an early stage and macrocyclization is efficiently achieved by amide bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Wen
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Bowers AA, Greshock TJ, West N, Estiu G, Schreiber SL, Wiest O, Williams RM, Bradner JE. Synthesis and conformation-activity relationships of the peptide isosteres of FK228 and largazole. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:2900-5. [PMID: 19193120 DOI: 10.1021/ja807772w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The peptide isosteres (10 and 11) of the naturally occurring and potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors FK228 and largazole have been synthesized and evaluated side-by-side with FK228, largazole, and SAHA for inhibition of the class I HDACs 1, 2, 3, and 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert A Bowers
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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48
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Narita K, Kikuchi T, Watanabe K, Takizawa T, Oguchi T, Kudo K, Matsuhara K, Abe H, Yamori T, Yoshida M, Katoh T. Total synthesis of the bicyclic depsipeptide HDAC inhibitors spiruchostatins A and B, 5''-epi-spiruchostatin B, FK228 (FR901228) and preliminary evaluation of their biological activity. Chemistry 2010; 15:11174-86. [PMID: 19760730 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The bicyclic depsipeptide histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors spiruchostatins A and B, 5''-epi-spiruchostatin B and FK228 were efficiently synthesized in a convergent and unified manner. The synthetic method involved the following crucial steps: i) a Julia-Kocienski olefination of a 1,3-propanediol-derived sulfone and a L- or D-malic acid-derived aldehyde to access the most synthetically challenging unit, (3S or 3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-7-mercaptohept-4-enoic acid, present in a D-alanine- or D-valine-containing segment; ii) a condensation of a D-valine-D-cysteine- or D-allo-isoleucine-D-cysteine-containing segment with a D-alanine- or D-valine-containing segment to directly assemble the corresponding seco-acids; and iii) a macrocyclization of a seco-acid using the Shiina method or the Mitsunobu method to construct the requisite 15- or 16-membered macrolactone. The present synthesis has established the C5'' stereochemistry of spiruchostatin B. In addition, HDAC inhibitory assay and the cell-growth inhibition analysis of the synthesized depsipeptides determined the order of their potency and revealed some novel aspects of structure-activity relationships. It was also found that unnatural 5''-epi-spiruchostatin B shows extremely high selectivity (ca. 1600-fold) for class I HDAC1 (IC(50)=2.4 nM) over class II HDAC6 (IC(50)=3900 nM) with potent cell-growth-inhibitory activity at nanomolar levels of IC(50) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Narita
- Laboratory of Synthetic Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemical Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
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49
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Newkirk TL, Bowers AA, Williams RM. Discovery, biological activity, synthesis and potential therapeutic utility of naturally occurring histone deacetylase inhibitors. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:1293-320. [PMID: 19779641 DOI: 10.1039/b817886k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tenaya L Newkirk
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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50
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Calandra NA, Cheng YL, Kocak KA, Miller JS. Total Synthesis of Spiruchostatin A via Chemoselective Macrocyclization using an Accessible Enantiomerically Pure Latent Thioester. Org Lett 2009; 11:1971-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol900436f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Calandra
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456
| | - Yim Ling Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456
| | - Kimberly A. Kocak
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456
| | - Justin S. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456
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