1
|
Pak U, Cheng H, Liu X, Wang Y, Ho C, Ri H, Xu J, Qi X, Yu H. Structural characterization and anti-oxidation activity of pectic polysaccharides from Swertia mileensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125896. [PMID: 37481190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we isolated the pectic polysaccharide WSMP-A2b (37 kDa) from the stems and leaves of Swertia mileensis, and we investigated its compositional/structural features and antioxidant activity. FT-IR, NMR, monosaccharide composition, enzymatic hydrolysis and methylation analyses indicated that WSMP-A2b is composed of rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) and homogalacturonan (HG) domains with mass ratios of 2.1:1.0:2.2. The RG-I domain is primarily substituted with α-L-1,5-arabinan and type II arabinogalactan (AG-II) side chains, as well as minor contributions of β-D-1,4-galactan and/or type I arabinogalactan (AG-I) side chains. The HG domain was released in the form of un-esterified and partly methyl-esterified and/or acetyl-esterified oligogalacturonides with a 1 to 7 degree of polymerization after endo-polygalacturonase degradation. WSMP-A2b showed stronger antioxidant activity in vitro, in part this might due to the presence of galacturonic acid (GalA). In addition, WSMP-A2b exerted a protective effect on tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP)-induced oxidative stress in INS-1 cells by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increasing the glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio. Our results provide crucial structural information on this pectic polysaccharide from Swertia mileensis, thus prompting further investigation into its structure-activity relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- UnHak Pak
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Department of Chemistry, Kim Hyong Jik University of Education, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Clinics, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xianbin Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - ChungHyok Ho
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Department of Chemistry, Kim Hyong Jik University of Education, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - HyonIl Ri
- Department of Chemistry, Kim Hyong Jik University of Education, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaodan Qi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, China; Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Haitao Yu
- Department of Biology Genetics, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
The synthesis of swermirin features two sequential regioselective Stille couplings and a spontaneous 6π-electrocyclization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- University at Albany
- State University of New York
- Albany NY
- USA
| | - Zhang Wang
- University at Albany
- State University of New York
- Albany NY
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li J, Zhao YL, Huang HY, Wang YZ. Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of the Genus Swertia (Gentianaceae): A Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:667-736. [PMID: 28490237 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Swertia plants have been considered to be medicinal plants useful for the treatment of various ailments for thousands of years, especially in Asian countries. This is due to the broad variety of chemical compounds that provide multiple ligands for bonding to different endogenous biomacromolecules for patients. Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Swertia plants are summarized in this paper. Approximately 419 metabolites and 40 bioactive compounds have been reported from 30 Swertia species, including xanthones, flavonoids, seco-iridiods, iridiods, triterpenoids, alkaloids, volatiles, and other secondary metabolites. The bioactivities of Swertia plants include anticarcinogenic, hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-diabetic, gut, and airways modulatory, metabolizing isozymes inhibitory, neuroprotective, HIV-I reverse transcriptases inhibitory, anticholinergic, and CNS-depressant activities, etc. In addition, biosynthetic pathways of xanthones, and seco-iridiods, two most important secondary metabolites for Swertia, are elucidated. The xanthones biosynthetic pathway is a mixed biosynthetic pathway involved the shikimate and the malonate routes, and the seco-iridoid pathway starts with geraniol derived from IPP which is produced either via the MEP or the MVA pathway. This review will offer a reference for future researches on the protection of natural resources, the investigation of therapeutic basis, new drug development, and so forth. Metabolic pathways of some crucial active compounds were also discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- * Institute of Medicine Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, P. R. China.,† College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Li Zhao
- * Institute of Medicine Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, P. R. China
| | - Heng-Yu Huang
- † College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Wang
- * Institute of Medicine Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li J, Zhang J, Jin H, Wang YZ, Huang HY. Using UHPLC and UV-vis Fingerprint Method to Evaluate Substitutes for Swertia mileensis: An Endangered Medicinal Plant. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:13-20. [PMID: 28216877 PMCID: PMC5307897 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.197655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Millions of people are killed by viral hepatitis every year in the world, whereas many relevant medicines are too expensive to purchase. Swertia mileensis, a medicinal plant for hepatitis in the system of traditional Chinese medicine, has been vanishing gradually because of overexploitation. OBJECTIVE To find substitutes of S. mileensis and reduce the cost of purchasing drugs for hepatitis patients, the similarity of phytochemical constituents between S. mileensis and other three Swertia species was compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS Both ultra high performance liquid chromatographies and ultraviolet-vis fingerprints of four Swertia species were developed. Methanol extracts of the stems and leaves were used as samples to establish the fingerprint. The calibration curve was drawn for quantitative analysis of swertiamarin. The data of ultra high performance liquid chromatographies were evaluated statistically using similarity analysis and principal component analysis. RESULTS The result shows a significant difference at area of 204-290 nm in the ultraviolet fingerprint. Swertiamarin, the only one common peak, was defined in chromatographic fingerprints of four Swertia species. The quantitative analysis suggested that the highest concentration of swertiamarin is in S. davidii. The similarity indexes between different samples were almost under 0.60. In the principal component analysis, separate points not only represent the distinction among different species, but also perform chemical discrepancies in content between stems and leaves of one same species. CONCLUSIONS S. angustifolia, S. davidii, and S. punicea are not suitable as substitutes of S. mileensis because of their remarkable differences in entirety and local part. In order to address issues about substitutes and high cost of purchasing drugs, more studies need to undertake. SUMMARY The UHPLC fingerprint method indicated the significant difference on chemical ingredients in four plants from Swertia.Swertiamarin is the unique common compounds for four plants, which exist are in leaves of S. davidii with the highest content.The obvious diversity in four plants was displayed from comprehensive point of view though similarity assay and PCA analysis.The UV fingerprint method offsets the defect that the UHPLC fingerprint reflected messages of secoiridoid glycosides only. Abbreviation used: UHPLC: Ultra high performance liquid chromatography, UV-vis: Ultraviolet-vis, HBV: Anti-hepatitis virus, DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, PCA: Principal component analysis, D-GaIN: D-Galactosamine, BCG: Bacille Calmette-Guerin, LPS: Lipopolysaccharide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Institute of Medicine Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Institute of Medicine Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Technical Center for Quality of Chinese Materia Medica, Kunming, China
| | - Hang Jin
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Institute of Medicine Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Technical Center for Quality of Chinese Materia Medica, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Wang
- Institute of Medicine Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Technical Center for Quality of Chinese Materia Medica, Kunming, China
| | - Heng-Yu Huang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang W, Zhu DL, Wang MF, Yang QS, Zuo MY, Zeng L, Li GP. Xanthones from the herb of Swertia elata and their anti-TMV activity. Nat Prod Res 2015; 30:1810-5. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1081198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Lai Zhu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industry Company (Ltd.), Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Feng Wang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industry Company (Ltd.), Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Song Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Ma-Yi Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Gan-Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Geng CA, Chen XL, Huang XY, Ma YB, He K, Zhou NJ, Cao TW, Zhang XM, Chen JJ. Sweriyunnanlactone A, one unusual secoiridoid trimer from Swertia yunnanensis. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
7
|
Jie XX, Geng CA, Huang XY, Ma YB, Zhang XM, Zhang RP, Chen JJ. Five new secoiridoid glycosides and one unusual lactonic enol ketone with anti-HBV activity from Swertia cincta. Fitoterapia 2015; 102:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Zhou NJ, Geng CA, Huang XY, Ma YB, Zhang XM, Wang JL, Chen JJ. Anti-hepatitis B virus active constituents from Swertia chirayita. Fitoterapia 2014; 100:27-34. [PMID: 25447162 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Four new compounds swertiachiralatone A (1), swertiachoside A (2), swertiachirdiol A (3) and swertiachoside B (4), together with twenty-six known ones were isolated from the ethanol extract of Swertia chirayita. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses (1D- and 2D-NMR, HRESIMS, UV, IR and [α]D). All compounds were evaluated for anti-hepatitis B virus (anti-HBV) activities on HepG 2.2.15 cells line in vitro, of which compounds 14 and 19 showed inhibitory activity on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) secretion with IC50 values of 0.31 ± 0.045 and 1.49 ± 0.033 mM; compounds 14 and 28 exhibited activity against hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) secretion with IC50 values of 0.77 ± 0.076 and 5.92 ± 1.02 mM; and eight compounds (8,9,13,14,24-26,29) possessed activity against HBV DNA replication with IC50 values of 0.07-0.33 mM. In particular (+)-cycloolivil-4'-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (14) exhibited inhibition not only on the secretions of HBsAg and HBeAg with IC50 values of 0.31 ± 0.045 mM (SI=4.29) and 0.77 ± 0.076 mM (SI=1.75), respectively, but also on HBV DNA replication with an IC50 value of 0.29 ± 0.034 mM (SI=4.66).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Jia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Chang-An Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Yun-Bao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Ju-Le Wang
- Medical School of Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, PR China
| | - Ji-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Long Z, Guo Z, Xue X, Zhang X, Liang X. Two-dimensional strong cation exchange/positively charged reversed-phase liquid chromatography for alkaloid analysis and purification. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3845-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Long
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
| | - Xingya Xue
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Geng CA, Zhang XM, Ma YB, Huang XY, Chen JJ. Minor secoiridoid aglycones from the low-polarity part of the traditional Chinese herb: Swertia mileensis. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2013. [PMCID: PMC4131618 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-013-0059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Eleven new secoiridoid aglycones involving unusual C9-skeleton: swerimilegenins A-F (1–6); bis-C9-skeleton: swerimilegenin G (7); and C10-skeleton: swerimilegenins H-K (8–11), as well as six known ones, were isolated from the low-polarity part of the traditional Chinese herb medicine Swertia mileensis. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic data and X-ray diffraction. Biogenetically, swerimilegenin A (1) belonged to 10-nor-secoiridoid, and swerimilegenins B-F (2–6) were 1-nor-secoiridoids. Erythrocentaurin (12) and gentiogenal (15) showed moderate anti-HBV activity on HepG 2.2.15 cell line in vitro. ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-An Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Yun-Bao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Xiao-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Ji-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang HL, Geng CA, Ma YB, Zhang XM, Chen JJ. Three new secoiridoids, swermacrolactones A–C and anti-hepatitis B virus activity from Swertia macrosperma. Fitoterapia 2013; 89:183-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
12
|
Wang HL, Cao TW, Jiang FQ, Geng CA, Zhang XM, Huang XY, Wang LJ, Kang-He, Hao-Chen, Liang WJ, Rong GQ, Chen JJ. Swerpunilactones A and B, the first example of xanthone and secoiridoid heterodimers from Swertia punicea, S. hispidicalyx, and S. yunnanensis. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Design, synthesis, and molecular hybrids of caudatin and cinnamic acids as novel anti-hepatitis B virus agents. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:352-65. [PMID: 22687441 PMCID: PMC7115590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Forty-six conjugated derivatives of caudatin with substituted cinnamic acids were synthesized, and their anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity was evaluated in HepG 2.2.15 cells. Most of the derivatives exhibited potent anti-HBV activity, especially inhibiting the HBV DNA replication with the IC(50) values from 2.44 to 22.89 μΜ. Compound 18 showed significant activity against the secretion of HBsAg, HBeAg, and HBV DNA replication with IC(50) values of 5.52, 5.52, 2.44 μΜ, respectively, and had good safety (LD(50) > 1250 mg/kg) according to the acute toxicity study. Preliminary mechanism investigation suggested that compound 18 exerted antivirus effects via interfering HBV X promoter and enhancer I to influence HBV transcriptions.
Collapse
|
14
|
Patra AK. An Overview of Antimicrobial Properties of Different Classes of Phytochemicals. DIETARY PHYTOCHEMICALS AND MICROBES 2012. [PMCID: PMC7121617 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-3926-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a great diversity of phytochemicals, the beneficial properties of which have been used by humans for centuries since the advent of human civilization. With the discovery of effective and potent antimicrobial compounds, these synthetic antimicrobial compounds are widely used to prevent and cure microbial diseases. However, the development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria, reduced efficacy and safety of antimicrobials and the search of new antimicrobials against emerging incurable diseases by conventional antimicrobial agents have revived to explore phytochemicals as an alternative to synthetic antimicrobial compounds. Although numerous studies have been conducted in vitro and in vivo in the recent years on the efficacy of plant phytochemicals as antimicrobial agents, this chapter provides an overview of the antimicrobial properties of some major group of phytochemicals, namely, different phenolic compounds, alkaloids, saponins, iridoids and secoiridoids, polyacetylenes, glucosinolates, terpenoids, sulfinate, limonoids (tetranortepenoids) and anthranoids against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, viruses and commensal bacteria in the intestinal tracts of humans and animals. This chapter also discusses their antimicrobial mechanisms of action, the efficiency of different groups of phytochemicals against multiple-drug resistant bacteria, the effect of active dietary phytometabolites on the beneficial and pathogenic microbes of the gastrointestinal tracts and the outcomes of combination of phytofactors and drugs interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amlan K. Patra
- of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University, Kshudiram Bose Sarani 37, Belgachia, Kolkata, 700 037 India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
He K, Ma YB, Geng CA, Zhang XM, Cao TW, Jiang FQ, Chen JJ. Anti-hepatitis B virus active secoiridoids from Swertia kouitchensis. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2011; 1:48-51. [PMCID: PMC4131710 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-011-0009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Three new secoiridoids, swertiakoulactone (1) and swertiakosides A and B (2 and 3), were isolated from Swertia kouitchensis. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses including MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR data. By the anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) assay on Hep G 2.2.15 cells line in vitro, compound 1 showed moderate activities inhibiting the HBsAg secretion (IC50 = 1.10 mM, SI = 4.39) and HBV DNA replication (IC50 = 1.16 mM, SI = 4.12). ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang He
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Yun-Bao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Chang-An Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Tuan-Wu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Fu-Qiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Ji-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Geng CA, Zhang XM, Ma YB, Luo J, Chen JJ. Swerilactones L-O, secoiridoids with C₁₂ and C₁₃ skeletons from Swertia mileensis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:1822-5. [PMID: 21823575 DOI: 10.1021/np200256b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Swerilactones L-O (1-4), four unusual secoiridoids with unprecedented C₁₂ and C₁₃ skeletons, were isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Swertia mileensis. Compounds 1 and 2 had moderate inhibitory activities against the secretion of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (IC₅₀ = 1.47 and 1.20 mM, with SI < 1 and 1.53, respectively) and hepatitis B virus e antigen (IC₅₀ = 0.88 and >2.69 mM, with SI 1.62 and <1, respectively) in an antihepatitis B virus assay on the Hep G 2.2.15 cell line in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-An Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Geng CA, Wang LJ, Zhang XM, Ma YB, Huang XY, Luo J, Guo RH, Zhou J, Shen Y, Zuo AX, Jiang ZY, Chen JJ. Anti-hepatitis B virus active lactones from the traditional Chinese herb: Swertia mileensis. Chemistry 2011; 17:3893-903. [PMID: 21365705 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Swerilactones H-K (1-4), which are four novel lactones with an unprecedented C29 skeleton, were isolated from Swertia mileensis (Qing-Ye-Dan), an endemic Chinese herb used for treating viral hepatitis. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic diffraction analyses. Swerilactones H-K exhibit potent anti-hepatitis B virus activity against HBV DNA replication with IC(50) values ranging from 1.53 to 5.34 μM. For the first time, a plausible biogenetic pathway for swerilactones H-K, together with the previously reported swerilactones A-D is proposed. From a biogenetic point of view, swerilactones A-D are ascribed as secoiridoid dimers, and swerilactones H-K as secoiridoid trimers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-An Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P R China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|