1
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do Amaral SC, Xavier LP, Vasconcelos V, Santos AV. Cyanobacteria: A Promising Source of Antifungal Metabolites. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:359. [PMID: 37367684 DOI: 10.3390/md21060359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a rich source of secondary metabolites, and they have received a great deal of attention due to their applicability in different industrial sectors. Some of these substances are known for their notorious ability to inhibit fungal growth. Such metabolites are very chemically and biologically diverse. They can belong to different chemical classes, including peptides, fatty acids, alkaloids, polyketides, and macrolides. Moreover, they can also target different cell components. Filamentous cyanobacteria have been the main source of these compounds. This review aims to identify the key features of these antifungal agents, as well as the sources from which they are obtained, their major targets, and the environmental factors involved when they are being produced. For the preparation of this work, a total of 642 documents dating from 1980 to 2022 were consulted, including patents, original research, review articles, and theses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cavalcante do Amaral
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Enzymes and Biotransformation, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pereira Xavier
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Enzymes and Biotransformation, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Vítor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Agenor Valadares Santos
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Enzymes and Biotransformation, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
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2
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Min L, Hu YJ, Fan JH, Zhang W, Li CC. Synthetic applications of type II intramolecular cycloadditions. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:7015-7043. [PMID: 32869796 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00365d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type II intramolecular cycloadditions ([4+2], [4+3], [4+4] and [5+2]) have emerged recently as an efficient and powerful strategy for the construction of bridged ring systems. In general, type II cycloadditions provide access to a wide range of bridged bicyclo[m.n.1] ring systems with high regio- and diastereoselectivity in an easy and straightforward manner. In each section of this review, an overview of the corresponding type II cycloadditions is presented, which is followed by highlights of method development and synthetic applications in natural product synthesis. The goal of this review is to provide a survey of recent advances in the field covering literature up to 2020. The review will serve as a useful reference for organic chemists engaged in the total synthesis of natural products containing bridged bicyclo[m.n.1] ring systems and provide strong stimulus for invention and further advances in this exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Min
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China.
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3
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Lam SM, Wong WT, Chiu P. An Approach to the Welwistatin Core via a Diazoketone Rearrangement-Ring Expansion Strategy. Org Lett 2017; 19:4468-4471. [PMID: 28829148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The rhodium-catalyzed decomposition of fused bicyclic α-diazo-β-hydroxyketone 16 and rearrangement to 17 is featured in an approach to the bridged bicyclic core of welwistatin. The bicyclic [4.3.1] core of 25 is furnished from a subsequent cyclopropanation to generate 23, followed by its ring expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuk Mei Lam
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Wing-Tak Wong
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Pauline Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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4
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Reyes JR, Xu J, Kobayashi K, Bhat V, Rawal VH. Total Synthesis of (−)‐
N
‐Methylwelwitindolinone B Isothiocyanate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9962-9966. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julius R. Reyes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chicago 5735 South Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Jiasu Xu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chicago 5735 South Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Kenichi Kobayashi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chicago 5735 South Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Vikram Bhat
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chicago 5735 South Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Viresh H. Rawal
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chicago 5735 South Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
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5
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Reyes JR, Xu J, Kobayashi K, Bhat V, Rawal VH. Total Synthesis of (−)‐
N
‐Methylwelwitindolinone B Isothiocyanate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julius R. Reyes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chicago 5735 South Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Jiasu Xu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chicago 5735 South Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Kenichi Kobayashi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chicago 5735 South Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Vikram Bhat
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chicago 5735 South Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Viresh H. Rawal
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chicago 5735 South Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
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6
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Villaume MT, Sella E, Saul G, Borzilleri R, Fargnoli J, Johnston KA, Zhang H, Fereshteh MP, Dhar TGM, Baran PS. Antroquinonol A: Scalable Synthesis and Preclinical Biology of a Phase 2 Drug Candidate. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:27-31. [PMID: 27163023 PMCID: PMC4827469 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The fungal-derived Taiwanese natural product antroquinonol A has attracted both academic and commercial interest due to its reported exciting biological properties. This reduced quinone is currently in phase II trials (USA and Taiwan) for the treatment of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and was recently granted orphan drug status by the FDA for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and acute myeloid leukemia. Pending successful completion of human clinical trials, antroquinonol is expected to be commercialized under the trade name Hocena. A synthesis-enabled biological re-examination of this promising natural product, however, reveals minimal in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Villaume
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Eran Sella
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Garrett Saul
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Robert
M. Borzilleri
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Oncology Discovery and Leads Discovery &
Optimization, Preclinical Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Joseph Fargnoli
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Oncology Discovery and Leads Discovery &
Optimization, Preclinical Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Kathy A. Johnston
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Oncology Discovery and Leads Discovery &
Optimization, Preclinical Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Oncology Discovery and Leads Discovery &
Optimization, Preclinical Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Mark P. Fereshteh
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Oncology Discovery and Leads Discovery &
Optimization, Preclinical Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - T. G. Murali Dhar
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Oncology Discovery and Leads Discovery &
Optimization, Preclinical Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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7
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Muthusamy S, Selvaraj K, Suresh E. Diastereoselective Synthesis of Macrocyclic Spiro and Dispiro-1,4-dithianes, -1,4-oxathianes, and -1,4-dithiepanes through Intramolecular Sulfonium Ylides. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karuppu Selvaraj
- School of Chemistry; Bharathidasan University; Tiruchirappalli- 620 024 (India
| | - Eringathodi Suresh
- Analytical Science Division; Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute; Bhavnagar Gujarat India
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8
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Weires N, Styduhar ED, Baker EL, Garg NK. Total synthesis of (-)-N-methylwelwitindolinone B isothiocyanate via a chlorinative oxabicycle ring-opening strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14710-3. [PMID: 25275668 PMCID: PMC4206695 DOI: 10.1021/ja5087672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of N-methylwelwitindolinone B isothiocyanate is reported. The route features several key steps, including a regio- and diastereoselective chlorinative oxabicycle ring-opening reaction to introduce the challenging alkyl chloride motif.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma L. Baker
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil K. Garg
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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9
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Cleary L, Pitzen J, Brailsford JA, Shea KJ. Progress toward the total synthesis of N-methylwelwitindolinone B isothiocyanate. Org Lett 2014; 16:4460-3. [PMID: 25124334 DOI: 10.1021/ol5020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Progress toward the welwitindolinone alkaloid N-methylwelwitindolinone B isothiocyanate is reported. A key reaction to synthesize the [4.3.1] bicycle embedded in the core of the molecule is a furan type 2 intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction with a tetrasubstituted dienophile, which sets the two vicinal quaternary centers present in the natural product. The sterically encumbered cycloaddition precursor was synthesized using a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction followed by a Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. Finally, introduction of the secondary alkyl chloride was achieved by a regio- and diastereoselective opening of a [2.2.1] oxobicycloheptane functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cleary
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine , 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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10
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Bhat V, Dave A, MacKay JA, Rawal VH. The Chemistry of Hapalindoles, Fischerindoles, Ambiguines, and Welwitindolinones. THE ALKALOIDS: CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2014; 73:65-160. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411565-1.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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11
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Styduhar ED, Huters AD, Weires NA, Garg NK. Enantiospecific total synthesis of N-methylwelwitindolinone D isonitrile. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12422-5. [PMID: 24123612 PMCID: PMC3892424 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of N-methylwelwitindolinone D isonitrile (1) has been achieved in 17 steps from a readily available carvone derivative. The route features a double C-H functionalization event involving a keto oxindole substrate to introduce the tetrahydrofuran ring of the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D. Styduhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (USA), Fax: (+1) 310-206-1843, Homepage: http://www.chem.ucla.edu/dept/Faculty/garg/Garg_Group/Home.html
| | - Alexander D. Huters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (USA), Fax: (+1) 310-206-1843, Homepage: http://www.chem.ucla.edu/dept/Faculty/garg/Garg_Group/Home.html
| | - Nicholas A. Weires
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (USA), Fax: (+1) 310-206-1843, Homepage: http://www.chem.ucla.edu/dept/Faculty/garg/Garg_Group/Home.html
| | - Neil K. Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (USA), Fax: (+1) 310-206-1843, Homepage: http://www.chem.ucla.edu/dept/Faculty/garg/Garg_Group/Home.html
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12
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13
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Fu TH, McElroy WT, Shamszad M, Heidebrecht RW, Gulledge B, Martin SF. Studies toward welwitindolinones: formal syntheses of N-methylwelwitindolinone C isothiocyanate and related natural products. Tetrahedron 2013; 69:5588-5603. [PMID: 23976796 PMCID: PMC3748834 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The formal syntheses of N-methylwelwitindolinone C isothiocyanate (4) and several other welwitindolinones 5-8 were achieved by the independent synthesis of 79. The synthesis featured a Lewis acid-mediated coupling between a heteroaryl carbinol and bis-TMS enol ether, an intramolecular enolate arylation, and an unprecedented intramolecular allylic alkylation of a γ-acyloxyenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-hao Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712-0165, USA
| | - William T. McElroy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712-0165, USA
| | - Mariam Shamszad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712-0165, USA
| | - Richard W. Heidebrecht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712-0165, USA
| | - Brian Gulledge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712-0165, USA
| | - Stephen F. Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX 78712-0165, USA
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14
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Ruiz M, López-Alvarado P, Menéndez JC. Synthesis of a D Ring-Functionalized Derivative of the Epiwelwistatin Tetracyclic Core. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Fu TH, McElroy WT, Shamszad M, Martin SF. Formal syntheses of naturally occurring welwitindolinones. Org Lett 2012; 14:3834-7. [PMID: 22830424 DOI: 10.1021/ol301424h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The formal syntheses of N-methylwelwitindolinone C isothiocyanate, N-methylwelwitindolinone C isonitrile, N-methylwelwitindolinone D isonitrile, 3-hydroxy-N-methylwelwitindolinone C isothiocyanate, and 3-hydroxy-N-methylwelwitindolinone C isonitrile are reported. The synthesis features several novel processes, including a Lewis acid mediated coupling between a benzylic-type heteroaromatic alcohol and a highly functionalized silyl ketene acetal, an intramolecular enolate arylation, and a regioselective, Pd(0)-catalyzed π-allylic cyclization of a γ-benzoyloxy enone moiety that is revealed by unmasking a furan ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-hao Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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16
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Zhang M, Tang W. Synthesis of functionalized cyclohexenone core of welwitindolinones via rhodium-catalyzed [5 + 1] cycloaddition. Org Lett 2012; 14:3756-9. [PMID: 22783971 PMCID: PMC3480994 DOI: 10.1021/ol301614v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cyclohexenone core of welwitindolinones was synthesized by a Rh(I)-catalyzed [5 + 1]-cycloaddition of an allenylcyclopropane with CO. A pentasubstituted cyclopropane was prepared successfully by a Rh(II)-catalyzed intramolecular cyclopropanation of alkenes with chlorodiazoacetates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 53705
| | - Weiping Tang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 53705
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17
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Huters AD, Styduhar ED, Garg NK. Total Syntheses of the Elusive Welwitindolinones with Bicyclo[4.3.1] Cores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:3758-65. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Huters AD, Styduhar ED, Garg NK. Totalsynthesen der Welwitindolinone mit Bicyclo[4.3.1]-Kern. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Quasdorf KW, Huters AD, Lodewyk MW, Tantillo DJ, Garg NK. Total synthesis of oxidized welwitindolinones and (-)-N-methylwelwitindolinone C isonitrile. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:1396-9. [PMID: 22235964 PMCID: PMC3266994 DOI: 10.1021/ja210837b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the total synthesis of (-)-N-methylwelwitindolinone C isonitrile, in addition to the total syntheses of the 3-hydroxylated welwitindolinones. Our routes to these elusive natural products feature the strategic use of a deuterium kinetic isotope effect to improve the efficiency of a late-stage nitrene insertion reaction. We also provide a computational prediction for the stereochemical configuration at C3 of the hydroxylated welwitindolinones, which was confirmed by experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W. Quasdorf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Alexander D. Huters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Michael W. Lodewyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Neil K. Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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20
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Allan K, Kobayashi K, Rawal VH. A unified route to the welwitindolinone alkaloids: total syntheses of (-)-N-methylwelwitindolinone C isothiocyanate, (-)-N-methylwelwitindolinone C isonitrile, and (-)-3-hydroxy-N-methylwelwitindolinone C isothiocyanate. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:1392-5. [PMID: 22235963 PMCID: PMC3368435 DOI: 10.1021/ja210793x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As part of a comprehensive strategy to the welwitindolinone alkaloids possessing a bicyclo[4.3.1]decane core, we report herein concise asymmetric total syntheses of (-)-N-methylwelwitindolinone C isothiocyanate (2a), (-)-N-methylwelwitindolinone C isonitrile (2b), and (-)-3-hydroxy-N-methylwelwitindolinone C isothiocyanate (3a) from a common tetracyclic intermediate. The crucial vinyl chloride moiety was installed through electrophilic chlorination of a hydrazone, but only after adjustment of reactivity to circumvent a facile skeletal rearrangement. Selective desulfurization and oxidation of 2a provided access to 2b and 3a, respectively. Notably, this work provides corrected (1)H and (13)C NMR spectral data for 3a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin
M. Allan
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Kenichi Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Viresh H. Rawal
- Department of Chemistry, The University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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21
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Park IK, Park J, Cho CG. Intramolecular Fischer Indole Synthesis and its Combination with an Aromatic [3,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangement for the Preparation of Tricyclic Benzo[cd]indoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201108970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Park IK, Park J, Cho CG. Intramolecular Fischer Indole Synthesis and its Combination with an Aromatic [3,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangement for the Preparation of Tricyclic Benzo[cd]indoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:2496-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201108970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Huters AD, Quasdorf KW, Styduhar ED, Garg NK. Total synthesis of (-)-N-methylwelwitindolinone C isothiocyanate. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:15797-9. [PMID: 21819133 PMCID: PMC3188348 DOI: 10.1021/ja206538k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the first total synthesis of (-)-N-methylwelwitindolinone C isothiocyanate. Our route features a number of key transformations, including an indolyne cyclization to assemble the [4.3.1]-bicyclic scaffold, as well as a late-stage intramolecular nitrene insertion to functionalize the C11 bridgehead carbon en route to the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Huters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Kyle W. Quasdorf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Evan D. Styduhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Neil K. Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
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24
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Bhat V, Mackay JA, Rawal VH. Lessons Learned while Traversing the Welwitindolinone Alkaloids Obstacle Course. Tetrahedron 2011; 67:100997-10104. [PMID: 22962500 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We recount several unexpected results observed in the course of our work toward the synthesis of welwitindolinone alkaloids. The surprising results provide an opportunity to refine one's understanding of the interplay between chemical structure and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Bhat
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Bhat V, Mackay JA, Rawal VH. Directed oxidative cyclizations to C2- or C4-positions of indole: efficient construction of the bicyclo[4.3.1]decane core of welwitindolinones. Org Lett 2011; 13:3214-7. [PMID: 21615098 DOI: 10.1021/ol201122f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Regiocontrolled oxidative cyclizations of 3-substituted indoles are described herein. Specifically, it is shown that the installation of a chloride at C2 alters the inherent propensity for cyclization at the 2-position of indole so as to favor the 4-position, enabling the construction of the unique framework found in most welwitindolinone alkaloids. The chloride functions here as more than a blocking group, as it also provides ready access to the corresponding oxindole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Bhat
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Rafferty RJ, Williams RM. Synthetic Studies on the Ambiguine Family of Alkaloids: Construction of the ABCD Ring System. Tetrahedron Lett 2011; 52:2037-2040. [PMID: 21516192 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A racemic synthesis of the ABCD ring core of the ambiguines that preserves the tertiary alcohol has been accomplished in convergent synthesis in 10 synthetic steps, in an overall yield of 46% from commercially available 4-bromoindole and m-methylanisole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Rafferty
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Abstract
A new, concise method to synthesize triene precursors for the type 2 intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction has been developed. Microwave irradiation of the trienes provides a convenient method for the synthesis of bridgehead alkenes. Higher yields, shorter reaction times, and lower reaction temperatures provide a general and efficient route to this interesting class of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cleary
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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Bhat V, Allan KM, Rawal VH. Total synthesis of N-methylwelwitindolinone D isonitrile. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:5798-801. [PMID: 21446729 DOI: 10.1021/ja201834u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Described is a concise total synthesis of N-methylwelwitindolinone D isonitrile, the first in a family of complex bicyclo[4.3.1]decane-containing indole alkaloids to yield to synthesis. The complete carbon core of the natural product was assembled rapidly through a Lewis acid-mediated alkylative coupling followed directly by a palladium-catalyzed enolate arylation reaction. The final ring of the pentacycle was introduced by an indole oxidation/cyclization, and the isonitrile was installed through the rearrangement of an aldehyde to an isothiocyanate followed by desulfurization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Bhat
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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Li Y, Shi Y, Huang Z, Wu X, Xu P, Wang J, Zhang Y. Catalytic thia-Sommelet-Hauser rearrangement: application to the synthesis of oxindoles. Org Lett 2011; 13:1210-3. [PMID: 21306152 DOI: 10.1021/ol200091k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-arylthio-1,3-disubstituted-oxindoles were prepared in good yields by the reaction of α-diazocarbonyl compounds and sulfenamides. The reaction involves a Rh-catalyzed thia-Sommelet-Hauser-type rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Li
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Bhat V, Rawal VH. Stereocontrolled synthesis of 20,21-dihydro N-methylwelwitindolinone B isothiocyanate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:9705-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13498a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ignatenko VA, Deligonul N, Viswanathan R. Branch-selective synthesis of oxindole and indene scaffolds: transition metal-controlled intramolecular aryl amidation leading to c3 reverse-prenylated oxindoles. Org Lett 2010; 12:3594-7. [PMID: 20704399 DOI: 10.1021/ol1012372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to access biologically important scaffolds, a concise branch-selective synthesis of C3 tertiary oxindoles by Cu(I)-catalyzed aryl amidation and 2,2-dimethyl indene by Pd(0)-catalyzed Heck cyclization has been accomplished from acyclic reverse-prenylated intermediates. Oxindole C3-enolate generation using NaH followed by alkylation in the presence of appropriate electrophiles provides a novel route to quaternary C3 reverse-prenylated oxindoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily A Ignatenko
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Ruiz M, López-Alvarado P, Menéndez JC. Concise and very efficient synthesis of the N-methylwelwistatin tetracyclic core based on an anionic domino process. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:4521-3. [PMID: 20717611 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00382d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of the N-methylwelwistatin tetracyclic core in only two steps from Kornfeld's ketone is described, whose key transformation involves the generation of a fused bicyclo[4.3.1]decane ring system through a one-pot sequence comprising a Michael-intramolecular aldolization anionic domino process and a DBU-promoted hydrolysis of the N-pivaloyl protecting group. Besides providing the most efficient synthesis of the welwistatin core to date, this method has the advantage of installing an oxygenated function at the welwistatin D ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ruiz
- Departmento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense
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Freeman DB, Holubec AA, Weiss MW, Dixon JA, Kakefuda A, Ohtsuka M, Inoue M, Vaswani RG, Ohki H, Doan BD, Reisman SE, Stoltz BM, Day JJ, Tao RN, Dieterich NA, Wood JL. Welwitindolinone C synthetic studies. Construction of the welwitindolinone carbon skeleton via a transannular nitrone cycloaddition. Tetrahedron 2010; 66:6647-6655. [PMID: 20733933 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Described is the construction of the N-methylwelwitindolinone C core via an efficient strategy that employs a sequential rhodium carbenoid-mediated O-H insertion, Claisen rearrangement and transannular [3+2] nitrone cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Freeman
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Heidebrecht RW, Gulledge B, Martin SF. Approaches to N-methylwelwitindolinone C isothiocyanate: facile synthesis of the tetracyclic core. Org Lett 2010; 12:2492-5. [PMID: 20446675 PMCID: PMC2878383 DOI: 10.1021/ol1006373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a functionalized, tetracyclic core of N-methylwelwitindolinone C isothiocyanate is reported. The approach features a convergent coupling between an indole iminium ion and a highly functionalized vinylogous silyl ketene acetal followed by an intramolecular palladium-catalyzed cyclization that proceeds via an enolate arylation.
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