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Landaeta VR, Horsley Downie TM, Wolf R. Low-Valent Transition Metalate Anions in Synthesis, Small Molecule Activation, and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1323-1463. [PMID: 38354371 PMCID: PMC10906008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This review surveys the synthesis and reactivity of low-oxidation state metalate anions of the d-block elements, with an emphasis on contributions reported between 2006 and 2022. Although the field has a long and rich history, the chemistry of transition metalate anions has been greatly enhanced in the last 15 years by the application of advanced concepts in complex synthesis and ligand design. In recent years, the potential of highly reactive metalate complexes in the fields of small molecule activation and homogeneous catalysis has become increasingly evident. Consequently, exciting applications in small molecule activation have been developed, including in catalytic transformations. This article intends to guide the reader through the fascinating world of low-valent transition metalates. The first part of the review describes the synthesis and reactivity of d-block metalates stabilized by an assortment of ligand frameworks, including carbonyls, isocyanides, alkenes and polyarenes, phosphines and phosphorus heterocycles, amides, and redox-active nitrogen-based ligands. Thereby, the reader will be familiarized with the impact of different ligand types on the physical and chemical properties of metalates. In addition, ion-pairing interactions and metal-metal bonding may have a dramatic influence on metalate structures and reactivities. The complex ramifications of these effects are examined in a separate section. The second part of the review is devoted to the reactivity of the metalates toward small inorganic molecules such as H2, N2, CO, CO2, P4 and related species. It is shown that the use of highly electron-rich and reactive metalates in small molecule activation translates into impressive catalytic properties in the hydrogenation of organic molecules and the reduction of N2, CO, and CO2. The results discussed in this review illustrate that the potential of transition metalate anions is increasingly being tapped for challenging catalytic processes with relevance to organic synthesis and energy conversion. Therefore, it is hoped that this review will serve as a useful resource to inspire further developments in this dynamic research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg, Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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Sinhababu S, Mankad NP. Diverse Thermal and Photochemical Reactivity of an Al–Fe Bonded Heterobimetallic Complex. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Sinhababu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Neal P. Mankad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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Till M, Kelly JA, Ziegler CGP, Wolf R, Guo T, Ringenberg MR, Lutsker E, Reiser O. Synthesis and Characterization of Bidentate Isonitrile Iron Complexes. Organometallics 2021; 40:1042-1052. [PMID: 34054182 PMCID: PMC8155556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The divalent iron complexes trans-[FeBr2(BINC)2], [Cp*FeCl(BINC)] (Cp* = Me5C5), and [FeBr2(CNAr3NC)2] with the chelating bis(isonitrile) ligands BINC (bis(2-isocyanophenyl)phenylphosphonate) and CNAr3NC (2,2″-diisocyano-3,5,3″,5"tetramethyl-1,1':3',1″-terphenyl) have been prepared and characterized. Their subsequent reduction yields the di- and trinuclear compounds [Fe3(BINC)6], [Cp*Fe(BINC)]2, [Fe(CNAr3NC)2]2, and [K(Et2O)]2[Fe(CNAr3NC)2]2. The molecular structures of all new species were determined by X-ray crystallography and compared to those of related iron carbonyl complexes, demonstrating that the bidentate isonitrile ligands are capable surrogates for two CO ligands with only minimal distortion of the tetrahedral or octahedral geometry of the parent complexes. The complexes were further characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, and the electrochemical properties of selected compounds were analyzed by UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Till
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - John A. Kelly
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Robert Wolf
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tianao Guo
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mark R. Ringenberg
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eugen Lutsker
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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Shieh M, Liu YH, Li YH, Lin RY. Metal carbonyl cluster-based coordination polymers: diverse syntheses, versatile network structures, and special properties. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01539f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This highlight surveys recent progress in groups 6–10 metal carbonyl cluster-based coordination polymers, focusing on diverse synthetic strategies, versatile structures, structural transformations, and semiconducting as well as magnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghuey Shieh
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei 11677
- Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hsin Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei 11677
- Republic of China
| | - Yu-Huei Li
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei 11677
- Republic of China
| | - Ru Yan Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei 11677
- Republic of China
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Chen X, Lingam HK, Meyers EA, Shore SG. Structures of DMF solvated potassium and sodium salts of [Fe(CO)4]2− and [M2(CO)8]2− (M = Fe, Ru). J Organomet Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2012.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Yan L, Dapper CH, George SJ, Wang H, Mitra D, Dong W, Newton WE, Cramer SP. Photolysis of Hi-CO Nitrogenase - Observation of a Plethora of Distinct CO Species using Infrared Spectroscopy. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011; 2011:2064-2074. [PMID: 27630531 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to study the photochemistry of CO-inhibited Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase using visible light at cryogenic temperatures. The FT-IR difference spectrum of photolyzed hi-CO at 4 K comprises negative bands at 1973 cm-1 and 1679 cm-1 together with positive bands at 1711 cm-1, 2135 and 2123 cm-1. The negative bands are assigned to a hi-CO state that comprises 2 metal-bound CO ligands, one terminally bound, and one bridged and/or protonated species. The positive band at 1711 cm-1 is assigned to a lo-CO product with a single bridged and/or protonated metal-CO group. We term these species 'Hi-1' and 'Lo-1' respectively. The high-energy bands are assigned to a liberated CO trapped in the protein pocket. Warming results in CO recombination, and the temperature dependence of the recombination rate yields an activation energy of 4 kJ mol-1. Two α-H195 variant enzymes yielded additional signals. Asparagine substitution, α-H195N, gives a spectrum containing 2 negative 'Hi-2' bands at 1936 and 1858 cm-1 with a positive 'Lo-2' band at 1780 cm-1, while glutamine substitution, α-H195Q, produces a complex spectrum that includes a third CO species, with negative 'Hi-3' bands at 1938 and 1911 cm-1 and a positive feature 'Lo-3' band at 1921 cm-1. These species can be assigned to a combination of terminal, bridged, and possibly protonated CO groups bound to the FeMo-cofactor active site. The proposed structures are discussed in terms of both CO inhibition and the mechanism nitrogenase catalysis. Given the intractability of observing nitrogenase intermediates by crystallographic methods, IR-monitored photolysis appears to be a promising and information-rich probe of nitrogenase structure and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Yan
- Department of Applied Science, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Christie H Dapper
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 123 Engel Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Simon J George
- Department of Applied Science, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 6R2100, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hongxin Wang
- Department of Applied Science, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 6R2100, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Devrani Mitra
- Department of Applied Science, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Weibing Dong
- Department of Applied Science, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - William E Newton
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 123 Engel Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Stephen P Cramer
- Department of Applied Science, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 6R2100, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Petz W, Neumüller B. Formation and Crystal Structures of [{Li(THF)[HNC(NMe2)2]}2{Fe3(CO)11}] and [Li(THF){HNC(NMe2)2}{Fe(CO)4(C(O)NMe2)}]2. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200900380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sculfort S, Welter R, Braunstein P. Heterometallic Chains and Clusters with Gold-Transition Metal Bonds: Synthesis and Interconversion. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:2372-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ic902245v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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García ME, Melón S, Ramos A, Ruiz MA. Synthesis of the triply-bonded dimolybdenum anions [Mo2(η5-C5H5)2(μ-PA2)(μ-CO)2]− (A = Cy, Et, Ph, OEt): unsaturated hydride and carbyne derivatives. Dalton Trans 2009:8171-82. [DOI: 10.1039/b909493h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Petz W, Neumüller B. Reaction of [Fe2(CO)6{μ-COLi(THF)3}2] with Me3SiCl – Crystal Structure of [Fe3(CO)9(μ3-COSiMe3){μ3-COLi(THF)3}]. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200700287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Brennessel W, Jilek R, Ellis J. Bis(1,2,3,4-η4-anthracene)ferrate(1−): A Paramagnetic Homoleptic Polyarene Transition-Metal Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200701353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Brennessel WW, Jilek RE, Ellis JE. Bis(1,2,3,4-η4-anthracene)ferrate(1−): A Paramagnetic Homoleptic Polyarene Transition-Metal Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:6132-6. [PMID: 17614343 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Wu CY, Chen Y, Jing SY, Lee CS, Dinda J, Hwang WS. Reactions of diiron nonacarbonyl with pyrrolyl-, pyridyl- and thienyl-substituted azines: NN bond cleavage, cyclometallation and CN σ and π-bonding. Polyhedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2006.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Alvarez CM, García ME, Ruiz MA, Connelly NG. Diphenylphosphide-Bridged Diiron Derivatives of [Fe2(η5-C5H5)2(μ-H)(μ-PPh2)(CO)2]. Organometallics 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/om049574t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Celedonio M. Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica/IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - M. Esther García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica/IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica/IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Neil G. Connelly
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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Petz W, Neumüller B, Esser M. Syntheses and X-Ray Structures of μ-Carbamoyl Complexes of Iron; Isomers of [(CO)3Fe(μ-Me2NCO)2Fe(CO)2(NHMe2)] with Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Intramolecular NH···O Contacts. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200300088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Iron carbonyl complexes from 2-[2,3-diaza-4-(2-thienyl)buta-1,3-dienyl]thiophene: NN bond cleavage and cyclometalation. J Organomet Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(01)01188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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