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Epping RF, Vesseur D, Zhou M, de Bruin B. Carbene Radicals in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Reactions. ACS Catal 2023; 13:5428-5448. [PMID: 37123600 PMCID: PMC10127290 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Discovered as organometallic curiosities in the 1970s, carbene radicals have become a staple in modern-day homogeneous catalysis. Carbene radicals exhibit nucleophilic radical-type reactivity orthogonal to classical electrophilic diamagnetic Fischer carbenes. Their successful catalytic application has led to the synthesis of a myriad of carbo- and heterocycles, ranging from simple cyclopropanes to more challenging eight-membered rings. The field has matured to employ densely functionalized chiral porphyrin-based platforms that exhibit high enantio-, regio-, and stereoselectivity. Thus far the focus has largely been on cobalt-based systems, but interest has been growing for the past few years to expand the application of carbene radicals to other transition metals. This Perspective covers the advances made since 2011 and gives an overview on the coordination chemistry, reactivity, and catalytic application of carbene radical species using transition metal complexes and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel F.J. Epping
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Vesseur
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Minghui Zhou
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Alcântara AFP, Fontana LA, Almeida MP, Rigolin VH, Ribeiro MA, Barros WP, Megiatto JD. Control over the Redox Cooperative Mechanism of Radical Carbene Transfer Reactions for the Efficient Active‐Metal‐Template Synthesis of [2]Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2020; 26:7808-7822. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur F. P. Alcântara
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
- Instituto Federal do Sertão Pernambucano Estrada do Tamboril 56200-000 Ouricuri Brazil
| | - Liniquer A. Fontana
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Marlon P. Almeida
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Vitor H. Rigolin
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Marcos A. Ribeiro
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 29075-910 Vitória Brazil
| | - Wdeson P. Barros
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Jackson D. Megiatto
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
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3
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Thompson SJ, Brennan MR, Lee SY, Dong G. Synthesis and applications of rhodium porphyrin complexes. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:929-981. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00582b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A review on rhodium porphyrin chemistry, ranging from synthesis and properties to reactivity and application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Siu Yin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
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4
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Cui P, Iluc VM. Redox-induced umpolung of transition metal carbenes. Chem Sci 2015; 6:7343-7354. [PMID: 29142668 PMCID: PMC5633845 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02859k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal carbene complexes have been at the forefront of organic and organometallic synthesis and are instrumental in guiding future sustainable chemistry efforts. While classical Fischer and Schrock type carbenes have been intensely studied, compounds that do not fall within one of these categories have attracted attention only recently. In addition, applications of carbene complexes rarely take advantage of redox processes, which could open up a new dimension for their use in practical processes. Herein, we report an umpolung of a nucleophilic palladium carbene complex, [{PC(sp2)P} tBuPd(PMe3)] ({PC(sp2)P} tBu = bis[2-(di-iso-propylphosphino)-4-tert-butylphenyl]methylene), realized by successive one-electron oxidations that generated a cationic carbene complex, [{PC(sp2)P} tBuPdI]+, via a carbene radical, [{PC˙(sp2)P} tBuPdI]. An EPR spectroscopic study of [{PC˙(sp2)P} tBuPdI] indicated the presence of a ligand-centered radical, also supported by the results of reactions with 9,10-dihydroanthracene and PhSSPh. The cationic carbene complex shows electrophilic behavior toward nucleophiles such as NaH, p TolNHLi, PhONa, and PMe3, resulting from an inversion of the electronic character of the Pd-Ccarbene bond in [{PC(sp2)P} tBuPd(PMe3)]. The redox induced umpolung is reversible and unprecedented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA .
| | - Vlad M Iluc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA .
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Xiao L, Li F, Li Y, Jia X, Liu L. Kinetic study of carbene polymerization of ethyl diazoacetate by palladium and rhodium catalysts. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05455e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Egloff J, Ranocchiari M, Schira A, Schotes C, Mezzetti A. Highly Enantioselective Ruthenium/PNNP-Catalyzed Imine Aziridination: Evidence of Carbene Transfer from a Diazoester Complex. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400735p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joël Egloff
- Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Ranocchiari
- Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Amata Schira
- Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schotes
- Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Mezzetti
- Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Bhagan S, Imler GH, Wayland BB. Iridium porphyrins in CD3OD: reduction of Ir(III), CD3-OD bond cleavage, Ir-D acid dissociation and alkene reactions. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:4611-7. [PMID: 23540797 DOI: 10.1021/ic400240b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Methanol solutions of iridium(III) tetra(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin [(TSPP)Ir(III)] form an equilibrium distribution of methanol and methoxide complexes ([(TSPP)Ir(III)(CD3OD)(2-n)(OCD3)n]((3+n)-)). Reaction of [(TSPP)Ir(III) with dihydrogen (D2) in methanol produces an iridium hydride [(TSPP)Ir(III)-D(CD3OD)](4-) in equilibrium with an iridium(I) complex ([(TSPP)Ir(I)(CD3OD)](5-)). The acid dissociation constant of the iridium hydride (Ir-D) in methanol at 298 K is 3.5 × 10(-12). The iridium(I) complex ([(TSPP)Ir(I)(CD3OD)](5-)) catalyzes reaction of [(TSPP)Ir(III)-D(CD3OD)](4-) with CD3-OD to produce an iridium methyl complex [(TSPP)Ir(III)-CD3(CD3OD)](4-) and D2O. Reactions of the iridium hydride with ethene and propene produce iridium alkyl complexes, but the Ir-D complex fails to give observable addition with acetaldehyde and carbon monoxide in methanol. Reaction of the iridium hydride with propene forms both the isopropyl and propyl complexes with free energy changes (ΔG° 298 K) of -1.3 and -0.4 kcal mol(-1) respectively. Equilibrium thermodynamics and reactivity studies are used in discussing relative Ir-D, Ir-OCD3 and Ir-CD2- bond energetics in methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Bhagan
- Temple University, Department of Chemistry, 130 Beury Hall, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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Bhagan S, Wayland BB. Formation and Reactivity of a Porphyrin Iridium Hydride in Water: Acid Dissociation Constants and Equilibrium Thermodynamics Relevant to Ir–H, Ir–OH, and Ir–CH2– Bond Dissociation Energetics. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:11011-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201553k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salome Bhagan
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 130 Beury Hall, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Bradford B. Wayland
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 130 Beury Hall, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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9
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Intrieri D, Caselli A, Gallo E. Cyclopropanation Reactions Mediated by Group 9 Metal Porphyrin Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Intrieri
- Department of Inorganic, Metallorganic and Analytical Chemistry “L. Malatesta”, University of Milan and ISTM‐CNR, via Venezian 21, 20136 Milan, Italy, Fax: +39‐250314405
| | - Alessandro Caselli
- Department of Inorganic, Metallorganic and Analytical Chemistry “L. Malatesta”, University of Milan and ISTM‐CNR, via Venezian 21, 20136 Milan, Italy, Fax: +39‐250314405
| | - Emma Gallo
- Department of Inorganic, Metallorganic and Analytical Chemistry “L. Malatesta”, University of Milan and ISTM‐CNR, via Venezian 21, 20136 Milan, Italy, Fax: +39‐250314405
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Lu H, Dzik WI, Xu X, Wojtas L, de Bruin B, Zhang XP. Experimental evidence for cobalt(III)-carbene radicals: key intermediates in cobalt(II)-based metalloradical cyclopropanation. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:8518-21. [PMID: 21563829 DOI: 10.1021/ja203434c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New and conclusive evidence has been obtained for the existence of cobalt(III)-carbene radicals that have been previously proposed as the key intermediates in the underlying mechanism of metalloradical cyclopropanation by cobalt(II) complexes of porphyrins. In the absence of olefin substrates, reaction of [Co(TPP)] with ethyl styryldiazoacetate was found to generate the corresponding cobalt(III)-vinylcarbene radical that subsequently dimerizes via its γ-radical allylic resonance form to afford a dinuclear cobalt(III) porphyrin complex. X-ray structural analysis reveals a highly compact dimeric structure wherein the two metalloporphyrin units are arranged in a face-to-face fashion through a tetrasubstituted 1,5-hexadiene C(6)-bridge between the two Co(III) centers. The γ-radical allylic resonance form of the cobalt(III)-vinylcarbene radical intermediate could be effectively trapped by TEMPO via C-O bond formation to give a mononuclear cobalt(III) complex instead of the dimeric product. The allylic radical nature and related reactivity profile of the cobalt(III)-carbene radical, including its inability to abstract hydrogen atoms from toluene solvent, were established by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, USA
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Dzik WI, Zhang XP, de Bruin B. Redox noninnocence of carbene ligands: carbene radicals in (catalytic) C-C bond formation. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:9896-903. [PMID: 21520926 DOI: 10.1021/ic200043a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this Forum contribution, we highlight the radical-type reactivities of one-electron-reduced Fischer-type carbenes. Carbene complexes of group 6 transition metals (Cr, Mo, and W) can be relatively easily reduced by an external reducing agent, leading to one-electron reduction of the carbene ligand moiety. This leads to the formation of "carbene-radical" ligands, showing typical radical-type reactivities. Fischer-type carbene ligands are thus clearly redox-active and can behave as so-called "redox noninnocent ligands". The "redox noninnocence" of Fischer-type carbene ligands is most clearly illustrated at group 9 transition metals in the oxidation state II+ (Co(II), Rh(II), and Ir(II)). In such carbene complexes, the metal effectively reduces the carbene ligand by one electron in an intramolecular redox process. As a result, the thus formed "carbene radicals" undergo a variety of radical-type C-C and C-H bond formations. The redox noninnocence of Fischer-type carbene ligands is not just a chemical curiosity but, in fact, plays an essential role in catalytic cyclopropanation reactions by cobalt(II) porphyrins. This has led to the successful development of new chiral cobalt(II) porphyrins as highly effective catalysts for asymmetric cyclopropanation with unprecedented reactivity and stereocontrol. The redox noninnocence of the carbene intermediates results in the formation of carbene-radical ligands with nucleophilic character, which explains their effectiveness in the cyclopropanation of electron-deficient olefins and their reduced tendency to mediate carbene dimerization. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first example in which the redox noninnocence of a reacting ligand plays a key role in a catalytic organometallic reaction. This Forum contribution ends with an outlook on further potential applications of one-electron-activated Fischer-type carbenes in new catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech I Dzik
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Dzik WI, Fuente Arruga L, Siegler MA, Spek AL, Reek JNH, de Bruin B. Open-Shell Organometallic [MII(dbcot(bislutidylamine)]2+ Complexes (M = Rh, Ir): Unexpected Base-Assisted Reduction of the Metal Instead of Amine Ligand Deprotonation. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om101157r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech I. Dzik
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luis Fuente Arruga
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A. Siegler
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony L. Spek
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Dzik WI, Xu X, Zhang XP, Reek JNH, de Bruin B. 'Carbene radicals' in Co(II)(por)-catalyzed olefin cyclopropanation. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:10891-902. [PMID: 20681723 DOI: 10.1021/ja103768r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of cobalt(II)-porphyrin-mediated cyclopropanation of olefins with diazoesters was studied. The first step--reaction of cobalt(II)-porphyrin with ethyl diazoacetate (EDA)--was examined using EPR and ESI-MS techniques. EDA reacts with cobalt(II)-porphyrin to form a 1:1 Co(por)(CHCOOEt) adduct that exists as two isomers: the 'bridging carbene' C' in which the 'carbene' is bound to the metal and the pyrrolic nitrogen of the porphyrin that has a d(7) configuration on the metal, and the 'terminal carbene' C in which the 'carbene' behaves as a redox noninnocent ligand having a d(6) cobalt center and the unpaired electron residing on the 'carbene' carbon atom. The subsequent reactivities of the thus formed 'cobalt carbene radical' with propene, styrene, and methyl acrylate were studied using DFT calculations. The calculations suggest that the formation of the carbene is the rate-limiting step for the unfunctionalized Co(II)(por) and that the cyclopropane ring formation proceeds via a stepwise radical process: Radical addition of the 'carbene radical' C to the C=C double bonds of the olefins results in formation of the gamma-alkyl radical intermediates D. Species D then easily collapse in almost barrierless ring-closure reactions (TS3) to form the cyclopropanes. This radical mechanism readily explains the high activity of Co(II)(por) species in the cyclopropanation of electron-deficient olefins such as methyl acrylate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech I Dzik
- Department of Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gomes A, Leão R, Alonso C, Neves M, Faustino M, Tomé A, Silva A, Pinheiro S, de Souza M, Ferreira V, Cavaleiro J. A New Insight into the Catalytic Decomposition of Ethyl Diazoacetate in the Presence ofmeso-Tetraarylporphyrin (=5,10,15,20-Tetraaryl-21H,23H-porphine) Complexes. Helv Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200890247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Dzik WI, Reek JNH, de Bruin B. Selective C-C coupling of Ir-ethene and Ir-carbenoid radicals. Chemistry 2008; 14:7594-9. [PMID: 18523935 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of the paramagnetic iridium(II) complex [Ir(II)(ethene)(Me(3)tpa)](2+) (1) (Me(3)tpa=N,N,N-tris(6-methyl-2-pyridylmethyl) amine) towards the diazo compounds ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) and trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSDM) was investigated. The reaction with EDA gave rise to selective C--C bond formation, most likely through radical coupling of the Ir-carbenoid radical species [Ir(III){CH.(COOEt)}(MeCN)(Me(3)tpa)](2+) (7) and (the MeCN adduct of) 1, to give the tetracationic dinuclear complex [(MeCN)(Me(3)tpa)Ir(III){CH(COOEt)CH(2)CH(2)}Ir(III)(MeCN)(Me(3)tpa)](2+) (4). The analogous reaction with TMSDM leads to the mononuclear dicationic species [Ir(III){CH(2)(SiMe(3))}(MeCN)(Me(3)tpa)](2+) (11). This reaction probably involves a hydrogen-atom abstraction from TMSDM by the intermediate Ir-carbenoid radical species [Ir(III){CH.(SiMe(3))}(MeCN)(Me(3)tpa)](2+) (10). DFT calculations support pathways proceeding via these Ir-carbenoid radicals. The carbenoid-radical species are actually carbon-centered ligand radicals, with an electronic structure best described as one-electron-reduced Fischer-type carbenes. To our knowledge, this paper represents the first reactivity study of a mononuclear Ir(II) species towards diazo compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech I Dzik
- Department of Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Liu X, Shang X, Tang T, Hu N, Pei F, Cui D, Chen X, Jing X. Achiral Lanthanide Alkyl Complexes Bearing N,O Multidentate Ligands. Synthesis and Catalysis of Highly Heteroselective Ring-Opening Polymerization of rac-Lactide. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om0700359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ninghai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengkui Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiabin Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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