1
|
Haudum S, Strasser P, Teasdale I. Phosphorus and Silicon-Based Macromolecules as Degradable Biomedical Polymers. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300127. [PMID: 37326117 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are indispensable in biomedical applications because they can be fabricated with consistent and reproducible properties, facile scalability, and customizable functionality to perform diverse tasks. However, currently available synthetic polymers have limitations, most notably when timely biodegradation is required. Despite there being, in principle, an entire periodic table to choose from, with the obvious exception of silicones, nearly all known synthetic polymers are combinations of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in the main chain. Expanding this to main-group heteroatoms can open the way to novel material properties. Herein the authors report on research to incorporate the chemically versatile and abundant silicon and phosphorus into polymers to induce cleavability into the polymer main chain. Less stable polymers, which degrade in a timely manner in mild biological environments, have considerable potential in biomedical applications. Herein the basic chemistry behind these materials is described and some recent studies into their medical applications are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Haudum
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Paul Strasser
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen F, Teniola OR, Laurencin CT. Biodegradable Polyphosphazenes for Regenerative Engineering. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 2022; 37:1417-1428. [PMID: 36203785 PMCID: PMC9531846 DOI: 10.1557/s43578-022-00551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative engineering is a field that seeks to regenerate complex tissues and biological systems, rather than simply restore and repair individual tissues or organs. Since the first introduction of regenerative engineering in 2012, numerous research has been devoted to the development of this field. Biodegradable polymers such as polyphosphazenes in particular have drawn significant interest as regenerative engineering materials for their synthetic flexibility in designing into materials with a wide range of mechanical properties, degradation rates, and chemical functionality. These polyphosphazenes can go through complete hydrolytic degradation and provide harmlessly and pH neutral buffering degradation products such as phosphates and ammonia, which is crucial for reducing inflammation in vivo. Here, we discuss the current accomplishments of polyphosphazene, different methods for synthesizing them, and their applications in tissue regeneration such as bones, nerves, and elastic tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Chen
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - O R Teniola
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Cato T Laurencin
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
- Connecticut Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Connecticut Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gorlov M, Bredov N, Esin A, Sirotin I, Soldatov M, Oberemok V, Kireev VV. Novel Approach for the Synthesis of Chlorophosphazene Cycles with a Defined Size via Controlled Cyclization of Linear Oligodichlorophosphazenes [Cl(PCl 2=N) n-PCl 3] +[PCl 6] . Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115958. [PMID: 34073083 PMCID: PMC8199110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a significant number of investigations in the field of phosphazene chemistry, the formation mechanism of this class of cyclic compounds is still poorly studied. At the same time, a thorough understanding of this process is necessary, both for the direct production of phosphazene rings of a given size and for the controlled cyclization reaction when it is secondary and undesirable. We synthesized a series of short linear phosphazene oligomers with the general formula Cl[PCl2=N]n–PCl3+PCl6– and studied their tendency to form cyclic structures under the influence of elevated temperatures or in the presence of nitrogen-containing agents, such as hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) or ammonium chloride. It was established that linear oligophosphazenes are inert when heated in the absence of the mentioned cyclization agents, and the formation of cyclic products occurs only when these agents are involved in the process. The ability to obtain the desired size phosphazene cycle from corresponding linear chains is shown for the first time. Known obstacles, such as side interaction with the PCl6– counterion and a tendency of longer chains to undergo crosslinking elongation instead of cyclization are still relevant, and ways to overcome them are being discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Gorlov
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (M.G.); (N.B.); (A.E.); (I.S.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Nikolay Bredov
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (M.G.); (N.B.); (A.E.); (I.S.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Andrey Esin
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (M.G.); (N.B.); (A.E.); (I.S.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Igor Sirotin
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (M.G.); (N.B.); (A.E.); (I.S.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Mikhail Soldatov
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (M.G.); (N.B.); (A.E.); (I.S.); (V.V.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Volodymyr Oberemok
- Taurida Academy, Department of Biochemistry, V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Prospekt Akademika Vernadskogo 4, 295007 Simferopol, Russia;
| | - Vyacheslav V. Kireev
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (M.G.); (N.B.); (A.E.); (I.S.); (V.V.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Montague RA, Matyjaszewski K. Controlled Synthesis of Polyphosphazenes with Chain-Capping Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:E322. [PMID: 33435174 PMCID: PMC7827046 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
N-alkyl phosphoranimines were synthesized via the Staudinger reaction of four different alkyl azides with tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite. N-adamantyl, N-benzyl, N-t-butyl, and N-trityl phosphoranimines were thoroughly characterized and evaluated as chain-capping compounds in the anionic polymerization of P-tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-N-trimethylsilyl phosphoranimine monomer. All four compounds reacted with the active chain ends in a bulk polymerization, and the alkyl end groups were identified by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. These compounds effectively controlled the molecular weight of the resulting polyphosphazenes. The chain transfer constants for the monomer and N-benzyl phosphoranimine were determined using Mayo equation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Strasser P, Teasdale I. Main-Chain Phosphorus-Containing Polymers for Therapeutic Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:E1716. [PMID: 32276516 PMCID: PMC7181247 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers in which phosphorus is an integral part of the main chain, including polyphosphazenes and polyphosphoesters, have been widely investigated in recent years for their potential in a number of therapeutic applications. Phosphorus, as the central feature of these polymers, endears the chemical functionalization, and in some cases (bio)degradability, to facilitate their use in such therapeutic formulations. Recent advances in the synthetic polymer chemistry have allowed for controlled synthesis methods in order to prepare the complex macromolecular structures required, alongside the control and reproducibility desired for such medical applications. While the main polymer families described herein, polyphosphazenes and polyphosphoesters and their analogues, as well as phosphorus-based dendrimers, have hitherto predominantly been investigated in isolation from one another, this review aims to highlight and bring together some of this research. In doing so, the focus is placed on the essential, and often mutual, design features and structure-property relationships that allow the preparation of such functional materials. The first part of the review details the relevant features of phosphorus-containing polymers in respect to their use in therapeutic applications, while the second part highlights some recent and innovative applications, offering insights into the most state-of-the-art research on phosphorus-based polymers in a therapeutic context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Strasser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU), Altenberger Straße 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cortes MDLA, de la Campa R, Valenzuela ML, Díaz C, Carriedo GA, Presa Soto A. Cylindrical Micelles by the Self-Assembly of Crystalline- b-Coil Polyphosphazene- b-P2VP Block Copolymers. Stabilization of Gold Nanoparticles. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091772. [PMID: 31067770 PMCID: PMC6539542 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last number of years a variety of crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) processes based on semicrystalline block copolymers have been developed to prepare a number of different nanomorphologies in solution (micelles). We herein present a convenient synthetic methodology combining: (i) The anionic polymerization of 2-vinylpyridine initiated by organolithium functionalized phosphane initiators; (ii) the cationic polymerization of iminophosphoranes initiated by –PR2Cl2; and (iii) a macromolecular nucleophilic substitution step, to prepare the novel block copolymers poly(bistrifluoroethoxy phosphazene)-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PTFEP-b-P2VP), having semicrystalline PTFEP core forming blocks. The self-assembly of these materials in mixtures of THF (tetrahydrofuran) and 2-propanol (selective solvent to P2VP), lead to a variety of cylindrical micelles of different lengths depending on the amount of 2-propanol added. We demonstrated that the crystallization of the PTFEP at the core of the micelles is the main factor controlling the self-assembly processes. The presence of pyridinyl moieties at the corona of the micelles was exploited to stabilize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raquel de la Campa
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry (IUQOEM), School of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Maria Luisa Valenzuela
- Inorganic Chemistry and Molecular Material Center, Institute of Applied Chemistry Science, School of Engineering, University Autónoma de Chile, 8900000 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Carlos Díaz
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Chile, 7800003 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Gabino A Carriedo
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry (IUQOEM), School of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Presa Soto
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry (IUQOEM), School of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vidal F, Jäkle F. Functional Polymeric Materials Based on Main‐Group Elements. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5846-5870. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vidal
- Department of Chemistry Rutgers University—Newark 73 Warren Street Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Frieder Jäkle
- Department of Chemistry Rutgers University—Newark 73 Warren Street Newark NJ 07102 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vidal F, Jäkle F. Funktionelle polymere Materialien auf der Basis von Hauptgruppen‐Elementen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vidal
- Department of Chemistry Rutgers University—Newark 73 Warren Street Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Frieder Jäkle
- Department of Chemistry Rutgers University—Newark 73 Warren Street Newark NJ 07102 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carriedo GA, de la Campa R, Soto AP. Polyphosphazenes - Synthetically Versatile Block Copolymers (“Multi-Tool”) for Self-Assembly. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabino A. Carriedo
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry; Facultad de Química; Universidad de Oviedo; Julián Clavería s/n 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Raquel de la Campa
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry; Facultad de Química; Universidad de Oviedo; Julián Clavería s/n 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Alejandro Presa Soto
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry; Facultad de Química; Universidad de Oviedo; Julián Clavería s/n 33006 Oviedo Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Çelebi EB, Hacıvelioğlu F. Preparation of sulfonic acid functional proton conducting phosphazenes by covalent protection. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00189d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An easy and efficient method has been developed for preparation of sulfonic acid functional cyclic and polymeric phosphazenes by selective covalent protection of the sulfonic acid moiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Büşra Çelebi
- Gebze Technical University
- Department of Chemistry
- Gebze
- Turkey
- Yıldız Technical University
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rothemund S, Teasdale I. Preparation of polyphosphazenes: a tutorial review. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:5200-15. [PMID: 27314867 PMCID: PMC5048340 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00340k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Poly(organo)phosphazenes are a family of inorganic molecular hybrid polymers with very diverse properties due to the vast array of organic substituents possible. This tutorial review aims to introduce the basics of the synthetic chemistry of polyphosphazenes, detailing for readers outside the field the essential knowledge required to design and prepare polyphosphazenes with desired properties. A particular focus is given to some of the recent advances in their chemical synthesis which allows not only the preparation of polyphosphazenes with controlled molecular weights and polydispersities, but also novel branched architectures and block copolymers. We also discuss the preparation of supramolecular structures, bioconjugates and in situ forming gels from this diverse family of functional materials. This tutorial review aims to equip the reader to prepare defined polyphosphazenes with unique property combinations and in doing so we hope to stimulate further research and yet more innovative applications for these highly interesting multifaceted materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rothemund
- NanoScience Technology Center , University of Central Florida , 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400 , Orlando , FL 32826 , USA
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry , Johannes Kepler University , Altenberger Strasse 69 , 4040 Linz , Austria .
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gorlov MV, Bredov NS, Esin AS, Kireev VV. A direct synthesis of Сl3P NSiMe3 from PCl5 and hexamethyldisilazane. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
13
|
Presa-Soto D, Carriedo GA, de la Campa R, Presa Soto A. Formation and Reversible Morphological Transition of Bicontinuous Nanospheres and Toroidal Micelles by the Self-Assembly of a Crystalline-b-Coil Diblock Copolymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Presa-Soto
- Facultad de Química, Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM); Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n; 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Gabino A. Carriedo
- Facultad de Química, Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM); Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n; 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Raquel de la Campa
- Facultad de Química, Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM); Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n; 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Alejandro Presa Soto
- Facultad de Química, Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM); Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n; 33006 Oviedo Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Presa-Soto D, Carriedo GA, de la Campa R, Presa Soto A. Formation and Reversible Morphological Transition of Bicontinuous Nanospheres and Toroidal Micelles by the Self-Assembly of a Crystalline-b-Coil Diblock Copolymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10102-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Presa-Soto
- Facultad de Química, Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM); Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n; 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Gabino A. Carriedo
- Facultad de Química, Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM); Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n; 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Raquel de la Campa
- Facultad de Química, Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM); Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n; 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Alejandro Presa Soto
- Facultad de Química, Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM); Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n; 33006 Oviedo Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Suárez-Suárez S, Carriedo GA, Presa Soto A. Porous films by the self-assembly of inorganic rod-b-coil block copolymers: mechanistic insights into the vesicle-to-pore morphological evolution. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:3084-3092. [PMID: 26898560 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02861b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly in thin films of polyphosphazene block copolymers [N = P(O2C12H8)]n-b-[N = PMePh]m (O2C12H8 = 2,2'-dioxy-1,1'-biphenyl; : n = 50, m = 35; : n = 20, m = 70, and : n = 245, m = 60), having different volume fractions of the rigid [N = P(O2C12H8)]n block, has been studied. BCP spontaneously self-assembled into well-defined round-shaped macroporous films, observing also, as a minor morphology, spherical vesicles in regions where the film was not formed. A detailed study by SEM, TEM and AFM of the structure of the vesicles, the morphology of the pores (inverted mushroom-shaped), and the behaviour of the copolymers with shorter () and longer () [N = P(O2C12H8)]n rigid blocks provided sufficient experimental evidence to propose a vesicle-to-pore morphological evolution as the most likely mechanism to explain the pore formation during the self-assembly of . Moreover, by changing the volume fraction of the rigid block and the speed of solvent evaporation, it was possible to vary the pore morphology (and their diameter) from isolated regular groups to 3D interconnected pore networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Suárez-Suárez
- Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM), Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Gabino A Carriedo
- Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM), Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Presa Soto
- Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM), Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Suárez-Suárez S, Carriedo GA, Presa Soto A. Reversible Morphological Evolution of Responsive Giant Vesicles to Nanospheres by the Self-Assembly of Crystalline-b-Coil Polyphosphazene Block Copolymers. Chemistry 2016; 22:4483-91. [PMID: 26880712 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of long-term-stable giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs, diameter ≥ 1000 nm) and large vesicles (diameter ≥ 500 nm) by self-assembly in THF of the crystalline-b-coil polyphosphazene block copolymers [N=P(OCH2CF3)2 ]n-b-[N=PMePh]m (4 a: n=30, m=20; 4 b: n=90, m=20; 4 c: n=200, m=85), which combine crystalline [N=P(OCH2CF3)2] and amorphous [N=PMePh] blocks, both of which are flexible, is reported. SEM, TEM, and wide-angle X-ray scattering experiments demonstrated that the stability of these GUVs is induced by crystallization of the [N=P(OCH2CF3)2] blocks at the capsule wall of the GUVS, with the [N=PMePh] blocks at the corona. Higher degrees of crystallinity of the capsule wall are found in the bigger vesicles, which suggests that the crystallinity of the [N=P(OCH2CF3)2] block facilitates the formation of large vesicles. The GUVs are responsive to strong acids (HOTf) and, after selective protonation of the [N=PMePh] block, they undergo a morphological evolution to smaller spherical micelles in which the core and corona roles have been inverted. This morphological evolution is totally reversible by neutralization with a base (NEt3), which regenerates the original GUVs. The monitoring of this process by dynamic light scattering allowed a mechanism to to be proposed for this reversible morphological evolution in which the block copolymer 4 a and its protonated form 4 a(+) are intermediates. This opens a route to the design of reversibly responsive polymeric systems in organic solvents. This is the first reversibly responsive vesicle system to operate in organic media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Suárez-Suárez
- Departmento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM), Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gabino A Carriedo
- Departmento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM), Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alejandro Presa Soto
- Departmento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM), Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Martínez-Arranz S, Presa-Soto D, Carriedo GA, Presa Soto A, Albéniz AC. Polyphosphazenes for the Stille reaction: a new type of recyclable stannyl reagent. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:2227-36. [PMID: 26583466 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02670a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A random phosphazene copolymer {[N = P((CH2)7-Br)Ph]0.5[N = PMePh]0.5}n (2) and a block copolyphosphazene {[N = P((CH2)7-Br)Ph]0.5[N = PMePh]0.5}45-b-[N = P(O2C12H8)]55 (5), having a branch with two randomly distributed units, have been synthesized and used as precursors for the stannyl derivatives {[N = P((CH2)7-SnBu2An)Ph]0.5[N = PMePh]0.5}n (3) and {[N = P((CH2)7-SnBu2An)Ph]0.5[N = PMePh]0.5}45-b-[N = P(O2C12H8)]55 (6, An = p-MeOC6H4). Polymers 3 and 6 were tested as recyclable tin reagents in the Stille cross-coupling reaction with ArI, using various Pd catalysts and different experimental conditions. Polymer 6 can be recycled without a significant release of tin, but its efficiency decreased after three consecutive cycles. This effect was explained by studying the self-assembly of the polymer under the same conditions used for the catalytic experiments, which evidenced the progressive coalescence of the polymeric vesicles (polymersomes) leading to stable and bigger core-shell aggregates by the attraction of the [N = P(O2C12H8)] rich membranes, thus decreasing the accessibility of the tin active centers.
Collapse
|
19
|
Suárez‐Suárez S, Carriedo GA, Soto AP. Tuning the Chirality of Block Copolymers: From Twisted Morphologies to Nanospheres by Self‐Assembly. Chemistry 2015; 21:14129-39. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Suárez‐Suárez
- Departmento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM), Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n, 33006, Oviedo (Spain), Fax: (+34) 985103446
| | - Gabino A. Carriedo
- Departmento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM), Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n, 33006, Oviedo (Spain), Fax: (+34) 985103446
| | - Alejandro Presa Soto
- Departmento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM), Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n, 33006, Oviedo (Spain), Fax: (+34) 985103446
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wilfert S, Henke H, Schoefberger W, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Chain-end-functionalized polyphosphazenes via a one-pot phosphine-mediated living polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:1135-41. [PMID: 24700544 PMCID: PMC4115175 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A simple polymerization of trichlorophosphoranimine (Cl3 P = N-SiMe3 ) mediated by functionalized triphenylphosphines is presented. In situ initiator formation and the subsequent polymerization progress are investigated by (31) P NMR spectroscopy, demonstrating a living cationic polymerization mechanism. The polymer chain lengths and molecular weights of the resulting substituted poly(organo)phosphazenes are further studied by (1) H NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. This strategy facilitates the preparation of polyphosphazenes with controlled molecular weights and specific functional groups at the α-chain end. Such well-defined, mono-end-functionalized polymers have great potential use in bioconjugation, surface modification, and as building blocks for complex macromolecular constructs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Wilfert
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University LinzWelser Straße 42, Leonding, A-4060, Austria
| | - Helena Henke
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University LinzWelser Straße 42, Leonding, A-4060, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schoefberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University LinzAltenberger Straße 69, Linz, A-4040, Austria
- Faculty of Science, University of South BohemiaBranisˇovská 31, Cˇeské Budeˇjovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University LinzWelser Straße 42, Leonding, A-4060, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University LinzWelser Straße 42, Leonding, A-4060, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Suárez-Suárez S, Carriedo GA, Presa Soto A. Gold-Decorated Chiral Macroporous Films by the Self-Assembly of Functionalised Block Copolymers. Chemistry 2013; 19:15933-40. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
22
|
Suárez-Suárez S, Carriedo GA, Tarazona MP, Presa Soto A. Twisted Morphologies and Novel Chiral Macroporous Films from the Self-Assembly of Optically Active Helical Polyphosphazene Block Copolymers. Chemistry 2013; 19:5644-53. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
23
|
Blackstone V, Pfirrmann S, Helten H, Staubitz A, Presa Soto A, Whittell GR, Manners I. A cooperative role for the counteranion in the PCl5-initiated living, cationic chain growth polycondensation of the phosphoranimine Cl3P═NSiMe3. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:15293-6. [PMID: 22950530 DOI: 10.1021/ja307703h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The counteranion associated with the cationic initiator [Cl(3)P═N═PCl(3)](+) ([4](+)) generated during the PCl(5)-initiated living, cationic chain growth polycondensation of the N-silylphosphoranimine Cl(3)P═NSiMe(3) (3) to give poly(dichlorophosphazene), [N═PCl(2)](n) (2), has been found to have a dramatic effect on the polymerization. When the counteranion of [4](+) was changed from PCl(6)(-) or Cl(-) to the weakly coordinating anions [BAr*(F)(4)](-) and [BAr(F)(4)](-) (Ar*(F) = 3,5-{CF(3)}(2)C(6)H(3), Ar(F) = C(6)F(5)) instead of the polymerization of 3 being complete in 4-6 h, no reaction was observed after 24 h. Remarkably, the polymerization of 3 may be initiated by Cl(-) anions even in the absence of an active cation such as [4](+). However, in the presence of [4](+), the reaction proceeded significantly faster and allowed for molecular weight control. These results reveal that the currently accepted mechanism for the PCl(5)-initiated living polymerization of 3 needs to be revised to reflect the key role of the counteranion present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne Blackstone
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|