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de Azevedo Santos L, Trujillo-González DE, Jiménez-Halla JOC, Bickelhaupt FM, Solà M. Stabilization of Diborynes versus Destabilization of Diborenes by Coordination of Lewis Bases: Unravelling the Dichotomy. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303185. [PMID: 37870211 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
We have quantum chemically investigated the boron-boron bonds in B2 , diborynes B2 L2 , and diborenes B2 H2 L2 (L=none, OH2 , NH3 ) using dispersion-corrected relativistic density functional theory at ZORA-BLYP-D3(BJ)/TZ2P. B2 has effectively a single B-B bond provided by two half π bonds, whereas B2 H2 has effectively a double B=B bond provided by two half π bonds and one σ 2p-2p bond. This different electronic structure causes B2 and B2 H2 to react differently to the addition of ligands. Thus, in B2 L2 , electron-donating ligands shorten and strengthen the boron-boron bond whereas, in B2 H2 L2 , they lengthen and weaken the boron-boron bond. The aforementioned variations in boron-boron bond length and strength become more pronounced as the Lewis basicity of the ligands L increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Azevedo Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel E Trujillo-González
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Unversidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N Col. Noria Alta, Guanajuato, C.P. 36050, Gto., Mexico
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J Oscar C Jiménez-Halla
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Unversidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N Col. Noria Alta, Guanajuato, C.P. 36050, Gto., Mexico
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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2
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Ghara M, Mondal H, Pal R, Chattaraj PK. Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Bonding, Reactivity, and Applications. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37216335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The outstanding capability of Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) catalysts to activate small molecules has gained significant attention in recent times. Reactivity of FLP is further extended toward the hydrogenation of various unsaturated species. Over the past decade, this unique catalysis concept has been successfully expanded to heterogeneous catalysis as well. The present review article gives a brief survey on several studies on this field. A thorough discussion on quantum chemical studies concerning the activation of H2 is provided. The role of aromaticity and boron-ligand cooperation on the reactivity of FLP is discussed in the Review. How FLP can activate other small molecules by cooperative action of its Lewis centers is also discussed. Further, the discussion is shifted to the hydrogenation of various unsaturated species and the mechanism regarding this process. It also discusses the latest theoretical advancements in the application of FLP in heterogeneous catalysis across various domains, such as two-dimensional materials, functionalized surfaces, and metal oxides. A deeper understanding of the catalytic process may assist in devising new heterogeneous FLP catalysts through experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Ghara
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Himangshu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Ranita Pal
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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3
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van IJzendoorn B, Albawardi SF, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Whitehead GFS, McGrady JE, Mehta M. A Zintl Cluster for Transition Metal-Free Catalysis: C═O Bond Reductions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21213-21223. [PMID: 36351036 PMCID: PMC9706568 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The first fully characterized boron-functionalized heptaphosphide Zintl cluster, [(BBN)P7]2- ([1]2-), is synthesized by dehydrocoupling [HP7]2-. Dehydrocoupling is a previously unprecedented reaction pathway to functionalize Zintl clusters. [Na(18-c-6)]2[1] was employed as a transition metal-free catalyst for the hydroboration of aldehydes and ketones. Moreover, the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) was efficiently and selectively reduced to methoxyborane. This work represents the first examples of Zintl catalysis where the transformation is transition metal-free and where the cluster is noninnocent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bono van IJzendoorn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Saad F. Albawardi
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | | | - George F. S. Whitehead
- X-ray
Diffraction Facility, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - John E. McGrady
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Meera Mehta
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
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4
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Sun X, Hinz A, Kucher H, Gamer MT, Roesky PW. Stereoselective Activation of Small Molecules by a Stable Chiral Silene. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201963. [PMID: 35762907 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of the dilithium salt of the enantiopure (S)-BINOL (1,1'-bi-2-naphthol) with two equivalents of the amidinate-stabilized chlorosilylene [LPh SiCl] (LPh =PhC(NtBu)2 ) led to the formation of the first example of a chiral cyclic silene species comprising an (S)-BINOL ligand. The reactivity of the Si=C bond was investigated by reaction with elemental sulfur, CO2 and HCl. The reaction with S8 led to a Si=C bond cleavage and concomitantly to a ring-opened product with imine and silanethione functional groups. The reaction with CO2 resulted in the cleavage of the CO2 molecule into a carbonyl group and an isolated O atom, while a new stereocenter is formed in a highly selective manner. According to DFT calculations, the [2+2] cycloaddition product is the key intermediate. Further reactivity studies of the chiral cyclic silene with HCl resulted in a stereoselective addition to the Si=C bond, while the fully selective formation of two stereocenters was achieved. The quantitative stereoselective addition of CO2 and HCl to a Si=C bond is unprecedented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hannes Kucher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael T Gamer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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5
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Chen C, Daniliuc CG, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Kehr G, Erker G. A BH Borenium-Derived Thioxoborane, Its Persulfide, and Their Li +-Induced Reactions with Alkynes and with Carbon Dioxide. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19763-19771. [PMID: 33166151 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insertion of sulfur into the B-H bond of the BH borenium salt [IMes(C6F5)BH]+ followed by deprotonation gave the thioxoborane IMes(C6F5)B═S. Subsequent treatment with additional sulfur gave the corresponding boron persulfide, a NHC-stabilized boradithiirane. The B═S compound reacted with carbon dioxide in the presence of the lithium salt Li[B(C6F5)4] by formal [2+2] cycloaddition to give a boron thiocarbonate-type product. The boron persulfide formally inserted phenyl acetylene into the B-S bond in the presence of Li[B(C6F5)4] to give the respective five-membered heterocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohuang Chen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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6
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Valero M, Derdau V. Highlights of aliphatic C(sp 3 )-H hydrogen isotope exchange reactions. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 63:266-280. [PMID: 31278771 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the highlights of aliphatic C (sp3 )-H carbon hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) methods developed in the last 10 years. In particular, new highly selective and reactive protocols in the areas of nanoparticle and metal-catalyzed homogeneous catalysis are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mégane Valero
- R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry, Sanofi Germany, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry, Sanofi Germany, Frankfurt, Germany
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiangqing Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Haifeng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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8
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Weger M, Grötsch RK, Knaus MG, Giuman MM, Mayer DC, Altmann PJ, Mossou E, Dittrich B, Pöthig A, Rieger B. Nicht‐unschuldiger Methylen‐Linker in verbrückten Lewis‐Paar‐ Initiatoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weger
- Katalysezentrum & WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare ChemieTechnische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Raphael K. Grötsch
- Katalysezentrum & WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare ChemieTechnische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Maximilian G. Knaus
- Katalysezentrum & WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare ChemieTechnische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Marco M. Giuman
- Katalysezentrum & WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare ChemieTechnische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - David C. Mayer
- Katalysezentrum & Lehrstuhl für anorganische und metallorganische ChemieTechnische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Philipp J. Altmann
- Katalysezentrum & Lehrstuhl für anorganische und metallorganische ChemieTechnische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Estelle Mossou
- Institute Laue-Langevin 71 avenue des Martyrs CS 20156 38042 Grenoble Frankreich
- Faculty of Natural SciencesKeele University Staffordshire ST5 5BG Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - Birger Dittrich
- Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie 2Heinrich Heine Universität Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Alexander Pöthig
- Katalysezentrum & Lehrstuhl für anorganische und metallorganische ChemieTechnische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- Katalysezentrum & WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare ChemieTechnische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
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9
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Weger M, Grötsch RK, Knaus MG, Giuman MM, Mayer DC, Altmann PJ, Mossou E, Dittrich B, Pöthig A, Rieger B. Non-Innocent Methylene Linker in Bridged Lewis Pair Initiators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9797-9801. [PMID: 31046187 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Deprotonation usually occurs as an unwanted side reaction in the Lewis pair polymerization of Michael acceptors, for which the conjugated addition of the Lewis base to the acid-activated monomer is the commonly accepted initiation mechanism. This has also been reported for B-P-based bridged Lewis pairs (BLPs) that form macrocyclic addition products. We now show that the formerly unwanted deprotonation is the likely initiation pathway in the case of Al-P-based BLPs. In a detailed study of a series of Al-P-based BLPs, using a combination of single-crystal diffraction experiments (X-ray and neutron) and mechanistic investigations (experimental and computational), an active role of the methylene bridge was revealed, acting as a base towards the α-acidic monomers. Additionally, the polymerization studies proved a living behavior combined with significantly high activities, narrow molecular mass distributions, and the possibility of copolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weger
- Catalysis Research Center & WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Raphael K Grötsch
- Catalysis Research Center & WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Maximilian G Knaus
- Catalysis Research Center & WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Marco M Giuman
- Catalysis Research Center & WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - David C Mayer
- Catalysis Research Center & Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Philipp J Altmann
- Catalysis Research Center & Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Estelle Mossou
- Institute Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs CS 20156, 38042, Grenoble, France.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Birger Dittrich
- Inorganic Chemistry und Structural Chemistry 2, Heinrich Heine Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Pöthig
- Catalysis Research Center & Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- Catalysis Research Center & WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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10
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Abstract
The study of main-group molecules that behave and react similarly to transition-metal (TM) complexes has attracted significant interest in recent decades. Most notably, the attractive idea of replacing the all-too-often rare and costly metals from catalysis has motivated efforts to develop main-group-element-mediated reactions. Main-group elements, however, lack the electronic flexibility of TM complexes that arises from combinations of empty and filled d orbitals and that seem ideally suited to bind and activate many substrates. In this review, we look at boron, an element that despite its nonmetal nature, low atomic weight, and relative redox staticity has achieved great milestones in terms of TM-like reactivity. We show how in interelement cooperative systems, diboron molecules, and hypovalent complexes the fifth element can acquire a truly metallomimetic character. As we discuss, this character is powerfully demonstrated by the reactivity of boron-based molecules with H2, CO, alkynes, alkenes and even with N2.
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11
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Methoden der C-H-Funktionalisierung für den Wasserstoffisotopenaustausch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
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12
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. C-H Functionalisation for Hydrogen Isotope Exchange. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3022-3047. [PMID: 29024330 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The various applications of hydrogen isotopes (deuterium, D, and tritium, T) in the physical and life sciences demand a range of methods for their installation in an array of molecular architectures. In this Review, we describe recent advances in synthetic C-H functionalisation for hydrogen isotope exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - William J Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
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13
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Uzelac M, Kennedy AR, Hevia E. Trans-Metal-Trapping Meets Frustrated-Lewis-Pair Chemistry: Ga(CH 2SiMe 3) 3-Induced C-H Functionalizations. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:8615-8626. [PMID: 28485929 PMCID: PMC5549243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Merging two topical themes in main-group chemistry, namely, cooperative bimetallics and frustrated-Lewis-pair (FLP) activity, this Forum Article focuses on the cooperativity-induced outcomes observed when the tris(alkyl)gallium compound GaR3 (R = CH2SiMe3) is paired with the lithium amide LiTMP (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide) or the sterically hindered N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) 1,3-bis(tert-butyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (ItBu). When some previously published work are drawn together with new results, unique tandem reactivities are presented that are driven by the steric mismatch between the individual reagents of these multicomponent reagents. Thus, the LiTMP/GaR3 combination, which on its own fails to form a cocomplex, functions as a highly regioselective base (LiTMP)/trap (GaR3) partnership for the metalation of N-heterocycles such as diazines, 1,3-benzoazoles, and 2-picolines in a trans-metal-trapping (TMT) process that stabilizes the emerging sensitive carbanions. Taking advantage of related steric incompatibility, a novel monometallic FLP system pairing GaR3 with ItBu has been developed for the activation of carbonyl compounds (via C═O insertion) and other molecules with acidic hydrogen atoms such as phenol and phenylacetylene. Shedding new light on how these non-cocomplexing partnerships operate and showcasing the potential of gallium reagents to engage in metalation reactions or FLP activations, areas where the use of this group 13 metal is scant, this Forum Article aims to stimulate more interest and activity toward the advancement of organogallium chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Uzelac
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Eva Hevia
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
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14
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Mane MV, Vanka K. Less Frustration, More Activity-Theoretical Insights into Frustrated Lewis Pairs for Hydrogenation Catalysis. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj V. Mane
- Physical Chemistry Division; National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pashan Pune Maharashtra India
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations; Institute of Basic Science (IBS); Department of Chemistry; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Kumar Vanka
- Physical Chemistry Division; National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pashan Pune Maharashtra India
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15
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Kehr G, Erker G. Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry: Searching for New Reactions. CHEM REC 2017; 17:803-815. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität; 48149 Münster Corrensstr. 40 Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität; 48149 Münster Corrensstr. 40 Germany
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16
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Fontaine FG, Courtemanche MA, Légaré MA, Rochette É. Design principles in frustrated Lewis pair catalysis for the functionalization of carbon dioxide and heterocycles. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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17
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Winkler A, Freytag M, Jones PG, Tamm M. Isolation and Reactivity of a FrustratedN-Heterocyclic Carbene-Borane. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Winkler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Matthias Freytag
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Peter G. Jones
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
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18
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Liu YL, Kehr G, Daniliuc CG, Erker G. Geminal bis-borane formation by borane Lewis acid induced cyclopropyl rearrangement and its frustrated Lewis pair reaction with carbon dioxide. Chem Sci 2016; 8:1097-1104. [PMID: 28451249 PMCID: PMC5369401 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03468c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The borylated tetrahydroborole obtained by the reaction of cyclopropylacetylene with Piers' borane adds carbon dioxide under frustrated Lewis pair conditions.
Cyclopropylacetylene reacts with two molar equivalents of Piers' borane [HB(C6F5)2] under mild conditions by an addition/rearrangement sequence with cyclopropyl ring opening to give a mixture of two α-B(C6F5)2 substituted tetrahydroboroles. This compound forms an active frustrated Lewis pair with PtBu3 that heterolytically splits dihydrogen and adds carbon dioxide as a geminal chelate bis-boryl component. The respective reactions of the two-fold HB(C6F5)2 addition to Ph-CH2CH2C
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CH were studied as a geminal Lewis acid reference. Most of the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Lin Liu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
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19
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Metters OJ, Forrest SJK, Sparkes HA, Manners I, Wass DF. Small Molecule Activation by Intermolecular Zr(IV)-Phosphine Frustrated Lewis Pairs. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1994-2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Owen J. Metters
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian J. K. Forrest
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel A. Sparkes
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Manners
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan F. Wass
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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20
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Buß F, Mehlmann P, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Bergander K, Dielmann F. Reversible Carbon Dioxide Binding by Simple Lewis Base Adducts with Electron-Rich Phosphines. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1840-3. [PMID: 26824487 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
For the efficient utilization of carbon dioxide as feedstock in chemical synthesis, low-energy-barrier CO2 activation is a valuable tool. We report a metal-free approach to reversible CO2 binding under mild conditions based on simple Lewis base adducts with electron-rich phosphines. Variable-temperature NMR studies and DFT calculations reveal almost thermoneutral CO2 binding with low-energy barriers or stable CO2 adduct formation depending on the phosphines donor ability. The most basic phosphine forms an air-stable CO2 adduct that was used as phosphine transfer agent, providing a convenient access to transition-metal complexes with highly electron-rich phosphine ligands relevant to catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florenz Buß
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Mehlmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Bergander
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Fabian Dielmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
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21
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Ríos P, Curado N, López-Serrano J, Rodríguez A. Selective reduction of carbon dioxide to bis(silyl)acetal catalyzed by a PBP-supported nickel complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2114-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09650b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The selective reduction of CO2 to the formaldehyde level remains an important challenge and to date only a few catalysts have been developed for this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ríos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas-Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Centro de innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
- Seville
- Spain
| | - Natalia Curado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas-Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Centro de innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
- Seville
- Spain
| | - Joaquín López-Serrano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas-Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Centro de innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
- Seville
- Spain
| | - Amor Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas-Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Centro de innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universidad de Sevilla-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
- Seville
- Spain
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22
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Dickie DA, Barker MT, Land MA, Hughes KE, Clyburne JAC, Kemp RA. Rapid, Reversible, Solid–Gas and Solution-Phase Insertion of CO2 into In–P Bonds. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:11121-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Madeline T. Barker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Michael A. Land
- The Atlantic
Centre for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H
3C3, Canada
| | - Kira E. Hughes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Jason A. C. Clyburne
- The Atlantic
Centre for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H
3C3, Canada
| | - Richard A. Kemp
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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24
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Stephan DW, Erker G. Chemie frustrierter Lewis-Paare: Entwicklung und Perspektiven. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Stephan DW, Erker G. Frustrated Lewis pair chemistry: development and perspectives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6400-41. [PMID: 25974714 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1319] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are combinations of Lewis acids and Lewis bases in solution that are deterred from strong adduct formation by steric and/or electronic factors. This opens pathways to novel cooperative reactions with added substrates. Small-molecule binding and activation by FLPs has led to the discovery of a variety of new reactions through unprecedented pathways. Hydrogen activation and subsequent manipulation in metal-free catalytic hydrogenations is a frequently observed feature of many FLPs. The current state of this young but rapidly expanding field is outlined in this Review and the future directions for its broadening sphere of impact are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S3H6 (Canada).
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr. 40, 48149 Münster (Germany).
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Chang Chong
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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27
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Abstract
CONSPECTUS: Frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chemistry has emerged in the past decade as a strategy that enables main-group compounds to activate small molecules. This concept is based on the notion that combinations of Lewis acids and bases that are sterically prevented from forming classical Lewis acid-base adducts have Lewis acidity and basicity available for interaction with a third molecule. This concept has been applied to stoichiometric reactivity and then extended to catalysis. This Account describes three examples of such developments: hydrogenation, hydroamination, and CO2 reduction. The most dramatic finding from FLP chemistry was the discovery that FLPs can activate H2, thus countering the long-existing dogma that metals are required for such activation. This finding of stoichiometric reactivity was subsequently evolved to employ simple main-group species as catalysts in hydrogenations. While the initial studies focused on imines, subsequent studies uncovered FLP catalysts for a variety of organic substrates, including enamines, silyl enol ethers, olefins, and alkynes. Moreover, FLP reductions of aromatic anilines and N-heterocycles have been developed, while very recent extensions have uncovered the utility of FLP catalysts for ketone reductions. FLPs have also been shown to undergo stoichiometric reactivity with terminal alkynes. Typically, either deprotonation or FLP addition reaction products are observed, depending largely on the basicity of the Lewis base. While a variety of acid/base combinations have been exploited to afford a variety of zwitterionic products, this reactivity can also be extended to catalysis. When secondary aryl amines are employed, hydroamination of alkynes can be performed catalytically, providing a facile, metal-free route to enamines. In a similar fashion, initial studies of FLPs with CO2 demonstrated their ability to capture this greenhouse gas. Again, modification of the constituents of the FLP led to the discovery of reaction systems that demonstrated stoichiometric reduction of CO2 to either methanol or CO. Further modification led to the development of catalytic systems for the reduction of CO2 by hydrosilylation and hydroboration or deoxygenation. As each of these areas of FLP chemistry has advanced from the observation of unusual stoichiometric reactions to catalytic processes, it is clear that the concept of FLPs provides a new strategy for the design and application of main-group chemistry and the development of new metal-free catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George
Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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28
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Rocchigiani L. Experimental Insights into the Structure and Reactivity of Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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29
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Dickie DA, Kemp RA. Structures and CO2 Reactivity of Zinc Complexes of Bis(diisopropyl-) and Bis(diphenylphosphino)amines. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500856p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane A. Dickie
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Richard A. Kemp
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
- Advanced
Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
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30
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Wang T, Stephan DW. Carbene-9-BBN ring expansions as a route to intramolecular frustrated Lewis pairs for CO2 reduction. Chemistry 2014; 20:3036-9. [PMID: 24677611 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of phosphine-derived carbenes with 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) result in ring-expansion reactions to generate novel intramolecular frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). These FLPs effect the catalytic reduction of CO2 in the presence of boranes to give BOB and methoxy-borate species.
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31
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Abstract
Phosphine is shown to catalyse the reaction of CO2 with 9-BBN to give mixtures of HCO2(B(C8H14)) 3, H2C(OB(C8H14))24 and MeOB(C8H14) 5; at 0.02 mol% of tBu3P 5 is obtained in 98% yield at 60 °C with TON of almost 5500 and a TOF of 170. Under stoichiometric conditions the species (R3PCH2O)(HC(O)O)B(C8H14) (R = tBu 1,4-MeC6H42) were isolated and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, M5S 3H6, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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32
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Paradies J. Metallfreie Hydrierung von ungesättigten Kohlenwasserstoffen mit molekularem Wasserstoff. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Paradies J. Metal-Free Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Employing Molecular Hydrogen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3552-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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34
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Erdmann M, Wiegand T, Blumenberg J, Eckert H, Ren J, Daniliuc CG, Kehr G, Erker G. Formation, structural characterization, and reactions of a unique cyclotrimeric vicinal Lewis pair containing (C6F5)2P-Lewis base and (C6F5)BH-Lewis acid components. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:15159-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02081b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A unique vicinal Lewis pair cyclotrimer has been synthesized and characterized with respect to its structure and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Erdmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- WWU Münster
- D 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Graduate School of Chemistry
- WWU Münster
- D 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jonas Blumenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- WWU Münster
- D 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Graduate School of Chemistry
- WWU Münster
- D 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jinjun Ren
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Graduate School of Chemistry
- WWU Münster
- D 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- WWU Münster
- D 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- WWU Münster
- D 48149 Münster, Germany
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35
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Stephan DW, Erker G. Frustrated Lewis pair chemistry of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur oxides. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00395k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs have been used to activate a variety of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
- 48149 Münster, German
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36
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The Mannich Route to Amino-Functionalized [3]Ferrocenophanes. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800976-5.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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37
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Sajid M, Lawzer A, Dong W, Rosorius C, Sander W, Schirmer B, Grimme S, Daniliuc CG, Kehr G, Erker G. Carbonylation reactions of intramolecular vicinal frustrated phosphane/borane Lewis pairs. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:18567-74. [PMID: 24147963 DOI: 10.1021/ja408815k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intramolecular frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) Mes2PCH2CH2B(C6F5)2 4 adds cooperatively to carbon monoxide to form the five-membered heterocyclic carbonyl compound 5. The intramolecular FLP 7 contains an exo-3-B(C6F5)2 Lewis acid and an endo-2-PMes2 Lewis base functionality coordinated at the norbornane framework. This noninteracting FLP adds carbon monoxide in solution at -35 °C cooperatively to yield a five-membered heterocyclic FLP-carbonyl compound 8. In contrast, FLP 7 is carbonylated in a CO-doped argon matrix at 25 K to selectively form a borane carbonyl 9 without involvement of the adjacent phosphanyl moiety. The free FLP 7 was generated in the gas phase from its FLPH2 product 10. A DFT study has shown that the phosphonium hydrido borate zwitterion 10 is formed exergonically in solution but tends to lose H2 when brought into the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sajid
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität , Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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39
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Hengesbach F, Jin X, Hepp A, Wibbeling B, Würthwein EU, Uhl W. Activation of Isocyanates and Carbon Dioxide by a Monomeric Aluminium Hydrazide as an Active Lewis Pair. Chemistry 2013; 19:13901-9. [PMID: 24038438 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hengesbach
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster (Germany)
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40
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Barry BM, Dickie DA, Murphy LJ, Clyburne JAC, Kemp RA. NH/PH Isomerization and a Lewis Pair for Carbon Dioxide Capture. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:8312-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ic401498r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Barry
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
87131, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
87131, United States
| | - Luke J. Murphy
- The
Atlantic Centre for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Saint
Mary’s University, Halifax, NS, B3H 3C3, Canada
| | - Jason A. C. Clyburne
- The
Atlantic Centre for Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Saint
Mary’s University, Halifax, NS, B3H 3C3, Canada
| | - Richard A. Kemp
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
87131, United States
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
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41
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Xu BH, Bussmann K, Fröhlich R, Daniliuc CG, Brandenburg JG, Grimme S, Kehr G, Erker G. An Enamine/HB(C6F5)2 Adduct as a Dormant State in Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om4004225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Hua Xu
- Organisch-chemisches
Institut der Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster,
Germany
| | - Kathrin Bussmann
- Organisch-chemisches
Institut der Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster,
Germany
| | - Roland Fröhlich
- Organisch-chemisches
Institut der Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster,
Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-chemisches
Institut der Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster,
Germany
| | - Jan Gerit Brandenburg
- Mulliken Center
for Theoretical
Chemistry, Institut für
Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center
for Theoretical
Chemistry, Institut für
Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-chemisches
Institut der Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster,
Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-chemisches
Institut der Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster,
Germany
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42
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Dickie DA, Ulibarri-Sanchez III RP, Jarman PJ, Kemp RA. Activation of CO2 and CS2 by (Me3Si)(i-Pr2P)NH and its zinc complex. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Sajid M, Kehr G, Wiegand T, Eckert H, Schwickert C, Pöttgen R, Cardenas AJP, Warren TH, Fröhlich R, Daniliuc CG, Erker G. Noninteracting, Vicinal Frustrated P/B-Lewis Pair at the Norbornane Framework: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:8882-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ja400338e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sajid
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr.
40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr.
40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Institut für Physikalische
Chemie and Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149
Münster, Germany
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische
Chemie and Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149
Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Schwickert
- Institut
für Anorganische
und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rainer Pöttgen
- Institut
für Anorganische
und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Allan Jay P. Cardenas
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, P.O. Box 571227, Washington,
D.C. 20057-1227, United States
| | - Timothy H. Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, P.O. Box 571227, Washington,
D.C. 20057-1227, United States
| | - Roland Fröhlich
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr.
40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr.
40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr.
40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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44
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Jiang Y, Blacque O, Fox T, Berke H. Catalytic CO2 Activation Assisted by Rhenium Hydride/B(C6F5)3 Frustrated Lewis Pairs—Metal Hydrides Functioning as FLP Bases. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:7751-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ja402381d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Jiang
- Anorganisch-chemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstraß 190, CH-8037 Zürich,
Switzerland
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Anorganisch-chemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstraß 190, CH-8037 Zürich,
Switzerland
| | - Thomas Fox
- Anorganisch-chemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstraß 190, CH-8037 Zürich,
Switzerland
| | - Heinz Berke
- Anorganisch-chemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstraß 190, CH-8037 Zürich,
Switzerland
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45
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Xu X, Kehr G, Daniliuc CG, Erker G. Reactions of a Cationic Geminal Zr+/P Pair with Small Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6465-76. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3110076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster,
Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster,
Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster,
Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster,
Germany
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46
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Jiang C, Stephan DW. Phosphinimine–borane combinations in frustrated Lewis pair chemistry. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:630-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30720k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Frömel S, Kehr G, Fröhlich R, Daniliuc CG, Erker G. Reactions of dimethylzirconocene complexes with a vicinal frustrated P/B Lewis pair. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:14531-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52128a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Ekkert O, Miera GG, Wiegand T, Eckert H, Schirmer B, Petersen JL, Daniliuc CG, Fröhlich R, Grimme S, Kehr G, Erker G. Remarkable coordination behavior of alkyl isocyanides toward unsaturated vicinal frustrated P/B Lewis pairs. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc00082f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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49
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Stute A, Kehr G, Daniliuc CG, Fröhlich R, Erker G. Electronic control in frustrated Lewis pair chemistry: adduct formation of intramolecular FLP systems with –P(C6F5)2 Lewis base components. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:4487-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32806b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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50
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Erdmann M, Rösener C, Holtrichter-Rößmann T, Daniliuc CG, Fröhlich R, Uhl W, Würthwein EU, Kehr G, Erker G. Functional group chemistry at intramolecular frustrated Lewis pairs: substituent exchange at the Lewis acid site with 9-BBN. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:709-18. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31737k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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