1
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Krämer F. Aluminum in Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202405207. [PMID: 38826040 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
This review article describes the development of the use of aluminum compounds in the chemistry of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) over the last 14 years. It also discusses the synthesis, reactivity and catalytic applications of intermolecular, intramolecular and so-called hidden FLPs with phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon Lewis bases. The intrinsically higher acidity of aluminum compounds compared to their boron analogs opens up different reaction pathways. The results are presented in a more or less chronological order. It is shown that Al FLPs react with a variety of polar and non-polar substrates and form both stable adducts and reversibly activate bonds. Consequently, some catalytic applications of the title compounds were presented such as dimerization of alkynes, hydrogenation of tert-butyl ethylene and imines, C-F bond activation, reduction of CO2, dehydrogenation of amine borane and transfer of ammonia. In addition, various Al FLPs were used as initiators in polymerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Krämer
- C1 Green Chemicals AG, Am Studio 2a, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Kou X. Mechanistic Insight Into the Reactivity of Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Liquid-State NMR Studies. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38446616 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2324299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have been widely investigated as promising catalysts due to their metal-free feature and ability to activate small molecules. Over the last few years, the structure, dynamics and interactions between the Lewis centers and their effects on the reactivity with different substrates have been studied. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool in studying the reaction intermediates, kinetics and mechanism of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). Various NMR experiments have been applied to precisely determine the association or cooperativity of FLPs and one or two-dimensional spectra were obtained. Herein, insights coming from NMR spectroscopy for FLPs are presented, the structure and reactivity of FLPs in solution are described, and their effects on the kinetics and mechanism of different substrates are also illustrated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Kou
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, Analyses and Testing Center, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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3
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Werner L, Hagn J, Walpuski J, Radius U. Aluminum(III) Cations [(NHC) ⋅ AlMes 2 ] + : Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in FLP-Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202312111. [PMID: 37877231 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The three-coordinate aluminum cations ligated by N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) [(NHC) ⋅ AlMes2 ]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- (NHC=IMeMe 4, IiPrMe 5, IiPr 6, Mes=2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) were prepared via hydride abstraction of the alanes (NHC) ⋅ AlHMes2 (NHC=IMeMe 1, IiPrMe 2, IiPr 3) using [Ph3 C]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- in toluene as hydride acceptor. If this reaction was performed in diethyl ether, the corresponding four-coordinate aluminum etherate cations [(NHC) ⋅ AlMes2 (OEt2 )]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- 7-9 (NHC=IMeMe 7, IiPrMe 8, IiPr 9) were isolated. According to a theoretical and experimental assessment of the Lewis-acidity of the [(IMeMe ) ⋅ AlMes2 ]+ cation is the acidity larger than that of B(C6 F5 )3 and of similar magnitude as reported for Al(C6 F5 )3 . The reaction of [(IMeMe ) ⋅ AlMes2 ]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- 4 with the sterically less demanding, basic phosphine PMe3 afforded a mixed NHC/phosphine stabilized cation [(IMeMe ) ⋅ AlMes2 (PMe3 )]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- 10. Equimolar mixtures of 4 and the sterically more demanding PCy3 gave a frustrated Lewis-pair (FLP), i.e., [(IMeMe ) ⋅ AlMes2 ]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- /PCy3 FLP-11, which reacts with small molecules such as CO2 , ethene, and 2-butyne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Werner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julika Hagn
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janis Walpuski
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Wickemeyer L, Trapp PC, Aders N, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. Reactivity of Oxygen-Bridged Geminal Al/P and Si/P Frustrated Lewis Pairs towards Heterocumulenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203685. [PMID: 36734185 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The two oxygen-bridged geminal frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) tBu2 P-O-AlBis2 (Bis=CH(SiMe3 )2 ; 1) and tBu2 P-O-Si(C2 F5 )3 (2) were reacted with the heterocumulenes PhNCO, PhOCN, PhNCS, CS2 and PhNSO as well as SO2 . With isocyanate and cyanate, both 1 and 2, form addition products under formation of five-membered rings. With CS2 , isothiocyanate and sulfinylaniline, only 1 forms stable adducts, whereas 2 shows reactivity towards sulfinylaniline, but the product decomposed after a few minutes. The reaction of 1 with SO2 led to partial cleavage of the P-O-Al and Al-C units, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies of a complex aggregate. The reaction of 2 with SO2 affords the 1,2-addition product. All adducts were characterized by means of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and CHN analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Wickemeyer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Pia C Trapp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Niklas Aders
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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5
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Bole LJ, Uzelac M, Hernán-Gómez A, Kennedy AR, O'Hara CT, Hevia E. Progressing the Frustrated Lewis Pair Abilities of N-Heterocyclic Carbene/GaR 3 Combinations for Catalytic Hydroboration of Aldehydes and Ketones. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:13784-13796. [PMID: 34191489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exploiting the steric incompatibility of the tris(alkyl)gallium GaR3 (R = CH2SiMe3) and the bulky N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) 1,3-bis(tert-butyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (ItBu), here we report the B-H bond activation of pinacolborane (HBPin), which has led to the isolation and structural authentication of a novel ion pair, [{ItBu-BPin}+{GaR3(μ-H)GaR3}-] (2). Contrastingly, neither ItBu or GaR3 was able to react with HBPin under the conditions of this study. Combining an NHC-stabilized borenium cation, [{ItBu-BPin}+], with an anionic dinuclear gallate, [{GaR3(μ-H)GaR3}-], 2 proved to be unstable in solution at room temperature, evolving to the abnormal NHC-Ga complex [BPinC{{N(tBu)]2CHCGa(R)3}] (3). Interestingly, the structural isomer of 2, with the borenium cation residing at the C4 position of the carbene, [{aItBu-BPin}+{GaR3(μ-H)GaR3}-] (4), was obtained when the abnormal NHC complex [aItBu·GaR3] (1) was heated to 70 °C with HBPin, demonstrating that, under these forced conditions, it is possible to induce thermal frustration of the Lewis base/Lewis acid components of 1, enabling the activation of HBPin. Building on these stoichiometric studies, the frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) reactivity observed for the GaR3/ItBu combination with HBPin could then be upgraded to catalytic regimes, allowing the efficient hydroboration of a range of aldehydes and ketones under mild reaction conditions. Mechanistic insights into the possible reaction pathway involved in this process have been gained by combining kinetic investigations with a comparative study of the catalytic capabilities of several gallium and borenium species related to 2. Disclosing a new cooperative partnership, reactions are proposed to occur via the formation of a highly reactive monomeric hydride gallate, [{ItBu-BPin}+{GaR3(H)}-] (I). Each anionic and cationic component of I plays a key role for success of the hydroboration, with the nucleophilic monomeric gallate anion favoring the transfer of its hydride to the C═O bond of the organic substate, which in turn is activated by coordination to the borenium cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie J Bole
- Department für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Bern CH3012, Switzerland
| | - Marina Uzelac
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Hernán-Gómez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares-Madrid 28805, Spain
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Charles T O'Hara
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Bern CH3012, Switzerland
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6
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Butcher RJ, Purdy AP. μ-Methyl-ene-bis-[di-bromido(diethyl ether-κ O)aluminium(III)]: crystal structure and chemical exchange in solution. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION E-CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 77:647-652. [PMID: 34164145 PMCID: PMC8183446 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989021005302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of μ-methylene-bis[(dibromo)(diethyl ether-κO)aluminium(III)] has established that the Al—CH2—Al angle, 118.4 (2)°, is the smallest observed for structure where this moiety is not part of a ring. In the title compound, [Al2Br4(CH2)(C4H10O)2], the molecule lies on a crystallographic twofold axis passing through the bridging C atom. Each AlIII atom is four-coordinate, being bonded to two bromide ions, bridging the CH2 group as well as the oxygen atom of a diethyl ether ligand in a slightly distorted tetrahedral arrangement with angles ranging from 101.52 (8) to 116.44 (5)°. The Al—CH2—Al angle, 118.4 (2)°, is the smallest observed for a structure where this moiety is not part of a ring. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯Br interactions, characterized as R22(12) rings, link the molecules into ribbons in the [101] direction. The title compound is monomeric and coordinatively saturated in the solid state, as each aluminum is four-coordinate, but in solution the ether molecules from either or both Al atoms can dissociate, and would be expected to rapidly exchange, and this is supported by NMR data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray J Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, 525 College Street NW, Washington DC 20059, USA
| | - Andrew P Purdy
- Chemistry Division, Code 6123, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Av, SW, Washington DC 20375-5342, USA
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7
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Navarro M, Campos J. Bimetallic frustrated Lewis pairs. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Tao X, Škoch K, Daniliuc CG, Kehr G, Erker G. Borane-induced ring closure reaction of oligomethylene-linked bis-allenes. Chem Sci 2019; 11:1542-1548. [PMID: 34084385 PMCID: PMC8148058 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03870a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The trimethylene-linked bis-allene 3a reacts with Piers' borane [HB(C6F5)2] by a hydroboration/allylboration sequence to generate the cyclization product 5a. Its pyridine adduct was isolated and characterized by X-ray diffraction. Compound 5a undergoes a typical frustrated Lewis pair 1,2-P/B alkene addition reaction with PPh3 to give the heterobicyclic bridged olefinic zwitterionic product 9a. The tetramethylene-linked bis-allene 3b and its phenylene annulated analogue 3c react with HB(C6F5)2 to give the analogous seven-membered ring products 5b,c under mild conditions. The cyclization product 5a undergoes a series of sequential allylboration reactions with two equivalents of allene followed by ring-closure to give the four-component coupling product 12a. It undergoes FLP addition to an exo-methylene group upon treatment with PPh3. Compound 12a is oxidatively converted to the boron-free alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tao
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Karel Škoch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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9
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Tao X, Wölke C, Daniliuc CG, Kehr G, Erker G. Halogenoborane mediated allene cyclooligomerization. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2478-2482. [PMID: 30881677 PMCID: PMC6385850 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04790a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Allene reacts with the strongly electrophilic halogenoboranes XB(C6F5)2 (X: Cl or Br) by forming a mixture of 1,3,5-trimethylenecyclohexane and the stoichiometric halogeno-borated tetramerization products.
The halogenoboranes XB(C6F5)2 (X: Cl, Br) react with allene to give a mixture of the cyclotrimer 1,3,5-trimethylenecyclohexane (1) and the related halogenoborylated cyclotetramerization products 3a and 3b. Alkyl-substituted allenes were catalytically cyclotrimerized metal-free by XB(C6F5)2 (X: Cl, Br) to give cis,trans-2,4,6-trialkyl-1,3,5-trimethylenecyclohexanes under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tao
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
| | - Christian Wölke
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
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10
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Tao X, Daniliuc CG, Dittrich D, Kehr G, Erker G. Borane-Induced Dimerization of Arylallenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13922-13926. [PMID: 30175889 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A series of arylallenes react with HB(C6 F5 )2 in a 2:1 molar ratio to give the tail-to-tail 1,6-diaryl-2-boryl-hexa-1,5-diene coupling products. The reaction of the phenylallene substrate with HB(C6 F5 )2 was shown to initially give the 2-boryl-3,4-diphenyl-1,5-hexadiene head-to-head coupling product which then rearranged, by a thermally induced Cope rearrangement, into the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tao
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dustin Dittrich
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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11
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Tao X, Daniliuc CG, Dittrich D, Kehr G, Erker G. Borane‐Induced Dimerization of Arylallenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tao
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Dustin Dittrich
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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12
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Raţ CI, Soran A, Varga RA, Silvestru C. C–H Bond Activation Mediated by Inorganic and Organometallic Compounds of Main Group Metals. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Brand S, Pahl J, Elsen H, Harder S. Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry with Magnesium Lewis Acids. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Brand
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jürgen Pahl
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Holger Elsen
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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14
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Xu M, Possart J, Waked AE, Roy J, Uhl W, Stephan DW. Halogenated triphenylgallium and -indium in frustrated Lewis pair activations and hydrogenation catalysis. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2017; 375:rsta.2017.0014. [PMID: 28739969 PMCID: PMC5540843 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Lewis acids Ga(C6F5)3, In(C6F5)3 and Ga(C6Cl5)3 are prepared and their Lewis acidity has been probed experimentally and computationally. The species Ga(C6F5)3 and In(C6F5)3 in conjunction with phosphine donors are shown to heterolytically split H2 and catalyse the hydrogenation of an imine. In addition, frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) derived from Ga(C6F5)3 and In(C6F5)3 and phosphines react with diphenyldisulfide to phosphoniumgallates or indates of the form [tBu3PSPh][PhSE(C6F5)3] and [tBu3PSPh][(μ-SPh)(E(C6F5)3)2] (E = Ga, In). The potential of the FLPs based on Ga(C6F5)3, In(C6F5)3 and Ga(C6Cl5)3 and phosphines is also shown in reactions with phenylacetylene to give pure or mixtures of the products [tBu3PH][PhCCE(C6X5)3] and R3P(Ph)C=C(H)E(C6X5)3 A number of these species are crystallographically characterized. The implications for the use of these species in FLP chemistry are considered.This article is part of the themed issue 'Frustrated Lewis pair chemistry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maotong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5H 3H6
| | - Josephine Possart
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander E Waked
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5H 3H6
| | - Julie Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5H 3H6
| | - Werner Uhl
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5H 3H6
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15
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Zijlstra HS, Pahl J, Penafiel J, Harder S. "Masked" Lewis-acidity of an aluminum α-phosphinoamide complex. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:3601-3610. [PMID: 28243643 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00318h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of Ph2P(DIPP)NH with AlMe3 cleanly gives an aluminum amide complex that crystallizes as a centrosymmetric dimer with a six-membered Al-N-P-Al-N-P ring. In aromatic solvents the dimer remains intact but the Al-P bond is readily broken upon addition of THF to form Ph2P(DIPP)NAlMe2·THF. Efforts to use [Ph2P(DIPP)NAlMe2]2 as a "masked" Lewis acidic activator for olefin polymerization catalysts were unsuccessful but the complex showed a Frustrated Lewis pair reactivity instead. The P/Al complex reacts with isocyanates to give the C[double bond, length as m-dash]O inserted product that crystallizes as a five-membered ring system Al-O-C(NR)-P-N. The reaction of [Ph2P(DIPP)NAlMe2]2 with CO2, however, gave an insertion in the N-Al bond and the dimeric product [Ph2P(DIPP)NCO2AlMe2]2 was isolated. The dimer [Ph2P(DIPP)NAlMe2]2 is one of the few Al/P FLPs that can activate C[double bond, length as m-dash]C double bonds irreversibly. A reaction with allyl methyl sulfide and 1-hexene led to the clean formation of the structurally similar activated alkene products [(DIPP)N-Ph2P-CH(CH2SMe)CH2]AlMe2 and [(DIPP)N-Ph2P-CH(C4H9)CH2]AlMe2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmen S Zijlstra
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany. and Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P. O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, Netherlands and Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Pahl
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Johanne Penafiel
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany. and Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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16
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Yepes D, Jaque P, Fernández I. Deeper Insight into the Factors Controlling H2Activation by Geminal Aminoborane-Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Chemistry 2016; 22:18801-18809. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Yepes
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Andres Bello; Av. República 275 Santiago Chile
- Nucleus Millennium Chemical Processes and Catalysis (CPC); Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Casilla 306, Correo 22 Santiago Chile
| | - Pablo Jaque
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Andres Bello; Av. República 275 Santiago Chile
- Nucleus Millennium Chemical Processes and Catalysis (CPC); Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Casilla 306, Correo 22 Santiago Chile
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
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17
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Uzelac M, Armstrong DR, Kennedy AR, Hevia E. Understanding the Subtleties of Frustrated Lewis Pair Activation of Carbonyl Compounds by N-Heterocyclic Carbene/Alkyl Gallium Pairings. Chemistry 2016; 22:15826-15833. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Uzelac
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - David R. Armstrong
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Eva Hevia
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
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18
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Nagata K, Murosaki T, Agou T, Sasamori T, Matsuo T, Tokitoh N. Activation of Dihydrogen by Masked Doubly Bonded Aluminum Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12877-80. [PMID: 27529165 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Activation of dihydrogen by masked dialumenes (Al=Al doubly bonded species) is reported. Reactions of barrelene-type dialumanes, which have the reactivity as masked equivalents of 1,2-diaryldialumenes ArAl=AlAr, with H2 afforded dihydroalumanes ArAlH2 at room temperature (Ar: bulky aryl groups). These dihydroalumanes form hydrogen-bridged dimers [ArHAl(μ-H)]2 in the crystalline state, while a monomer-dimer equilibrium was suggested in solution. The 1,2-diaryldialumenes generated from the barrelene-type dialumanes are the putative active species in the cleavage of H2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Nagata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takahiro Murosaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Agou
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.,Department of Biomolecular Functional Engineering, College of Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarisawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 316-8511, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sasamori
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsuo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
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19
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Nagata K, Murosaki T, Agou T, Sasamori T, Matsuo T, Tokitoh N. Activation of Dihydrogen by Masked Doubly Bonded Aluminum Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Nagata
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Takahiro Murosaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Kindai University; 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Agou
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Functional Engineering; College of Engineering; Ibaraki University; 4-12-1 Nakanarisawa, Hitachi Ibaraki 316-8511 Japan
| | - Takahiro Sasamori
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsuo
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Kindai University; 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
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20
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Styra S, Radius M, Moos E, Bihlmeier A, Breher F. Aluminium Diphosphamethanides: Hidden Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Chemistry 2016; 22:9508-12. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Styra
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Division Molecular Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Michael Radius
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Division Molecular Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Eric Moos
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Division Molecular Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Angela Bihlmeier
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Division Theoretical Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 2 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Division Molecular Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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21
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Stennett TE, Pahl J, Zijlstra HS, Seidel FW, Harder S. A Frustrated Lewis Pair Based on a Cationic Aluminum Complex and Triphenylphosphine. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom E. Stennett
- Inorganic and Organometallic
Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Pahl
- Inorganic and Organometallic
Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harmen S. Zijlstra
- Inorganic and Organometallic
Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk W. Seidel
- Inorganic and Organometallic
Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic
Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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22
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Cao LL, Daley E, Johnstone TC, Stephan DW. Cationic aluminum hydride complexes: reactions of carbene–alane adducts with trityl-borate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5305-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01585a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of (Idipp)AlH3 with [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] in toluene affords the dimeric aluminum dication [((Idipp)AlH(μ-H))2][B(C6F5)4]2 with the corresponding reaction of (IBn)AlH3 gives [(IBn)2AlH][B(C6F5)4]2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levy L. Cao
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Erika Daley
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
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23
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Weicker SA, Stephan DW. Main Group Lewis Acids in Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry: Beyond Electrophilic Boranes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20150131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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24
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Villalba Franco JM, Schnakenburg G, Sasamori T, Espinosa Ferao A, Streubel R. Stimuli-Responsive Frustrated Lewis-Pair-Type Reactivity of a Tungsten Iminoazaphosphiridine Complex. Chemistry 2015; 21:9650-5. [PMID: 26031623 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Villalba Franco
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Reinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany), Fax:(+49) 228-739616
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Reinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany), Fax:(+49) 228-739616
| | - Takahiro Sasamori
- Institut for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 (Japan)
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia (Spain), Fax:(+34) 868-884149.
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Reinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany), Fax:(+49) 228-739616.
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25
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Stephan DW, Erker G. Chemie frustrierter Lewis-Paare: Entwicklung und Perspektiven. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Stephan DW, Erker G. Frustrated Lewis pair chemistry: development and perspectives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6400-41. [PMID: 25974714 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1307] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are combinations of Lewis acids and Lewis bases in solution that are deterred from strong adduct formation by steric and/or electronic factors. This opens pathways to novel cooperative reactions with added substrates. Small-molecule binding and activation by FLPs has led to the discovery of a variety of new reactions through unprecedented pathways. Hydrogen activation and subsequent manipulation in metal-free catalytic hydrogenations is a frequently observed feature of many FLPs. The current state of this young but rapidly expanding field is outlined in this Review and the future directions for its broadening sphere of impact are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S3H6 (Canada).
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr. 40, 48149 Münster (Germany).
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27
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Ekkert O, Caputo CB, Pranckevicius C, Daniliuc CG, Kehr G, Erker G, Stephan DW. Reactivity of an Intramolecular Fluorophosphonium Fluoroborate. Chemistry 2014; 20:11287-90. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Gladysz JA, Bedford RB, Fujita M, Gabbaı̈ FP, Goldberg KI, Holland PL, Kiplinger JL, Krische MJ, Louie J, Lu CC, Norton JR, Petrukhina MA, Ren T, Stahl SS, Tilley TD, Webster CE, White MC, Whiteker GT. Organometallics Roundtable 2013–2014. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500253z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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29
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Kumar Podiyanachari S, Kehr G, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Daniliuc CG, Erker G. Remarkable Behavior of a Bifunctional Alkynylborane Zirconocene Complex toward Donor Ligands and Acetylenes. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:17444-56. [DOI: 10.1021/ja408385h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Correnstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Correnstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Correnstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Correnstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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30
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Freitag S, Krebs KM, Henning J, Hirdler J, Schubert H, Wesemann L. Stannylene-Based Lewis Pairs. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400736e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Freitag
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kilian M. Krebs
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Henning
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janina Hirdler
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schubert
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lars Wesemann
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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31
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Ménard G, Tran L, Stephan DW. Activation of H2 using P/Al based frustrated Lewis pairs and reactions with olefins. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:13685-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51739j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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