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Barthélemy A, Scherer H, Daub M, Bugnet A, Krossing I. Structures, Bonding Analyses and Reactivity of a Dicationic Digallene and Diindene Mimicking trans-bent Ditetrylenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311648. [PMID: 37728006 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of bisdicyclohexylphosphinoethane (dcpe) and the subvalent MI sources [MI (PhF)2 ][pf] (M=Ga+ , In+ ; [pf]- =[Al(ORF )4 ]- ; RF =C(CF3 )3 ) yielded the salts [{M(dcpe)}2 ][pf]2 , containing the first dicationic, trans-bent digallene and diindene structures reported so far. The non-classical MI ⇆MI double bonds are surprisingly short and display a ditetrylene-like structure. The bonding situation was extensively analyzed by quantum chemical calculations, QTAIM (Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules) and EDA-NOCV (Energy Decomposition Analysis with the combination of Natural Orbitals for Chemical Valence) analyses and is compared to that in the isoelectronic and isostructural, but neutral digermenes and distannenes. The dissolved [{Ga(dcpe)}2 ]2+ ([pf]- )2 readily reacts with 1-hexene, cyclooctyne, diphenyldisulfide, diphenylphosphine and under mild conditions at room temperature. This reactivity is analyzed and rationalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Barthélemy
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Daub
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexis Bugnet
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Lee VY. Organogermanium Analogues of Alkenes, Alkynes, 1,3-Dienes, Allenes, and Vinylidenes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041558. [PMID: 36838546 PMCID: PMC9960162 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, the latest achievements in the field of multiply bonded organogermanium derivatives, mostly reported within the last two decades, are presented. The isolable Ge-containing analogues of alkenes, alkynes, 1,3-dienes, allenes, and vinylidenes are discussed, and for each class of unsaturated organogermanium compounds, the most representative examples are given. The synthetic approaches toward homonuclear multiply bonded combinations solely consisting of germanium atoms, and their heteronuclear variants containing germanium and other group 14 elements, both acyclic and cyclic, are discussed. The peculiar structural features and nonclassical bonding nature of the abovementioned compounds are discussed based on their spectroscopic and structural characteristics, in particular their crystallographic parameters (double bond length, trans-bending at the doubly bonded centers, and twisting about the double bond). The prospects for the practical use of the title compounds in synthetic and catalytic fields are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ya Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Ibaraki, Japan
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3
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Yagura S, Hayakawa N, Kuroda A, Ota K, Tanishita R, Urasaki G, Nakahodo T, Nakai H, Hoshino M, Hashizume D, Matsuo T. A series of ( E)-1,2-diaryldigermenes incorporating bulky Eind groups: structural characteristics and absorption properties. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:18633-18641. [PMID: 36448427 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03427a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of (E)-1,2-diaryldigermenes, (Eind)ArGeGeAr(Eind) [Ar = phenyl (2), thiophen-2-yl (3), 9,9-dimethyl-2-fluorenyl (4) and 2,2'-bithiophen-5-yl (5)], supported by the fused-ring bulky 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7-octaethyl-s-hydrindacen-4-yl (Eind) groups, have been obtained as yellow-orange to red crystalline solids by the reaction of 1,2-dibromodigermene, (Eind)BrGeGeBr(Eind) (1), with ArLi. In the crystals of 2-5, the digermene cores show a flexible nature adopting a trans-bent geometry with the trans-bent angles (θ) between the Ge-Ge vector and the CEind-Ge-CAr plane of 34.04(12)° (2), 38.3(3)° and 38.8(3)° (3), 33.69(12)° (4) and 39.30(13)° (5). In the UV-vis spectra, strong π-π* absorptions have been observed with an absorption maximum at 451 nm (ε = 1.3 × 104) (2), 455 nm (ε = 9.7 × 103) (3), 480 nm (ε = 1.3 × 104) (4) and 497 nm (ε = 1.4 × 104) (5), retaining the GeGe double bond in solution. The absorption data and DFT calculations provide evidence for the intrinsic π-conjugation between the GeGe chromophore and aromatic rings involving the narrowing of the HOMO-LUMO gaps (ΔE) with the extension of the carbon π-electron systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Yagura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Naoki Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Airi Kuroda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Kei Ota
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Rhota Tanishita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Genya Urasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Tsukasa Nakahodo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Hidetaka Nakai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Manabu Hoshino
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsuo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
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4
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Belcina MP, Farhadpour B, Tashkandi NY, Henry AT, Bourque JL, Baines KM. Facile Reduction of Phosphine Oxides and <i>H</i>-Phosphonates by Ditetrelenes. CAN J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2021-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The addition of secondary phosphine oxides to tetramesityldisilene and -digermene results in the mild, partial reduction of the P(V) centre of the organophosphorus oxide to P(III) to yield disilyl and digermyl phosphinite derivatives and illustrates the potential of ditetrelenes to serve as mild reducing agents under ambient conditions. An analogous reaction happens with <i>H</i>-phosphonates. Mechanistic experiments, including deuterium-labelling, kinetic isotope effect (KIE) and variable time normalization analysis (VTNA) experiments, reveal that the 1,3-PH addition likely proceeds through a stepwise reaction pathway with the organophosphorus oxide acting as the nucleophile towards the ditetrelene. Furthermore, a facile exchange between the R<sub>2</sub>PO- moiety on the digermylphosphinite with the R<sub>2</sub>PO moiety of phosphine oxides was discovered and likely proceeds through a direct substitution mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nada Y. Tashkandi
- Western University, Chemistry, London, Ontario, Canada,
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Kim M. Baines
- Western University, Chemistry, London, Ontario, Canada,
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5
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McOnie SL, Özpınar GA, Bourque JL, Müller T, Baines KM. NH bond activation of ammonia and amines by ditetrelenes: key insights into the stereochemistry of nucleophilic addition. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17734-17750. [PMID: 34812813 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03739k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The NH bond activation of ammonia, primary and secondary amines by tetramesityldisilene and -digermene was investigated. In each case, a disilyl- or digermylamine was formed as the only product of amine addition. The mechanism of the addition of ammonia to tetramesityldisilene was computed and revealed a three-step reaction pathway: formation of the anti-ammonia-disilene adduct, inversion at the β-silicon, and syn-transfer of the proton to give the syn-product, where each step follows a distinct stereochemical course. Examination of the reaction landscape also revealed several additional insights: (a) that, in the initial step, the formation of the anti-oriented zwitterionic intermediate is kinetically more preferable than formation of the syn-oriented zwitterionic intermediate, (b) that intermolecular transfer of a proton is not energetically feasible in non-polar solvents, and (c) that the bulk of the substituents can have a profound effect on the stereochemical course of the reaction. With this detailed understanding, nucleophilic additions to ditetrelenes can be exploited in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L McOnie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7.
| | - Gül Altınbaş Özpınar
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union.
| | - Jeremy L Bourque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7.
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union.
| | - Kim M Baines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7.
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7
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Hanusch F, Groll L, Inoue S. Recent advances of group 14 dimetallenes and dimetallynes in bond activation and catalysis. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2001-2015. [PMID: 34163962 PMCID: PMC8179309 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03192e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first heavy alkene analogues of germanium and tin were isolated in 1976, followed by West's disilene in 1981, the chemistry of stable group 14 dimetallenes and dimetallynes has advanced immensely. Recent developments in this field veered the focus from the isolation of novel bonding motifs to mimicking transition metals in their ability to activate small molecules and perform catalysis. The potential of these homonuclear multiply bonded compounds has been demonstrated numerous times in the activation of H2, NH3, CO2 and other small molecules. Hereby, the strong relationship between structure and reactivity warrants close attention towards rational ligand design. This minireview provides an overview on recent developments in regard to bond activation with group 14 dimetallenes and dimetallynes with the perspective of potential catalytic applications of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hanusch
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Lisa Groll
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching bei München 85748 Germany
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8
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Kunz T, Schrenk C, Schnepf A. Cascade-Reaction Leading to an Intramolecular [2 + 4] Cycloaddition of a Phenyl Group by a Reactive Ge═Si Double Bond. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:6279-6286. [PMID: 32293885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of GeCl2·dioxane with 2 equiv of the thiolate LiSHyp [Hyp = Si(SiMe3)3] yields the germanide (12-crown-4)2Li[Ge(SHyp)3] (1). A small structural variation in the substituent leads to a completely different result because the reaction of GeCl2·dioxane with 2 equiv of the thiolate KSHypPh3 [HypPh3 = Si(SiMe3)2(SiPh3)] in toluene yields the unexpected compound [Ph3Si][Me3Si]Ge[{(C6H5)Ph2Si}{SiMe3}2SiS]Si[SSiMe3] (2) in high yield. The reaction cascade to give 2 includes several rearrangement reactions and an intramolecular [2 + 4] cycloaddition of a phenyl ring. The syntheses and molecular structures of both compounds are presented, together with quantum-chemical calculations and NMR measurements, to enlighten the reaction mechanism behind the formation of 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Kunz
- Chemistry Department, University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Claudio Schrenk
- Chemistry Department, University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Chemistry Department, University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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9
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Mangan RJ, Rit A, Sindlinger CP, Tirfoin R, Campos J, Hicks J, Christensen KE, Niu H, Aldridge S. Activation of Protic, Hydridic and Apolar E-H Bonds by a Boryl-Substituted Ge II Cation. Chemistry 2019; 26:306-315. [PMID: 31660651 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a boryl-substituted germanium(II) cation, [Ge{B(NDippCH)2 }(IPrMe)]+ , (Dipp=2,6-diisopropylphenyl) featuring a supporting N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) donor, has been explored through chloride abstraction from the corresponding (boryl)(NHC)GeCl precursor. Crystallographic studies in the solid state and UV/Vis spectra in fluorobenzene solution show that this species dimerizes under such conditions to give [(IPrMe){(HCNDipp)2 B}Ge=Ge{B(NDippCH)2 }(IPrMe)]2+ (IPrMe = 1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazolin-2-ylidene), which can be viewed as an imidazolium-functionalized digermene. The dimer is cleaved in the presence of donor solvents such as [D8 ]thf or [D5 ]pyridine, to give monomeric adducts of the type [Ge{B(NDippCH)2 }(IPrMe)(L)]+ . In the case of the thf adduct, the additional donor is shown to be sufficiently labile that it can act as a convenient in situ source of the monomeric complex [Ge{B(NDippCH)2 }(IPrMe)]+ for oxidative bond-activation chemistry. Thus, [Ge{B(NDippCH)2 }(IPrMe)(thf)]+ reacts with silanes and dihydrogen, leading to the formation of GeIV products, whereas the cleavage of the N-H bond in ammonia ultimately yields products containing C-H and B-N bonds. The facile reactivity observed in E-H bond activation is in line with the very small calculated HOMO-LUMO gap (132 kJ mol-1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Mangan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Arnab Rit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Christian P Sindlinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Rémi Tirfoin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jesús Campos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Haoyu Niu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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10
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Krebs KM, Hanselmann D, Schubert H, Wurst K, Scheele M, Wesemann L. Phosphine-Stabilized Digermavinylidene. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3424-3429. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kilian M. Krebs
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Hanselmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schubert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kai Wurst
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Scheele
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lars Wesemann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Nieder D, Klemmer L, Kaiser Y, Huch V, Scheschkewitz D. Isolation and Reactivity of a Digerma Analogue of Vinyllithiums: a Lithium Digermenide. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Nieder
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lukas Klemmer
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yvonne Kaiser
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
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12
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Tashkandi NY, Bourque JL, Baines KM. Reactivity of sulfonyl-containing compounds with ditetrelenes. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:15451-15457. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02374j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ditetrelenes selectively reduce sulfonyl chlorides to sulfinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Y. Tashkandi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada N6A 5B7
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Jeremy L. Bourque
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Kim M. Baines
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada N6A 5B7
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13
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Hua HC, Su MD. Mechanistic investigations and molecular properties of 1,2-bis(ferrocenyl)dimetallenes including group 14 elements. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04935h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The theoretical results suggest the reactivity increases in the order: 1-C ≪ 1-Si < 1-Ge < 1-Sn < 1-Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Cheng Hua
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiayi University
- Chiayi 60004
- Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiayi University
- Chiayi 60004
- Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
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14
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Sugahara T, Guo JD, Sasamori T, Karatsu Y, Furukawa Y, Ferao AE, Nagase S, Tokitoh N. Reaction of a Stable Digermyne with Acetylenes: Synthesis of a 1,2-Digermabenzene and a 1,4-Digermabarrelene. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20160269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Pal S, Dasgupta R, Khan S. Acyclic α-Phosphinoamido-Germylene: Synthesis and Characterization. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Rajarshi Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
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16
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Tashkandi NY, Cook EE, Bourque JL, Baines KM. Addition of Isocyanides to Tetramesityldigermene: A Comparison of the Reactivity between Surface and Molecular Digermenes. Chemistry 2016; 22:14006-14012. [PMID: 27529452 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of benzyl isocyanide, tert-butyl isocyanide, and 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide with tetramesityldigermene (Mes2 Ge=GeMes2 ) was examined. Whereas the addition of benzyl isocyanide gave the C-NC activation product, Mes2 Ge(CH2 Ph)Ge(CN)Mes2 , tert-butyl isocyanide, and 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide did not give stable adducts, rather the rate of conversion of the digermene to the corresponding cyclotrigermane was accelerated. A comparison between the reactivity of the isocyanides with Mes2 Ge=GeMes2 and the Ge(100)-2×1 surface was made and some insights into the surface chemistry are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Y Tashkandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Emily E Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jeremy L Bourque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kim M Baines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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17
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Komanduri SP, Schrick AC, Feasley CL, Dufresne CP, Weinert CS. Photodecompostion of the Oligogermanes nBu3GeGePh2GenBu3 and nBu3GeGePh3: Identification of the Photoproducts by Spectroscopic and Spectrometric Methods. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron C. Schrick
- Department of ChemistryOklahoma State University74078StillwaterOklahomaUSA
| | - Christa L. Feasley
- Thermo Fisher Scientific1400 Northpoint Parkway Suite 1033407West Palm BeachFloridaUSA
| | - Craig P. Dufresne
- Thermo Fisher Scientific1400 Northpoint Parkway Suite 1033407West Palm BeachFloridaUSA
| | - Charles S. Weinert
- Department of ChemistryOklahoma State University74078StillwaterOklahomaUSA
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18
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Milnes KK, Pavelka LC, Baines KM. Cycloaddition of carbonyl compounds and alkynes to (di)silenes and (di)germenes: reactivity and mechanism. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:1019-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00522a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cycloaddition reactions of carbonyl compounds and alkynes to (di)tetrelenes appear to follow Woodward–Hoffman rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaarina K. Milnes
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Laura C. Pavelka
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Kim M. Baines
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada N6A 5B7
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Hardwick JA, Baines KM. The Addition of Nitriles to a Molecular Digermene: Reversible Addition and Comparison to Surface Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Hardwick JA, Baines KM. The Addition of Nitriles to a Molecular Digermene: Reversible Addition and Comparison to Surface Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6600-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Tashkandi NY, Parsons F, Guo J, Baines KM. Addition of Nitromethane to a Disilene and a Digermene: Comparison to Surface Reactivity and the Facile Formation of 1,3,2-Dioxazolidines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1612-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Tashkandi NY, Parsons F, Guo J, Baines KM. Addition of Nitromethane to a Disilene and a Digermene: Comparison to Surface Reactivity and the Facile Formation of 1,3,2-Dioxazolidines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Steiniger P, Bendt G, Bläser D, Wölper C, Schulz S. Germane vs. digermane formation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15461-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07921c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Arii H, Amari T, Kobayashi J, Mochida K, Kawashima T. Low-Coordinate Germanium(II) Centers Within Distorted Axially Chiral Seven-Membered Chelates: Stereo- and Enantioselective Cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:6738-41. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Arii H, Amari T, Kobayashi J, Mochida K, Kawashima T. Low-Coordinate Germanium(II) Centers Within Distorted Axially Chiral Seven-Membered Chelates: Stereo- and Enantioselective Cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201201566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sasamori T, Miyamoto H, Sakai H, Furukawa Y, Tokitoh N. 1,2-Bis(ferrocenyl)digermene: A d−π Electron System Containing a Ge═Ge Unit. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300064q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sasamori
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hisashi Miyamoto
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Heisuke Sakai
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yukio Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Hardwick JA, Pavelka LC, Baines KM. The addition of amides to group 14 (di)-metallenes. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:609-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11450f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Huck LA, Leigh WJ. Kinetic and mechanistic studies of the reactions of diarylgermylenes and tetraaryldigermenes with carbon tetrachloride. CAN J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1139/v10-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of the reactions of diphenylgermylene (GePh2) with CCl4 in hydrocarbon solvents and in THF solution have been studied, employing 3,4-dimethyl-1,1-diphenylgermacyclopent-3-ene (6a) and 1,1-diphenylgermacyclobutane (17) as photochemical precursors to GePh2. In hydrocarbon solvents, the reaction produces Ph2GeCl2 (10) and Ph2Ge(Cl)CCl3 (12) in a ratio of 10:12 ≈ 7, along with a variety of other radical-derived products and small amounts of Ph2GeH(D)Cl (11), which is formed partly by reaction of GePh2 with adventitious HCl. The reaction is much cleaner in THF, where 12 is formed as the major product (10:12 ≈ 0.8); a similar product distribution is obtained in hexanes containing 0.05 mol/L THF, while 12 is the exclusive product in hexanes containing 3 mmol/L NEt3. Rate constants for the reactions of CCl4 with GePh2 and five ring-substituted derivatives were determined by laser flash photolysis, as well as Arrhenius parameters for reaction of the parent (GePh2), in the two solvents. The reactions of GePh2 with CCl4 and CHCl3 have also been studied in 3-methylpentane solution at 78–90 K. Different reaction mechanisms are clearly operative in hydrocarbon and complexing solvents, but both involve modest charge donation from germanium to the substrate in the transition state for the rate-determining step. For the reaction in hydrocarbon solvents, the data are consistent with inner-sphere electron transfer following or in concert with weak Lewis acid–base complexation. A similar mechanism is proposed for the reaction in THF solution, in competition with a second involving nucleophilic attack of the germylene–THF complex at a chlorine atom of the substrate. Rate constants were also determined for reaction of CCl4 with the corresponding tetraaryldigermenes at low halocarbon concentrations in hexanes, along with Arrhenius parameters for the parent (Ge2Ph4). These reactions also proceed via initial Cl-atom abstraction, based on the identity of the products formed in the reaction of CCl4 with tetramesityldigermene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A. Huck
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton ON L8S 4M1, Canada
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Hurni KL, Baines KM. Addition of a cyclopropyl alkyne to tetramesityldigermene: evidence for a biradical intermediate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:8382-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12600h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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30
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Fischer RC, Power PP. π-Bonding and the Lone Pair Effect in Multiple Bonds Involving Heavier Main Group Elements: Developments in the New Millennium. Chem Rev 2010; 110:3877-923. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100133q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 894] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland C. Fischer
- Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 16/IV, A-8010, Graz, Austria, and University of California, Department of Chemistry, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Philip P. Power
- Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 16/IV, A-8010, Graz, Austria, and University of California, Department of Chemistry, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
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Lei H, Fettinger JC, Power PP. Synthesis and Structures of Low-Valent Alkynyl Tin and Germanium Complexes Supported by Terphenyl Ligands: Heavier Group 14 Element Enediyne Analogues. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100492u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Philip P. Power
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
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Rupar PA, Staroverov VN, Baines KM. Reactivity Studies of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Germanium(II). Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100059z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Rupar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Viktor N. Staroverov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kim M. Baines
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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33
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Ruddy AJ, Rupar PA, Bladek KJ, Allan CJ, Avery JC, Baines KM. On the Bonding in N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Germanium(II). Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om900977g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Ruddy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Paul A. Rupar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kamila J. Bladek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Christopher J. Allan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jessica C. Avery
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kim M. Baines
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
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34
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Kira M, Iwamoto T, Ishida S, Masuda H, Abe T, Kabuto C. Unusual Bonding in Trisilaallene and Related Heavy Allenes. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:17135-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ja904525a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Kira
- Department of Chemistry, and Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, and Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shintaro Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, and Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hidenori Masuda
- Department of Chemistry, and Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takashi Abe
- Department of Chemistry, and Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Chizuko Kabuto
- Department of Chemistry, and Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Mizuhata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sasamori
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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36
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Wang Y, Robinson GH. Unique homonuclear multiple bonding in main group compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:5201-13. [PMID: 19707626 DOI: 10.1039/b908048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress in the chemistry of main group compounds (group 13, 14, and 15) containing homonuclear multiple bonds has been made over the past three decades. This feature article addresses the unique structural and bonding motifs of these compounds, with a particular emphasis on both iconic molecules and recent novel discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2556, USA
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Lollmahomed F, Huck LA, Harrington CR, Chitnis SS, Leigh WJ. Fast Kinetic Studies of the Reactivities of Transient Germylenes in Methanol and Tetrahydrofuran Solution. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om8010323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Lollmahomed
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Lawrence A. Huck
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Cameron R. Harrington
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Saurabh S. Chitnis
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
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38
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Firme CL, Antunes O, Esteves PM. Relation between bond order and delocalization index of QTAIM. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Rupar PA, Jennings MC, Baines KM. Synthesis and Structure of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Germanium(II). Organometallics 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/om800368d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Rupar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Michael C. Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kim M. Baines
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
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