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Aksenov AV, Makieva DC, Arestov RA, Arutiunov NA, Aksenov DA, Aksenov NA, Leontiev AV, Aksenova IV. Metal-Free, PPA-Mediated Fisher Indole Synthesis via Tandem Hydroamination-Cyclization Reaction between Simple Alkynes and Arylhydrazines. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8750. [PMID: 39201437 PMCID: PMC11354626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A new variant of Fisher indole synthesis involving Bronsted acid-catalyzed hydrohydrazination of unactivated terminal and internal acetylenes with arylhydrazines is reported. The use of polyphosphoric acid alone either as the reaction medium or in the presence of a co-solvent appears to provide the required balance for activating the C-C triple bond towards the nucleophilic attack of the hydrazine moiety without unrepairable reactivity loss of the latter due to competing amino group protonation. Additionally, the formal hydration of acetylenes to the corresponding ketones occurs under the same conditions, making it an alternative approach for generating carbonyl groups from alkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Aksenov
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., 355017 Stavropol, Russia (N.A.A.); (D.A.A.)
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2
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Zhang MX, Li WZ, Xu HL, Zhou ZY, Zhuo SP. External electric field: a new catalytic strategy for the anti-Markovnikov hydrohydrazination of parent hydrazine. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11595-11605. [PMID: 35423646 PMCID: PMC8695915 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-Markovnikov hydroamination reaction is considered to be a particular challenge, and one of the reactants, parent hydrazine, is also regarded as a troubling reagent. In this study, we first studied the hydrohydrazination of parent hydrazine via an effective and green catalyst—external electric field (EEF). The calculation results demonstrated that the anti-Markovnikov and Markovnikov pathways are competitive when there was no catalyst. EEF oriented along the negative direction of the X axis (Fx) accelerated the anti-Markovnikov addition reaction. Moreover, it lowered the barrier height of the first step by 16.0 kcal mol−1 (from 27.8 to 11.8 kcal mol−1) when the field strength was 180 (×10−4) au. Under the same conditions, the Markovnikov reaction pathway was inhibited, which means that EEF achieved the specificity of hydrohydrazination. The solvents are favorable for the first step addition reaction, particularly the synergy between solvents and Fx lowered the barrier heights by 8.3 (C6H6) and 10.7 (DMSO) kcal mol−1 for an Fx = −60 (×10−4) au. Besides, the introduction of the electron-withdrawing substituent (trifluoromethyl) is also a good strategy to catalyze hydrohydrazination, while the electron-donating group (methoxy) is unfavorable. The anti-Markovnikov hydrohydrazination of parent hydrazine were catalyzed by external electric field (EEF) to a large extent. Furthermore, the solvent effects and the substituent effects of the hydrohydrazination were enhanced in the presence of EEF.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xia Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Zuo Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yantai University
- Yantai
- P. R. China
| | - Hong-Liang Xu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
| | - Zi-Yan Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo
- People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ping Zhuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo
- People's Republic of China
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3
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Titanium catalyzed synthesis of amines and N-heterocycles. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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4
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Manßen M, Schafer LL. Titanium catalysis for the synthesis of fine chemicals – development and trends. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6947-6994. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Atlas as a Titan(ium) is holding the earth-abundant chemistry world. Titanium is the second most abundant transition metal, is a key player in important industrial processes (e.g. polyethylene) and shows much promise for diverse applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Manßen
- The Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Laurel L. Schafer
- The Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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5
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Onishi K, Oikawa K, Yano H, Suzuki T, Obora Y. N,N-Dimethylformamide-stabilized palladium nanoclusters as a catalyst for Larock indole synthesis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:11324-11329. [PMID: 35542799 PMCID: PMC9079145 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01410h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that N,N-dimethylformamide-stabilized Pd nanoclusters (NCs) have high catalytic activity in the reaction of substituted 2-iodoanilines with alkynes to give 2,3-disubstituted indoles. This indole synthesis does not require phosphine ligands and proceeds with low Pd catalyst loadings. The Pd NCs were separated from the mixture after the reaction, and recycled at least three times. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that the Pd particle size before the reaction was 1.5–2.5 nm. The particle size after the reaction was 2–3 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the binding energy of the Pd NCs before the reaction was 335.0 eV. Pd NCs serve recyclable and highly active catalyst to indole synthesis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Onishi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Kei Oikawa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Hiroki Yano
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Takeyuki Suzuki
- Comprehensive Analysis Center
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR)
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki
- Japan
| | - Yasushi Obora
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita
- Japan
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6
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Rotta-Loria NL, Chisholm AJ, MacQueen PM, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Stradiotto M. Exploring the Influence of Phosphine Ligation on the Gold-Catalyzed Hydrohydrazination of Terminal Alkynes at Room Temperature. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas L. Rotta-Loria
- Department
of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Alicia J. Chisholm
- Department
of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Preston M. MacQueen
- Department
of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- X-Ray
Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- X-Ray
Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Mark Stradiotto
- Department
of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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Guo J, Deng X, Song C, Lu Y, Qu S, Dang Y, Wang ZX. Differences between the elimination of early and late transition metals: DFT mechanistic insights into the titanium-catalyzed synthesis of pyrroles from alkynes and diazenes. Chem Sci 2016; 8:2413-2425. [PMID: 28451348 PMCID: PMC5369339 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04456e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Early transition metals (TMs), such as titanium, generally resist undergoing reductive elimination to form C-X bonds due to their weak electronegativity. By analyzing the mechanism of the titanium-catalyzed synthesis of pyrroles from alkynes and diazenes, the present study revealed that titanium is able to promote C-N bond formation via an unconventional elimination pathway, passing through a comparatively stable masked TiII complex (i.e., IM4) rather than pyrrole directly. The formation of IM4 originates from the bilateral donation and back-donation between Ti and the pyrrole ligand. Formally, it could be considered that the two electrons resulting from the unconventional reductive elimination are temporarily buffered by back-donation to a symmetry-allowed unoccupied π-orbital of the pyrrole ring in IM4 rather than becoming a lone pair on a Ti center as adopted in the catalysis of late TMs. Because of its stability, IM4 requires additional oxidation by diazene to liberate pyrrole. The triplet counterpart (IM4T ) of IM4 is more stable than IM4, but the elimination is unlikely to reach IM4T , because the process is spin-forbidden and the spin-orbit coupling is weak. Alternatively, one may consider the forming pyrrole in IM4 as a redox-active ligand, reserving the two electrons resulting from the formal reductive elimination and then releasing the electrons when IM4 is oxidized by diazene. These insights allow us to propose the conditions for early TMs to undergo a similar elimination, whereby the forming product will have symmetry-allowed frontier molecular orbitals to form donation and back-donation bonding with a TM center and a substrate possessing a comparatively strong oxidizing ability to oxidize an IM4-like intermediate for product release. These insights may provide another way of constructing C-X bonds through a similar reductive elimination pathway, using early TM catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China .
| | - Xi Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China .
| | - Chunyu Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China .
| | - Yu Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China .
| | - Shuanglin Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China .
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China . .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China . .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300072 , China
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8
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Wu YD, Ma JR, Shu WM, Zheng KL, Wu AX. Base-promoted domino reaction for the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted indoles from 2-aminobenzaldehyde/2-amino aryl ketones, tosylhydrazine, and aromatic aldehydes. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Fukumoto Y, Tamura Y, Iyori Y, Chatani N. Conversion of 3,3,3-Trisubstituted Prop-1-ynes with tert-Butylhydrazine into 3,3,3-Trisubstituted Propionitriles Catalyzed by TpRh(C2H4)2/P(2-furyl)3. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3161-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Fukumoto
- Department
of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuto Tamura
- Department
of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Iyori
- Department
of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department
of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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10
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Morozov OS, Gribanov PS, Asachenko AF, Dorovatovskii PV, Khrustalev VN, Rybakov VB, Nechaev MS. Hydrohydrazination of Arylalkynes Catalyzed by an Expanded Ring N-Heterocyclic Carbene (er-NHC) Gold Complex Under Solvent-Free Conditions. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Odom AL, McDaniel TJ. Titanium-catalyzed multicomponent couplings: efficient one-pot syntheses of nitrogen heterocycles. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:2822-33. [PMID: 26295382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-based heterocycles are important frameworks for pharmaceuticals, natural products, organic dyes for solar cells, and many other applications. Catalysis for the formation of heterocyclic scaffolds, like many C-C and C-N bond-forming reactions, has focused on the use of rare, late transition metals like palladium and gold. Our group is interested in the use of Earth-abundant catalysts based on titanium to generate heterocycles using multicomponent coupling strategies, often in one-pot reactions. To be of maximal utility, the catalysts need to be easily prepared from inexpensive reagents, and that has been one guiding principle in the research. For this purpose, a series of easily prepared pyrrole-based ligands has been developed. Titanium imido complexes are known to catalyze the hydroamination of alkynes, and this reaction has been used to advantage in the production of α,β-unsaturated imines from 1,3-enynes and pyrroles from 1,4-diynes. Likewise, catalyst design can be used to find complexes applicable to hydrohydrazination, coupling of a hydrazine and alkyne, which is a method for the production of hydrazones. Many of the hydrazones synthesized are converted to indoles through Fischer cyclization by addition of a Lewis acid. However, more complex products are available in a single catalytic cycle through coupling of isonitriles, primary amines, and alkynes to give tautomers of 1,3-diimines, iminoamination (IA). The products of IA are useful intermediates for the one-pot synthesis of pyrazoles, pyrimidines, isoxazoles, quinolines, and 2-amino-3-cyanopyridines. The regioselectivity of the reactions is elucidated in some detail for some of these heterocycles. The 2-amino-3-cyanopyridines are synthesized through isolable intermediates, 1,2-dihydro-2-iminopyridines, which undergo Dimroth rearrangement driven by aromatization of the pyridine ring; the proposed mechanism of the reaction is discussed. The IA-based heterocyclic syntheses can be accomplished start to finish (catalyst generation to heterocyclic synthesis) in a single vessel. The catalyst can be formed in situ from commercially available Ti(NMe2)4 and the protonated form of the ligand. Then, the primary amine, alkyne, and isonitrile are added to the flask, and the IA product is synthesized. The volatiles are removed (if necessary), and the next reagent is added. A brief video showing the process for the simple heterocycle 4-phenylpyrazole from phenylacetylene, cyclohexylamine, tert-butylisonitrile, and hydrazine hydrate is included. Further development in this field will unlock new, efficient reactions for the production of carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen bonds. As an example of such a process recently discovered, a catalyst for the regioselective production of pyrazoles in a single step from terminal alkynes, hydrazines, and cyclohexylisonitrile is discussed. Using titanium catalysis, many heterocyclic cores can be accessed easily and efficiently. Further, the early metal chemistry described is often orthogonal to late metal-based reactions, which use substrates like aryl halides, silyl groups, boryl groups, and so forth. As a result, earth-abundant and nontoxic titanium can fulfill important roles in the synthesis of useful classes of compounds like heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L. Odom
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, 578 South Shaw Lane, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Tanner J. McDaniel
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, 578 South Shaw Lane, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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12
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Huang L, Arndt M, Gooßen K, Heydt H, Gooßen LJ. Late Transition Metal-Catalyzed Hydroamination and Hydroamidation. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2596-697. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300389u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 739] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangbin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse Geb. 54, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Matthias Arndt
- Department of Chemistry, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse Geb. 54, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Käthe Gooßen
- Department of Chemistry, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse Geb. 54, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Heinrich Heydt
- Department of Chemistry, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse Geb. 54, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lukas J. Gooßen
- Department of Chemistry, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse Geb. 54, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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13
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Gehrmann T, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Lithium Alkynyl(hydrazinediido)zirconate and its Protonolysis to an Alkynylhydrazido(1-)zirconium Complex. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201400060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Bassaco MM, Fortes MP, Kaufman TS, Silveira CC. Metal-free synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted 1H- and 1-aryl-1H-pyrazoles from 1,3-diyne-indole derivatives employing two successive hydroaminations. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16439c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The uncatalyzed synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted 1H- and 1-aryl-1H-pyrazoles derived from 1,3-diyne indoles was successfully carried out in PEG 400. The scope and limitations of the reaction were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M. Bassaco
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
- Santa Maria
- Brazil
| | - Margiani P. Fortes
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
- Santa Maria
- Brazil
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15
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Drover MW, Beh DW, Kennepohl P, Love JA. 3-Rhoda-1,2-diazacyclopentanes: A Series of Novel Metallacycle Complexes Derived From CN Functionalization of Ethylene. Chemistry 2014; 20:13345-55. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Yim JCH, Schafer LL. Efficient Anti-Markovnikov-Selective Catalysts for Intermolecular Alkyne Hydroamination: Recent Advances and Synthetic Applications. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Matsuda T, Tomaru Y. Rhodium(III)-catalyzed synthesis of indoles from 1-alkylidene-2-arylhydrazines and alkynes via C–H and N–N bond cleavages. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Manzano R, Wurm T, Rominger F, Hashmi ASK. Room-temperature hydrohydrazination of terminal alkynes catalyzed by saturated abnormal N-heterocyclic carbene-gold(I) complexes. Chemistry 2014; 20:6844-8. [PMID: 24771293 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A number of saturated abnormal N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes of gold, in combination with KBAr(F) 4 as activator, were successfully applied in the chemoselective addition of hydrazine to alkynes. The reaction proceeds even at room temperature, which was not possible to date with gold catalysts. The reaction can be applied to a number of substituted arylalkynes. With alkylalkynes the yields are low. The saturated abnormal NHC ligands are resistant to isomerization to the saturated normal NHC coordination mode under basic reaction conditions. Under acidic conditions, a simple protonation at the nitrogen atom not neighboring the carbene center was observed and unambiguously characterized by an X-ray crystal-structure analysis. Computational studies confirm that such an isomerization would be highly exothermic, the observed kinetic stability probably results from the need to shift two protons in such a process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Manzano
- CaRLa - Catalysis Research Laboratory, Im Neuenheimer Feld 584, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany)
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19
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Schweizer PD, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Zirconium and Hafnium Hydrazinediido Half-Sandwich Complexes: Synthesis and Reactivity. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500087s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Schweizer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Groom LR, Russell AF, Schwarz AD, Mountford P. Reactions of a Cyclopentadienyl–Amidinate Titanium Benzimidamido Complex. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om4011752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Groom
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Adam F. Russell
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Andrew D. Schwarz
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Philip Mountford
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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21
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Groom LR, Schwarz AD, Nova A, Clot E, Mountford P. Synthesis and Reactions of a Cyclopentadienyl-Amidinate Titanium tert-Butoxyimido Compound. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om401008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Groom
- Chemistry Research
Laboratory, Department of
Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Andrew D. Schwarz
- Chemistry Research
Laboratory, Department of
Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Ainara Nova
- Institut
Charles Gerhardt, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS 5253, cc 1501, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Eric Clot
- Institut
Charles Gerhardt, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS 5253, cc 1501, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Philip Mountford
- Chemistry Research
Laboratory, Department of
Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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22
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Fukumoto Y, Ohmae A, Hirano M, Chatani N. Rhodium-Catalyzed Anti-Markovnikov Hydrohydrazination of Terminal Alkynes withN-Alkyl- andN,N-Dialkylhydrazines. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201300188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Clavette C, Vincent Rocan JF, Beauchemin AM. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Hydrazine-Derived Compounds from Amino Isocyanates Generated In Situ. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12705-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Clavette C, Vincent Rocan JF, Beauchemin AM. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Hydrazine-Derived Compounds from Amino Isocyanates Generated In Situ. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Gehrmann T, Lloret-Fillol J, Herrmann H, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Zirconium Hydrazides as Metallanitrene Synthons: Release of Molecular N2 from a Hydrazinediido Complex Induced by Oxidative N–N Bond Cleavage. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400337g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Gehrmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany
| | - Julio Lloret-Fillol
- Departament de Quimica, QBIS, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Heike Herrmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany
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26
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Schweizer PD, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Titanium-Catalyzed Hydrohydrazination of Carbodiimides. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400323p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Schweizer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Unruangsri J, Morgan H, Schwarz AD, Schofield AD, Mountford P. Synthesis and Reactivity of Titanium Hydrazido Complexes Supported by Diamido-Ether Ligands. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400311w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjuda Unruangsri
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Hannah Morgan
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Andrew D. Schwarz
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - A. Daniel Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Philip Mountford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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28
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Tiong PJ, Groom LR, Clot E, Mountford P. Synthesis, Bonding and Reactivity of a Terminal Titanium Alkylidene Hydrazido Compound. Chemistry 2013; 19:4198-216. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Scholl SA, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Zirconium Hydrazinediido Complexes Derived from Cyclic Hydrazines and Their Role in the Catalytic Synthesis of 1,7-Annulated Indoles. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om301235d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Solveig A. Scholl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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Napoline JW, Bezpalko MW, Foxman BM, Thomas CM. N–H activation of hydrazines by a heterobimetallic Zr–Co complex: promotion of one-electron chemistry at Zr. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:4388-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35594a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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32
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Schwarz AD, Onn CS, Mountford P. A Remarkable Switch from a Diamination to a Hydrohydrazination Catalyst and Observation of an Unprecedented Catalyst Resting State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Schwarz AD, Onn CS, Mountford P. A Remarkable Switch from a Diamination to a Hydrohydrazination Catalyst and Observation of an Unprecedented Catalyst Resting State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:12298-302. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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Yu X, Zhang J. A Base-Promoted Tandem Cycloaddition/Air Oxidation Reaction of Electron-Deficient Conjugated Enynes and Hydrazines: Synthesis of Highly Substituted Pyrazoles. Chemistry 2012; 18:12945-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Gehrmann T, Plundrich GT, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. [2 + 2] Cycloaddition Products of Zirconium and Hafnium Hydrazinediides with Allenes and Heteroallenes and Their Thermally Induced Rearrangements. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300143h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Gehrmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gudrun T. Plundrich
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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36
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Gehrmann T, Scholl SA, Fillol JL, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Alternative Reaction Pathways in Domino Reactions of Hydrazinediidozirconium Complexes with Alkynes. Chemistry 2012; 18:3925-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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37
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Dissanayake AA, Odom AL. Single-step synthesis of pyrazoles using titanium catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:440-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc15809k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Cabrera A, Sharma P, Ayala M, Rubio-Perez L, Amézquita-Valencia M. [(S)-BINAP]PdBr2-catalyzed direct synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted indoles via a tandem reaction between arylamines and α-diketones. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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39
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Schwarz AD, Nova A, Clot E, Mountford P. Titanium tert-Butoxyimido Compounds. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:12155-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201896q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Schwarz
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Ainara Nova
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS 5253, cc 1501,
Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Eric Clot
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS 5253, cc 1501,
Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Philip Mountford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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40
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Gehrmann T, Lloret Fillol J, Scholl SA, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Zirconium-Catalyzed Multistep Reaction of Hydrazines with Alkynes: A Non-Fischer-Type Pathway to Indoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5757-61. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Gehrmann T, Lloret Fillol J, Scholl SA, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Vielstufige zirconiumkatalysierte Reaktionssequenzen von Hydrazinen mit Alkinen: ein Weg zu Indolen, der nicht dem Fischer-Typ entspricht. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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Selby JD, Feliz M, Schwarz AD, Clot E, Mountford P. New Sandwich and Half-Sandwich Titanium Hydrazido Compounds. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om200068k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Selby
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Marta Feliz
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS 5253, cc 1501, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Andrew D. Schwarz
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Eric Clot
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS 5253, cc 1501, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Philip Mountford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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43
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Tiong PJ, Nova A, Groom LR, Schwarz AD, Selby JD, Schofield AD, Clot E, Mountford P. Reactions of Cyclopentadienyl−Amidinate Titanium Hydrazides with CO2, CS2, and Isocyanates: Ti═Nα Cycloaddition, Cycloaddition−Insertion, and Cycloaddition−NNR2 Group Transfer Reactions. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om101167p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Jen Tiong
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Ainara Nova
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS 5253, cc 1501, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Laura R. Groom
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Andrew D. Schwarz
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jonathan D. Selby
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - A. Daniel Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Eric Clot
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS 5253, cc 1501, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Philip Mountford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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44
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Lin M, Chen XL, Wang T, Yan P, Xu SX, Zhan ZP. Iron(III) Chloride-catalyzed Nucleophilic Substitution of Propargylic Alcohols: A General and Efficient Approach for the Synthesis of 1,4-Diynes. CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2011.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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45
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Loiseau F, Clavette C, Raymond M, Roveda JG, Burrell A, Beauchemin AM. Improved Cope-type hydroamination reactivity of hydrazine derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:562-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02403a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Vicente R. Recent advances in indole syntheses: New routes for a classic target. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:6469-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05750b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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47
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Huestis MP, Chan L, Stuart DR, Fagnou K. The vinyl moiety as a handle for regiocontrol in the preparation of unsymmetrical 2,3-aliphatic-substituted indoles and pyrroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 50:1338-41. [PMID: 21290507 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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48
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Huestis MP, Chan L, Stuart DR, Fagnou K. The Vinyl Moiety as a Handle for Regiocontrol in the Preparation of Unsymmetrical 2,3-Aliphatic-Substituted Indoles and Pyrroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Murru S, Gallo AA, Srivastava RS. Gold-Catalyzed Synthesis of 3-Arylindoles via Annulation of Nitrosoarenes and Alkynes. ACS Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/cs100024n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siva Murru
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504, United States
| | - August A. Gallo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504, United States
| | - Radhey S. Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504, United States
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50
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Patil NT, Konala A. Mechanistic Dichotomy with Alkynes in the Formal Hydrohydrazination/Fischer Indolization Tandem Reaction Catalyzed by a Ph3PAuNTf2/pTSA Binary System. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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