1
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Li X, Sawada K, Shioji H. Determination and gas-phase stability evaluation of metal complexes by nanoelectrospray ionization and collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9649. [PMID: 37953546 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The structures of metal complexes determine their stable functioning in product performance. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is used in studying metal complexes despite exhibiting limitations in analyzing labile complexes. Therefore, identifying a method for detecting unstable complexes and evaluating their stabilities is necessary, providing a theoretical basis for material selection and performance evaluation. METHODS The standard complexes Zn(BTZ)2 , Fe(acac)3 , and Sn(Oct)2 were analyzed using nanoESI quadrupole orbitrap MS (nanoESI-MS) and compared with ESI-MS for two temperature modes. The three complexes and alkylamine-Ag+ complexes were analyzed using nanoESI and collision-induced dissociation MS/MS (CID-MS/MS). Breakdown plots of the survival yield against collision energies expressed in terms of the center-of-mass were constructed according to the obtained product ion spectra. Quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory were performed to calculate the binding energies between the alkylamines and Ag+ . RESULTS The three standard complexes were detected in the native structures using nanoESI-MS, confirming the advantage of nanoESI over ESI for detecting unstable complexes. The gas-phase stabilities of the amine-Ag+ complexes, estimated using the breakdown plots constructed by plotting the data obtained via nanoESI and CID-MS/MS, were consistent with the established theories, previous studies, and binding energies calculated using computational methods. CONCLUSIONS NanoESI-MS is suitable for detecting labile complexes and enables the structural analyses of unknown complex additives. A novel approach based on nanoESI and CID-MS/MS was developed to determine the gas-phase stabilities of complexes, enabling their quantification and comparison and providing a technical basis for product improvement, which is essential in developing industrial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- Organic Analysis Laboratory, Toray Research Center, Inc., Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sawada
- Research and Development Planning Department, Toray Research Center, Inc., Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Shioji
- Organic Analysis Laboratory, Toray Research Center, Inc., Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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2
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Yoon JS, Cena N, Markarian C, Schrodi Y. Olefin Metathesis Catalysts Bearing Hemilabile NHC Ligands: Effect of Remote Torsional Strain on Activity. J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2023.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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3
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Abstract
Ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts are one of the most commonly used class of catalysts. There are multiple reviews on their uses in various branches of chemistry and other sciences but a detailed review of their decomposition is missing, despite a large number of recent and important advances in this field. In particular, in the last five years several new mechanism of decomposition, both olefin-driven as well as induced by external agents, have been suggested and used to explain differences in the decomposition rates and the metathesis activities of both standard, N-heterocyclic carbene-based systems and the recently developed cyclic alkyl amino carbene-containing complexes. Here we present a review which explores the last 30 years of the decomposition studied on ruthenium olefin metathesis catalyst driven by both intrinsic features of such catalysts as well as external chemicals.
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4
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Carter JD, Schrodi Y. Olefin Metathesis Catalyst Supported by a Hemilabile NHC Ligand Bearing Polyether Arms: Structure, Activity, and Decomposition. Organometallics 2020; 39:378-382. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D. Carter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Yann Schrodi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, United States
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5
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Lee HK, Choi TL. Unusual Superior Activity of the First Generation Grubbs Catalyst in Cascade Olefin Metathesis Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:531-535. [PMID: 35632926 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported a new cascade ring-opening/closing metathesis polymerization of monomers containing two cyclopentene moieties. Several Ru catalysts were tested, but the best polymerization results were unexpectedly obtained using the first-generation Grubbs catalyst (G1). This was puzzling since the second- and third-generation Grubbs catalysts are well-known for their higher activities compared to G1. In order to explain the unique and superior activity of G1, we conducted a series of kinetics experiments for the polymerization of 3,3'-oxydicyclopent-1-ene, a representative monomer of this cascade polymerization, as well as the competition polymerization with cycloheptene using the various Grubbs catalysts. Based on our results, we propose a model in which the differences in the steric hindrance between the different ligands and the monomer determine the selectivity of the catalyst approach to the monomer and, therefore, the extent to which the productive pathway leads to successful cascade polymerization. In short, G1 with the smaller ligand showed a high preference for the productive pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Keun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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6
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Sathyamoorthi S, Lai YH, Bain RM, Zare RN. Mechanistic Analysis of the C–H Amination Reaction of Menthol by CuBr2 and Selectfluor. J Org Chem 2018; 83:5681-5687. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sathyamoorthi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yin-Hung Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ryan M. Bain
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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7
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Okada Y, Chiba K. Redox-Tag Processes: Intramolecular Electron Transfer and Its Broad Relationship to Redox Reactions in General. Chem Rev 2017; 118:4592-4630. [PMID: 29218989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Explosive growth in the use of open shell reactivity, including neutral radicals and radical ions, in the field of synthetic organic chemistry has been observed in the past decade, particularly since the advent of ruthenium complexes in 2008. These complexes generally induce single-electron transfer (SET) processes via visible-light absorption. Additionally, recent significant advancements in organic electrochemistry involving SET processes to provide open shell reactivity offer a complementary method to traditional polarity-driven reactions described by two-electron transfer processes. In this Review, we highlight the importance of intramolecular SET processes in the field of synthetic organic chemistry, which seem to be more elusive than the intermolecular versions, since they are net redox-neutral and thus cannot simply be regarded as oxidations or reductions. Such intramolecular SET processes can rationally be understood in combination with concomitant bond formations and/or cleavages, and are regulated by a structural motif that we call a "redox tag." In order to describe modern radical-driven reactions involving SET processes, we focus on a classical formalism in which electrons are treated as particles rather than waves, which offers a practical yet powerful approach to explain and/or predict synthetic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho , Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan
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8
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Song JA, Choi TL. Seven-Membered Ring-Forming Cyclopolymerization of 1,8-Nonadiyne Derivatives Using Grubbs Catalysts: Rational Design of Monomers and Insights into the Mechanism for Olefin Metathesis Polymerizations. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ah Song
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G. Harvey
- US Navy Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division (NAWCWD) Research Department Chemistry Division 93555 China Lake California USA
| | - Richard D. Ernst
- Inorganic Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Utah 84112 Salt Lake City Utah USA
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10
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Bidange J, Fischmeister C, Bruneau C. Ethenolysis: A Green Catalytic Tool to Cleave Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds. Chemistry 2016; 22:12226-44. [PMID: 27359344 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable innovations have been made in the field of olefin metathesis due to the design and preparation of new catalysts. Ethenolysis, which is cross-metathesis with ethylene, represents one catalytic transformation that has been used with the purpose of cleaving internal carbon-carbon double bonds. The objectives were either the ring opening of cyclic olefins to produce dienes or the shortening of unsaturated hydrocarbon chains to degrade polymers or generate valuable shorter terminal olefins in a controlled manner. This Review summarizes several aspects of this reaction: the catalysts, their degradation in the presence of ethylene, some parameters driving their productivity, the side reactions, and the applications of ethenolysis in organic synthesis and in potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Bidange
- UMR 6226, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Organometallics, Materials and Catalysis, Centre for Catalysis and Green Chemistry, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Cédric Fischmeister
- UMR 6226, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Organometallics, Materials and Catalysis, Centre for Catalysis and Green Chemistry, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Christian Bruneau
- UMR 6226, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Organometallics, Materials and Catalysis, Centre for Catalysis and Green Chemistry, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
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11
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Bailey GA, Fogg DE. Confronting Neutrality: Maximizing Success in the Analysis of Transition-Metal Catalysts by MALDI Mass Spectrometry. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn A. Bailey
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation and Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation and Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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12
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Lang J, Cayir M, Walg SP, Di Martino-Fumo P, Thiel WR, Niedner-Schatteburg G. Intermetallic Competition in the Fragmentation of Trimetallic Au-Zn-Alkali Complexes. Chemistry 2016; 22:2345-55. [PMID: 26785330 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Lang
- Fachbereich Chemie and Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS; Technische Universität Kaiserslautern; 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Merve Cayir
- Fachbereich Chemie and Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS; Technische Universität Kaiserslautern; 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Simon P. Walg
- Fachbereich Chemie and Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS; Technische Universität Kaiserslautern; 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Patrick Di Martino-Fumo
- Fachbereich Chemie and Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS; Technische Universität Kaiserslautern; 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Werner R. Thiel
- Fachbereich Chemie and Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS; Technische Universität Kaiserslautern; 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Gereon Niedner-Schatteburg
- Fachbereich Chemie and Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS; Technische Universität Kaiserslautern; 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
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13
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Zhang JT, Wang HY, Zhang X, Zhang F, Guo YL. Study of short-lived and early reaction intermediates in organocatalytic asymmetric amination reactions by ion-mobility mass spectrometry. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy01051b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A study of the reactive intermediates in organocatalytic asymmetric amination reactions by reactive SAESI coupled to ion-mobility mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Hao-Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Zhejiang Gongshang University
- Hangzhou 310035
- China
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Yin-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
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14
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Ferreira LA, Schrekker HS. Augmentation of productivity in olefin cross-metathesis: maleic acid does the trick! Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy01181k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Why use the protected esters when the free acids result in better catalytic performances?
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonildo A. Ferreira
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis
- Institute of Chemistry
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
| | - Henri S. Schrekker
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis
- Institute of Chemistry
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
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15
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Nelson DJ, Manzini S, Urbina-Blanco CA, Nolan SP. Key processes in ruthenium-catalysed olefin metathesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:10355-75. [PMID: 24931143 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02515f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While the fundamental series of [2+2]cycloadditions and retro[2+2]cycloadditions that make up the pathways of ruthenium-catalysed metathesis reactions is well-established, the exploration of mechanistic aspects of alkene metathesis continues. In this Feature Article, modern mechanistic studies of the alkene metathesis reaction, catalysed by well-defined ruthenium complexes, are discussed. Broadly, these concern the processes of pre-catalyst initiation, propagation and decomposition, which all have a considerable impact on the overall efficiency of metathesis reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Nelson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK.
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16
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Wang HY, Zhang JT, Zhang SS, Guo YL. The remarkable role of solvent in reaction mechanism studies by electrospray mass spectrometry. Org Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00154d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The solvent assistance technologies in detecting reactive intermediates in complicated reaction solutions using electrospray mass spectrometry were summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Wang
- National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- CAS
- Shanghai
- China 200032
| | - Jun-Ting Zhang
- National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- CAS
- Shanghai
- China 200032
| | - Shu-Sheng Zhang
- National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- CAS
- Shanghai
- China 200032
| | - Yin-Long Guo
- National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- CAS
- Shanghai
- China 200032
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17
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Vikse KL, Ahmadi Z, Scott McIndoe J. The application of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to homogeneous catalysis. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Poater A, Pump E, Vummaleti SVC, Cavallo L. The Right Computational Recipe for Olefin Metathesis with Ru-Based Catalysts: The Whole Mechanism of Ring-Closing Olefin Metathesis. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:4442-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ct5003863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Poater
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eva Pump
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A 8010 Graz, Austria
- Kaust
Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sai Vikrama Chaitanya Vummaleti
- Kaust
Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Kaust
Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte
don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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19
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Bain RM, Pulliam CJ, Cooks RG. Accelerated Hantzsch electrospray synthesis with temporal control of reaction intermediates. Chem Sci 2014; 6:397-401. [PMID: 28694938 PMCID: PMC5485237 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02436b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex chemical reactions can occur in electrosprayed droplets on the millisecond time scale. The Hantzsch synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines was studied in this way using on-line mass spectral analysis to optimize conditions and characterize the product mixture. Changing the distance between the nanospray source and the MS inlet allowed exploration of reaction progress as a function of droplet time-of-flight. Desolvation of the charged microdroplets is associated with transformation from starting material to intermediates and eventually to product as the distance is increased. Results of the on-line experiments require a termination step that discontinuously completes the desolvation process and allows the generated gaseous ions to be used to characterize the state of the system at a particular time. The intermediates seen correspond to those known to occur in the bulk solution-phase reaction. Off-line collection of the sprayed reaction mixture allowed the recovery of 250 mg h-1 of desired reaction product from a single sprayer, permitting characterization by NMR and other standard methods. A thin film version of the accelerated reaction is described and it could be controlled through the temperature of the collection surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Bain
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1-765-494-5263
| | - Christopher J Pulliam
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1-765-494-5263
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1-765-494-5263.,Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47909 , USA
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20
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Nagarkar AA, Kilbinger AFM. End functional ROMP polymers via degradation of a ruthenium Fischer type carbene. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02242d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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21
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Limberger J, Leal BC, Monteiro AL, Dupont J. Charge-tagged ligands: useful tools for immobilising complexes and detecting reaction species during catalysis. Chem Sci 2014; 6:77-94. [PMID: 28553458 PMCID: PMC5424467 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02151g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical overview is presented on the use of charged tagged ligands (CTLs) as immobilising agents in organometallic catalysis and as probes for studying mechanisms through electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) based on the most recent literature.
In recent years, charge-tagged ligands (CTLs) have become valuable tools in organometallic catalysis. Insertion of an ionic side chain into the molecular skeleton of a known ligand has become a useful protocol for anchoring ligands, and consequently catalysts, in polar and ionic liquid phases. In addition, the insertion of a cationic moiety into a ligand is a powerful tool that can be used to detect reaction intermediates in organometallic catalysis through electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) experiments. The insertion of an ionic tag ensures the charge in the intermediates independently of the ESI-MS. For this reason, these ligands have been used as ionic probes in mechanistic studies for several catalytic reactions. Here, we summarise selected examples on the use of CTLs as immobilising agents in organometallic catalysis and as probes for studying mechanisms through ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jones Limberger
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis , Institute of Chemistry - UFRGS , Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, CP 15003 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Bárbara C Leal
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis , Institute of Chemistry - UFRGS , Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, CP 15003 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Adriano L Monteiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis , Institute of Chemistry - UFRGS , Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, CP 15003 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Jairton Dupont
- Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis , Institute of Chemistry - UFRGS , Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, CP 15003 , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil .,School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK .
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22
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Wang HY, Xiang Z, Liu GS, Guo YL. Study of the gas-phase intramolecular aryltrifluoromethylation of phenyl(trifluoromethyl)iodonium by ESI-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:761-767. [PMID: 23479313 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase reactions of the reactive λ(3)-phenyl(trifluoromethyl)iodonium (PhI(+)(III)CF3, 1 at m/z 273) to the radical cation of iodobenzene (PhI(•+), 2 at m/z 204) via the loss of ·CF3 and the radical cation of trifluoromethylbenzene (PhCF3(•+), 3 at m/z 146) via the loss of ·I, were studied by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Interestingly, the gas-phase intramolecular coupling reaction of CF3 with phenyl via the CF3 migration process of 1 at m/z 273 from iodine to the phenyl to give 3 at m/z 146 could only occur according to an intramolecular aromatic substitution mechanism. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that the gas-phase intramolecular aryltrifluoromethylation of 1 at m/z 273 to 3 at m/z 146 occurred via a Meisenheimer complex intermediate (MC), where the triplevalent I center of 1 was reduced to monovalent I. Most importantly, the structure of 3 at m/z 146 derived from 1 at m/z 273 in ESI-MS/MS process was confirmed by comparison of its MS/MS with that of an authentic PhCF3(•+) at m/z 146 acquired from the electron ionization (EI)-MS/MS analysis of PhCF3. Thus, our studies revealed the intrinsic reactivity tendencies of λ(3)-phenyl(trifluoromethyl)iodonium under solvent-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Wang
- Shanghai Mass Spectrometry Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Zhu W, Wang H, Peng H, Liu G, Guo Y. Study of the Transient Reactive Pd(IV) Intermediate in the Pd(OAc)2-Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling Reaction System by Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201201167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Kurzhals S, Enders C, Binder WH. Monitoring ROMP Crossover Chemistry via ESI-TOF MS. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma302555q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Kurzhals
- Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II Chemie, Physik
und Mathematik, Institut für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmann Platz 4, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Claudia Enders
- Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II Chemie, Physik
und Mathematik, Institut für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmann Platz 4, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II Chemie, Physik
und Mathematik, Institut für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmann Platz 4, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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25
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Tabari DS, Tolentino DR, Schrodi Y. Reactivation of a Ruthenium-Based Olefin Metathesis Catalyst. Organometallics 2013; 32:5-8. [PMID: 23355756 PMCID: PMC3551586 DOI: 10.1021/om301042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
1(st) Generation Hoveyda-Grubbs olefin metathesis catalyst was purposely decomposed in the presence of ethylene yielding inorganic species that are inactive in the ring-closing metathesis (RCM) of benchmark substrate diethyldiallyl malonate (DEDAM). The decomposed catalyst was treated with 1-(3,5-diisopropoxyphenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-yn-1-ol (3) to generate an olefin metathesis active ruthenium indenylidene-ether complex in 43 % yield. This complex was also prepared independently by reacting RuCl(2)(p-cymene)(PCy(3)) with organic precursor 3. The activity of the isolated reactivated catalyst in the RCM of DEDAM is similar to that of the independently prepared complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann Schrodi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California, 91330
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26
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Vikse KL, Kwok S, McDonald R, Oliver AG, McIndoe JS. 1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)naphthalene: An electrospray-active analogue for η6-coordinating ligands. J Organomet Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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28
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Wang HY, Zhou J, Guo YL. Study on the reactive transient α-λ3-iodanyl-acetophenone complex in the iodine(III)/PhI(I) catalytic cycle of iodobenzene-catalyzed α-acetoxylation reaction of acetophenone by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:616-620. [PMID: 22328214 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hypervalent iodine compounds are important and widely used oxidants in organic chemistry. In 2005, Ochiai reported the PhI-catalyzed α-acetoxylation reaction of acetophenone by the oxidation of PhI with m-chloroperbenzoic acid (m-CPBA) in acetic acid. However, until now, the most critical reactive α-λ(3)-iodine alkyl acetophenone intermediate (3) had not been isolated or directly detected. METHODS Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) was used to intercept and characterize the transient reactive α-λ(3)-iodine alkyl acetophenone intermediate in the reaction solution. RESULTS The trivalent iodine species was detected when PhI and m-CPBA in acetic acid were mixed, which indicated the facile oxidation of a catalytic amount of PhI(I) to the iodine(III) species by m-CPBA. Most importantly, 3·H(+) was observed at m/z 383 from the reaction solution and this ion gave the protonated α-acetoxylation product 4·H(+) at m/z 179 in MS/MS by an intramolecular reductive elimination of PhI. CONCLUSIONS These ESI-MS/MS studies showed the existence of the reactive α-λ(3)-iodine alkyl acetophenone intermediate 3 in the catalytic cycle. Moreover, the gas-phase reactivity of 3·H(+) was consistent with the proposed solution-phase reactivity of the α-λ(3)-iodine alkyl acetophenone intermediate 3, thus confirming the reaction mechanism proposed by Ochiai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Wang
- Shanghai Mass Spectrometry Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.
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29
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He X, Zhang S, Guo Y, Wang H, Lin G. Mechanistic Investigations of a Palladium-Diene Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300115x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang He
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032,
People's Republic of China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032,
People's Republic of China
| | - Yinlong Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032,
People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032,
People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032,
People's Republic of China
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30
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Zhu W, Wang HY, Guo YL. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analyses of Grubbs catalysts and ferrocene derivatives using sulfur as matrix. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:352-354. [PMID: 22431462 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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31
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Wang HY, Yim WL, Guo YL, Metzger JO. ESI-MS Studies and Calculations on Second-Generation Grubbs and Hoveyda–Grubbs Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om200562c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Wang
- Shanghai Mass Spectrometry Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lingling Road 345, 200032 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wai-Leung Yim
- Institute of High Performance Computing, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis,
Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Yin-Long Guo
- Shanghai Mass Spectrometry Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lingling Road 345, 200032 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jürgen O. Metzger
- Institut für Reine und
Angewandte Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße
9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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32
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Zhao ZX, Wang HY, Guo YL. Studies on CH3CN-assisted decomposition of 1st Grubbs catalyst by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3401-3410. [PMID: 22002693 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The CH(3)CN-assisted decomposition reaction of the 1(st) Grubbs catalyst (1) was studied using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). We detected a series of Ru-intermediates and decomposition products by off-line and on-line ESI-MS(/MS) monitoring of the decomposition process. In particular, an on-line microreactor method was applied with ESI-MS/MS to profile the change and relationship of various Ru-intermediates by controlling the reaction within the first 30 s of its time scale. The main fast decomposition mechanism of Ru-catalyst 1 in the presence of CH(3)CN was similar to that proposed by Grubbs, and this was confirmed by detecting the (PhCH(2)PCy(3))(+) ion at m/z 371 as the major decomposition products with ESI-MS. We also studied the time evolution of the transient reactive Ru-intermediate ions step by step with ESI-MS/MS and detected the C-H bond activation products of toluene--dehydrogenated PCy(3), such as P(Cy)(2)(C(6)H(9)), P(Cy)(2)Ph--by analyzing the decomposition reaction solution by gas chromatography (GC)/MS. The mechanism of another minor decomposition pathway involving the phosphine activation of catalyst 1 was proposed on the basis of the ESI-MS(/MS) interception and characterization of the transient reactive Ru-species in the decomposition reaction solution. Finally the coordination effect of the CH(3)CN in assisting the decomposition and stabilizing the transient Ru-complexes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xiong Zhao
- Shanghai Mass Spectrometry Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
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33
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Xu C, Wang HY, Zhu FJ, Guo YL, Lu L. Studies of gas-phase reactions of cationic iron complexes of 2-pyrimidinyloxy-N-arylbenzylamines by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:169-178. [PMID: 21154900 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (ESI-TSQ-MS) and electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICR-MS) were used to investigate the interesting gas-phase reactions of the cationic iron (Fe) complexes of 2-pyrimidinyloxy-N-arylbenzylamines (1-6), which are generated by ESI when mixing their methanolic solutions. Further studies of these Fe complexes by collision-induced dissociation (CID) show that Fe(III) complexes undergo an interesting gas-phase single electron transfer (SET) reaction to give 1(•+) -6(•+) ,with loss of neutral FeCl(2) , whereas Fe(II) can catalyze gas-phase Smiles rearrangement reactions of compounds 1-6. By using different Fe(II)X(2) salts (X = Cl or Br) with a set of reactants, the role of the counterion (X(-) ) and the structure effect of the reactants on Fe(II)-catalyzed gas-phase Smiles rearrangement reactions are studied. Evidence obtained from by TSQ-MS and FTICR-MS experiments, hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange experiments and theoretical computations supported some unique gas-phase chemistries initiated by introduction of Fe(II) into 1. Importantly, by comparing the distinct gas-phase reaction results of the cationic Fe(III) complexes with those of Fe(II) complexes, the charge state effects of iron on the gas-phase chemistries of Fe complexes are revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Xu
- Shanghai Mass Spectrometry Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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34
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Agrawal D, Schröder D. Insight into Solution Chemistry from Gas-Phase Experiments. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om100972n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Agrawal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Detlef Schröder
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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35
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Wang H, Xu C, Zhang L, Tang Q, Guo Y, Lu L. Investigation of coordination of Mg(II) cations to 2-pyrimidinyloxy-N-arylbenzylamines by electrospray mass spectrometry: insights for Mg(II) catalyzed Smiles rearrangement reactions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2011; 17:145-157. [PMID: 21719923 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The CH(3)OH solutions of pyrimidinyloxy-N-arylbenzylamines (1-5) in the presence of Mg(II)X(2) salts (X = Cl or ClO(4)) were investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) subsequently, showing that the cationic Mg(II) complexes 1-5·MgX(+) were important active complexes or intermediates for initiating interesting Smiles rearrangement reactions in both the gas and solution phases. By using different MgX(2) salts and selecting a set of reactants with different substitutes, the role of the counter-ion (X(-)) and the structure effect of the reactants on the Mg(II) catalyzed Smiles rearrangement reactions were studied. Moreover, the solvent effect on Mg(II) catalyzed Smiles rearrangement reactions was revealed by studying the CH(3)OH adduct complexes of 1-5·MgCl(+), which showed that the coordination of CH(3)OH to the Mg(II) center in the complexes decreased the reaction tendency. The mechanisms involved in the gas-phase Mg(II) catalyzed Smiles rearrangement reactions were proposed on the basis of MS/MS experiments and theoretical computations, showing some unique chemistries initiated by introducing Mg(II) into the template molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Wang
- Shanghai Mass Spectrometry Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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36
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Poater A, Bahri-Laleh N, Cavallo L. Rationalizing current strategies to protect N-heterocyclic carbene-based ruthenium catalysts active in olefin metathesis from C–H (de)activation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:6674-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11594d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Zhou J, Zhao Q, Chen WW, Wang H, Lin GQ, Xu MH, Guo Y. Studies on gas-phase cyclometalations of [ArNi(PPh3)n]+ (n = 1 or 2) by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:1265-1274. [PMID: 20434923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase cyclometalation of [ArNi(PPh(3))(n)](+) (n = 1, 2) complexes have been studied by ESI-MS/MS. The electron-donating substituents of aromatic iodides in the para position were found to inhibit the cyclometalation process of losing ArH, while the electron-withdrawing substituents in the para position were found to enhance it. These results indicate that the cyclometalation process of losing ArH is favored by electron-deficient aromatic groups. In addition, the detailed dissociation pathways of the cationic nickel complexes were studied, and among these pathways, the process of aryl-aryl interchange was also found to proceed in ESI-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Shanghai Mass Spectrometry Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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38
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Jiang W, Schäfer A, Mohr PC, Schalley CA. Monitoring Self-Sorting by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Formation Intermediates and Error-Correction during the Self-Assembly of Multiply Threaded Pseudorotaxanes. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:2309-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9101369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäfer
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Parveen Choudhary Mohr
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph A. Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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39
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2008. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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40
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Amarante G, Benassi M, Milagre H, Braga A, Maseras F, Eberlin M, Coelho F. Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Morita-Baylis-Hillman Reaction: A New Mechanistic View for Thioureas Revealed by ESI-MS(/MS) Monitoring and DFT Calculations. Chemistry 2009; 15:12460-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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41
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Wang HY, Yim WL, Klüner T, Metzger J. ESIMS Studies and Calculations on Alkali-Metal Adduct Ions of Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts and Their Catalytic Activity in Metathesis Reactions. Chemistry 2009; 15:10948-59. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Scheins S, Messerschmidt M, Gembicky M, Pitak M, Volkov A, Coppens P, Harvey BG, Turpin GC, Arif AM, Ernst RD. Charge Density Analysis of the (C−C)→Ti Agostic Interactions in a Titanacyclobutane Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:6154-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ja807649k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Scheins
- Department of Chemistry, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37132, and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Marc Messerschmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37132, and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Milan Gembicky
- Department of Chemistry, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37132, and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Mateusz Pitak
- Department of Chemistry, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37132, and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Anatoliy Volkov
- Department of Chemistry, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37132, and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Philip Coppens
- Department of Chemistry, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37132, and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Benjamin G. Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37132, and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Gregory C. Turpin
- Department of Chemistry, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37132, and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Atta M. Arif
- Department of Chemistry, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37132, and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Richard D. Ernst
- Department of Chemistry, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37132, and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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43
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Paz-Schmidt RA, Bonrath W, Plattner DA. Online ESI-MS Analysis of Reactions under High Pressure. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3665-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802754q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A. Paz-Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, D-79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, and DSM Nutritional Products Limited, P.O. Box 2676, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Werner Bonrath
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, D-79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, and DSM Nutritional Products Limited, P.O. Box 2676, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar A. Plattner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, D-79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, and DSM Nutritional Products Limited, P.O. Box 2676, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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