1
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Graw N, Ruth PN, Ernemann T, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D. Indium Kα radiation from a MetalJet X-ray source: the long way to a successful charge-density investigation. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:1315-1321. [PMID: 37791365 PMCID: PMC10543667 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723007203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The MetalJet X-ray source provides indium Kα radiation with a wavelength even shorter than Ag radiation. This paper reports on problematic spectral impurities and presents possible countermeasures so that collection of data with excellent quality up to a high resolution is possible. It is demonstrated that these data can be used in the refinement of a multipole model, the results of which are used for a topological analysis to assess the bonding situation in a sulfur ylide compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Graw
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, Göttingen, Lower Saxony 37077, Germany
| | - Paul Niklas Ruth
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, Göttingen, Lower Saxony 37077, Germany
| | - Tobias Ernemann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, Göttingen, Lower Saxony 37077, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, Göttingen, Lower Saxony 37077, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, Göttingen, Lower Saxony 37077, Germany
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2
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Nazish M, Legendre CM, Graw N, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D, Sankar Dutta S, Lourderaj U, Roesky HW. Coordination and Stabilization of a Lithium Ion with a Silylene. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203528. [PMID: 36534595 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the stabilization of lithium-ion as the source of lithium to use as a trans-metalation reagent [{PhC(Nt Bu)2 Si(t Bu)Li}2 I(t BuN)2 CPh] (1). The reaction of 3 equivalents of the LSit Bu (L=PhC(Nt Bu)2 ) and lithium iodide at low temperature leads to a silylene stabilized lithium-ion with an additional coordination of amidinate ligand. Compound 1 shows two four membered and one six membered ring as confirmed by QTAIM calculations. Whereas the reaction of the LSiCl with 1.5 equivalents of carbodiimide (CyN)2 C at room temperature affords compound [PhC(Nt Bu)2 Si(Cl)(NCy)2 NCy] (2) with the CN2 SiN2 C skeleton containing silicon as a central atom. Both the compounds were fully characterized by NMR, mass spectrometry, X-ray crystallographic analysis, and quantum mechanical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Nazish
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christina M Legendre
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nico Graw
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Siddharth Sankar Dutta
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, An OCC of HBNI, Jatni P. O., Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Upakarasamy Lourderaj
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, An OCC of HBNI, Jatni P. O., Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Herbert W Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Legendre CM, Stückl AC, Sindlinger CP, Herbst‐Irmer R, Stalke D. Isolation and Properties of the Long Elusive Deep Blue Soluble [K 3 {(N t Bu) 3 S} 2 ] . Cage Radical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115026. [PMID: 34905651 PMCID: PMC9306764 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of potassium metal with sulfurtriimide S(Nt Bu)3 (II) gives the long elusive deep blue cage radical [K3 {(Nt Bu)3 S}2 ]. (1_K) that crystallizes at -35 °C from toluene solution. The subsequent physical characterization via X-ray structure analysis, UV/Vis-, and EPR spectroscopy from solution reveals the existence of one unpaired electron delocalized within the whole cage, i.e. coupling with the six nitrogen atoms, as well as the three potassium atoms caped by the two SN3 ligands. The present X-ray structure analysis further supports previous assumptions made on the parent compound 1_Li obtained from [Li4 {(Nt Bu)3 S}2 ] (I) and finally elucidates the structural arrangement of the SN3 caps and alkali metals in such radical cage species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Legendre
- Georg-August Universität GöttingenInstitut für Anorganische ChemieTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - A. Claudia Stückl
- Georg-August Universität GöttingenInstitut für Anorganische ChemieTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Christian P. Sindlinger
- Georg-August Universität GöttingenInstitut für Anorganische ChemieTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Regine Herbst‐Irmer
- Georg-August Universität GöttingenInstitut für Anorganische ChemieTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Georg-August Universität GöttingenInstitut für Anorganische ChemieTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
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4
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Legendre CM, Stückl AC, Sindlinger CP, Herbst‐Irmer R, Stalke D. Isolation and Properties of the Long Elusive Deep Blue Soluble [K
3
{(N
t
Bu)
3
S}
2
]
.
Cage Radical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Legendre
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen Institut für Anorganische Chemie Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - A. Claudia Stückl
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen Institut für Anorganische Chemie Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Christian P. Sindlinger
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen Institut für Anorganische Chemie Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Regine Herbst‐Irmer
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen Institut für Anorganische Chemie Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen Institut für Anorganische Chemie Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
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5
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Klett J. Structural Motifs of Alkali Metal Superbases in Non-coordinating Solvents. Chemistry 2021; 27:888-904. [PMID: 33165981 PMCID: PMC7839563 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lochmann-Schlosser superbases (LSB) are a standard reagent in synthetic chemistry to achieve an exchange of a proton on an organic framework with an alkali metal cation, which in turn can be replaced by a wide range of electrophilic groups. In standard examples, the deprotonating reagent consists of an equimolar mixture of n-butyllithium and potassium t-butoxide. However, the nature of the reactive species could not be pinned down either for this composition or for similar mixtures with comparable high reactivity. Despite the poor solubility and the fierce reactivity, some insights into this mixture were achieved by some indirect results, comparison with chemically related systems, or skillful deductions. Recent results, mainly based on new soluble compounds, delivered structural evidence. These new insights lead to advanced and more detailed conclusions about the interplay of the involved components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Klett
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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6
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Münch A, Knauer L, Ott H, Sindlinger C, Herbst-Irmer R, Strohmann C, Stalke D. Insight into the Bonding and Aggregation of Alkyllithiums by Experimental Charge Density Studies and Energy Decomposition Analyses. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15897-15906. [PMID: 32811141 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this Article, the organolithiums [((-)-sparteine)LitBu] (1), [(ABCO)LitBu]2 (2), and [(ABCO)2(LiiPr)4] (3) are investigated by means of experimental and theoretical charge density determination to elucidate the nature of the Li-C and Li-N bonds. Furthermore, the valence shell charge concentrations (VSCCs) in the nonbonding region of the deprotonated Cα-atom will provide some insight on the localization of the carbanionic lone pair. Analysis of the electron density (ρ(rBCP)), Laplacian (∇2ρ(rBCP)), and the energy decomposition (EDA) confirmed that the Li-C/N bond exhibits astonishingly similar characteristics, to reveal an increasingly polar contact with decreasing aggregate size. This explains former observations on the incorporation of halide salts in organolithium reagents. Furthermore, it could be shown that the bonding properties of the iPr group are similar to those of the tBu substituent. The accuracy of fit to all previously determined properties in organolithiums is remarkable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Münch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraβe 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lena Knauer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straβe 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Holger Ott
- Bruker AXS GmbH, Östliche Rheinbrückenstraβe 49, Karlsruhe 76187, Germany
| | - Christian Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraβe 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraβe 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straβe 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraβe 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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7
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Binuclear mercury (II) complexes of ambidentate sulfonium ylides in comparison with analogous phosphonium-based complexes; synthesis, characterization and a comprehensive theoretical study. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Sabounchei SJ, Hashemi MS, Karamian R, Moazzami Farida SH, Gohari Derakhshandeh P, Gable RW, Van Hecke K. Synthesis, X-ray characterization, and in vitro biological approach of dimeric and polymeric mercury(II) complexes with α-keto stabilized sulfur ylide. J COORD CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2018.1510493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roya Karamian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | | | | | - Robert W. Gable
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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9
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Schürmann CJ, Herbst-Irmer R, Teuteberg TL, Kratzert D, Erker G, Mata RA, Stalke D. Experimental charge density study on FLPs and a FLP reaction product. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2018-2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The charge density distribution of the intramolecular frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) Mes2PCH2CH2B(C6F5)2 (1), the phosphinimine HNPMes2CH2CH2B(C6F5)2 (2), as well as a FLP homologue with nitrogen NEt2CHPhCH2B(C6F5)2 (3) were investigated with Bader’s quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). The charge densities were derived from both experimental high-resolution X-ray diffraction data (2, 3) and theoretical calculations (1, 3). The QTAIM analysis for the FLPs 1 and 3 showed the prominent B-pnictogen interaction to be weak dative bonds without significant charge-transfer. This holds also true for the B–N–bond of 2. The nitrogen atom is negatively charged, due to a charge transfer from phosphorous and shows features of a sp2-hybridization. The bond is therefore best described as a non-hypervalent Pδ+–Nδ− moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 4 , Göttingen 37077 , Germany
| | | | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 4 , Göttingen 37077 , Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40 , Münster 48149 , Germany
| | - Ricardo A. Mata
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 6 , Göttingen 37077 , Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 4 , Göttingen 37077 , Germany
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10
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Engelhardt F, Maaß C, Andrada DM, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D. Benchmarking lithium amide versus amine bonding by charge density and energy decomposition analysis arguments. Chem Sci 2018; 9:3111-3121. [PMID: 29732094 PMCID: PMC5916014 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05368a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated [{(Me2NCH2)2(C4H2N)}Li]2 (1) by means of experimental charge density calculations based on the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and DFT calculations using energy decomposition analysis (EDA).
Lithium amides are versatile C–H metallation reagents with vast industrial demand because of their high basicity combined with their weak nucleophilicity, and they are applied in kilotons worldwide annually. The nuclearity of lithium amides, however, modifies and steers reactivity, region- and stereo-selectivity and product diversification in organic syntheses. In this regard, it is vital to understand Li–N bonding as it causes the aggregation of lithium amides to form cubes or ladders from the polar Li–N covalent metal amide bond along the ring stacking and laddering principle. Deaggregation, however, is more governed by the Li←N donor bond to form amine adducts. The geometry of the solid state structures already suggests that there is σ- and π-contribution to the covalent bond. To quantify the mutual influence, we investigated [{(Me2NCH2)2(C4H2N)}Li]2 (1) by means of experimental charge density calculations based on the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and DFT calculations using energy decomposition analysis (EDA). This new approach allows for the grading of electrostatic Li+N–, covalent Li–N and donating Li←N bonding, and provides a way to modify traditional widely-used heuristic concepts such as the –I and +I inductive effects. The electron density ρ(r) and its second derivative, the Laplacian ∇2ρ(r), mirror the various types of bonding. Most remarkably, from the topological descriptors, there is no clear separation of the lithium amide bonds from the lithium amine donor bonds. The computed natural partial charges for lithium are only +0.58, indicating an optimal density supply from the four nitrogen atoms, while the Wiberg bond orders of about 0.14 au suggest very weak bonding. The interaction energy between the two pincer molecules, (C4H2N)22–, with the Li22+ moiety is very strong (ca. –628 kcal mol–1), followed by the bond dissociation energy (–420.9 kcal mol–1). Partitioning the interaction energy into the Pauli (ΔEPauli), dispersion (ΔEdisp), electrostatic (ΔEelstat) and orbital (ΔEorb) terms gives a 71–72% ionic and 25–26% covalent character of the Li–N bond, different to the old dichotomy of 95 to 5%. In this regard, there is much more potential to steer the reactivity with various substituents and donor solvents than has been anticipated so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Engelhardt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 4 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Christian Maaß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 4 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry , Universität des Saarlandes , Campus Gebäude C4.1 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany . ;
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 4 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 4 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
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11
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Sabounchei SJ, Hashemi A, Sedghi A, Bayat M, Akhlaghi Bagherjeri F, Gable RW. Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes of α-keto stabilized sulfur ylide: Synthesis, structural, theoretical and catalytic activity studies. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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A new Pd(II) complex of a sulfur ylide; Synthesis, X-ray characterization, theoretical study and catalytic activity toward the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Sabounchei SJ, Ahmadianpoor M, Yousefi A, Hashemi A, Bayat M, Sedghi A, Akhlaghi Bagherjeri F, Gable RW. New Pd(ii) complexes of sulfur ylides; synthesis, X-ray characterization, a theoretical study and catalytic activity toward the Mizoroki–Heck reaction. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01390b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of sulfur ylides SMe2C(H)C(O)R (R = 4-nitrophenyl, phenyl, and 3-nitrophenyl) with [PdCl2(cod)] gives the new Pd(ii) complexes of type cis- and trans-[PdCl2(SMe2C(H)C(O)R)2] (R = phenyl (1), 3-nitrophenyl (2), and 4-nitrophenyl (3)).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. Yousefi
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Bu-Ali Sina University
- Hamedan
- Iran
| | - A. Hashemi
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Bu-Ali Sina University
- Hamedan
- Iran
| | - M. Bayat
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Bu-Ali Sina University
- Hamedan
- Iran
| | - A. Sedghi
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Bu-Ali Sina University
- Hamedan
- Iran
| | | | - R. W. Gable
- School of Chemistry
- University of Melbourne
- Australia
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14
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Carl E, Demeshko S, Meyer F, Stalke D. Triimidosulfonates as Acute Bite-Angle Chelates: Slow Relaxation of the Magnetization in Zero Field and Hysteresis Loop of a CoIIComplex. Chemistry 2015; 21:10109-15. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Schröder FG, Sundermeyer J. Fluorenylidene-Functionalized Lithium Phosphonium Di- and Triylides. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om501325h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian G. Schröder
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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16
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Sabounchei SJ, Mozafari Z, Akhlaghi Bagherjeri F, Khavasi HR. Transition Metal Complexes of α-Keto Stabilized Sulfonium Ylides: Linear in Contrast to Bridging Structure in Silver(I) Complexes. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2014.947404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeinab Mozafari
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65174, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Reza Khavasi
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
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17
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Sabounchei SJ, Bagherjeri FA, Hosseinzadeh M, Boskovic C, Gable RW. X-ray crystal structure and spectral characterization of pseudo five-coordinate Hg(II) polymeric and four-coordinate binuclear complexes of an ambidentate sulfonium ylide. CR CHIM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Novel one-dimensional polymeric chlorocadmate sulfonium salts obtained from sulfonium ylides: Synthesis and structural characterization. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Kinzhybalo V, Mermer A, Lis T, Starynowicz P. Electron density distribution in tetralithium hypodiphosphate hexahydrate, Li4P2O6·6H2O. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2013; 69:344-355. [PMID: 23873059 DOI: 10.1107/s2052519213017442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tetralithium hypodiphosphate hexahydrate, Li4P2O6·6H2O, forms a highly symmetrical crystal structure, where hypodiphosphate anions have \bar 3m (D3d) symmetry. Analysis of the charge distribution (experimental and theoretically calculated) shows that the charges of the P atoms are lower than in phosphates and phosphonates, whereas the O charges are similar. Values of both ρc and ∇(2)ρc suggest that the P-P bond is a weak covalent one, while the P-O one is polarized covalent, with topological parameters similar to those of P-O bonds in phosphates or phosphonates. Theoretical calculations show that the hypodiphosphate anion is relatively insensitive to its coordination environment; this is brought about by the vicinity of cationic P atoms. The localization and delocalization indices have been computed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl Kinzhybalo
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structural Research, PAS, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland
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20
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Objartel I, Leusser D, Engelhardt F, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D. Coordination Abilities of Di-2-picolylphenylphosphane Judged on the Basis of Charge Density Investigations. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201300092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Reactivity of mercury(II) halides with the α-keto stabilized sulfonium ylides: Crystal structures of two new polymer and binuclear complexes and in vitro antibacterial study. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Sabounchei SJ, Bagherjeri FA, Boskovic C, Gable RW, Karamian R, Asadbegy M. Binuclear mercury(II) complexes of sulfonium ylides: Synthesis, structural characterization and anti-bacterial activity. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Sabounchei SJ, Akhlaghi Bagherjeri F, Mozafari Z, Boskovic C, Gable RW, Karamian R, Asadbegy M. Synthesis and characterization of novel simultaneous C and O-coordinated and nitrate-bridged complexes of silver(i) with carbonyl-stabilized sulfonium ylides and their antibacterial activities. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:2520-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31902k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Some Main Group Chemical Perceptions in the Light of Experimental Charge Density Investigations. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2011_71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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25
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Rogachev AY, Burger P. Bonding situation and N–O-bond strengths in amine-N-oxides—a combined experimental and theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:1985-2000. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp22341d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Granitzka M, Pöppler AC, Schwarze EK, Stern D, Schulz T, John M, Herbst-Irmer R, Pandey SK, Stalke D. Aggregation of Donor Base Stabilized 2-Thienyllithium in a Single Crystal and in Solution: Distances from X-ray Diffraction and the Nuclear Overhauser Effect. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:1344-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ja210382c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Granitzka
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Pöppler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eike K. Schwarze
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Stern
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schulz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael John
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sushil K. Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jammu, Jammu-180 006, India
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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28
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Nakanishi W, Hayashi S, Pitak MB, Hursthouse MB, Coles SJ. Dynamic and Static Behaviors of N–Z–N σ(3c–4e) (Z = S, Se, and Te) Interactions: Atoms-in-Molecules Dual Functional Analysis with High-Resolution X-ray Diffraction Determination of Electron Densities for 2-(2-Pyridylimino)-2H-1,2,4-thiadiazolo[2,3-a]pyridine. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:11775-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2044898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waro Nakanishi
- Department of Material Science and Chemistry, Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, 930 Sakaedani, Wakayama, 640-8510 Japan
| | - Satoko Hayashi
- Department of Material Science and Chemistry, Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, 930 Sakaedani, Wakayama, 640-8510 Japan
| | - Mateusz B. Pitak
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B. Hursthouse
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Coles
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
This paper provides a short introduction to the basics of electron density investigations. The two predominant approaches for the modelling and various interpretations of electron density distributions are presented. Their potential translations into chemical concepts are explained. The focus of the article lies on the deduction of chemical properties from charge density studies in some selected main group compounds. The relationship between the obtained numerical data and commonly accepted simple chemical concepts unfortunately is not always straightforward, and often the chemist relies on heuristic connections rather than rigorously defined ones. This article tries to demonstrate how charge density analyses can shed light on aspects of chemical bonding and reactivity resulting from the determined bonding situation. Sometimes this helps to identify misconceptions and sets the scene for new unconventional synthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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30
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Kratzert D, Leusser D, Stern D, Meyer J, Breher F, Stalke D. Experimental charge density distribution of non-coordinating sp3 carbanions in [Mg{(pz*)3C}2]. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:2931-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04688d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Meinholz MM, Pandey SK, Deuerlein SM, Stalke D. Access to new Janus head ligands: linking sulfur diimides and phosphanes for hemilabile tripodal scorpionates. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:1662-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00665c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Jana A, Leusser D, Objartel I, Roesky HW, Stalke D. A stable silicon(ii) monohydride. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:5458-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01675f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Schulz T, Deuerlein S, Stalke D. Magnesium Diimidosulfinates – Conformational Studies in the Solid State and in Solution. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schulz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg‐August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Fax: +49‐551‐393459
| | - Stephan Deuerlein
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg‐August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Fax: +49‐551‐393459
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg‐August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Fax: +49‐551‐393459
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34
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Meyer JTE, Schulz T, Pandey SK, Stalke D. New chelating ligands based on S-organosulfurdiimides: synthesis and single crystal X-ray structures of their lithium complexes. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:2743-9. [PMID: 20163107 DOI: 10.1021/ic902071m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Three new diimidosulfinates, [TMSCH(2)S(N(t)Bu)(2)Li](2) (1), [2-PyCH(2)S(N(t)Bu)(2)Li](2) (2), and [{PhCH(2)S(N(t)Bu)(2)Li}(2) x THF] (3) (TMS = trimethylsilyl; Py = 2-pyridyl), have been synthesized by the reaction of functionalized alpha-CH(2)-organolithium compounds with bis-tert-butylsulfurdiimide. These new organolithium chelates are characterized by NMR ((1)H, (13)C, (7)Li, and (29)Si) spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Compounds 1 and 2 crystallize as dimers without donor molecules, whereas one of the lithium atoms in 3 is coordinated by a single THF molecule. The crystal structure of 1 shows significant intramolecular proximity between one methyl group of the trimethylsilyl (TMS) and one lithium atom, which could be described as an electrostatic Li...C interaction. The coordination sphere of each lithium atom in 2 is completed by donation from the nitrogen atom of the pyridyl ring; however, one of the lithium atoms in 3 is coordinated by a THF molecule. In addition, the first mixed sulfurdiimide species containing a diimidosulfinate and a diimidosulfite fragment, [{PhCHS(N(t)Bu)(2)Li(2)(THF)(2)}{MeS(N(t)Bu)(2)Li(THF)}] (4), was isolated by deprotonation of the alpha-CH(2) group in 3. The single-crystal X-ray structure of 4 revealed two different S-bound substituents coexisting in one dimer and two asymmetrically coordinated lithium atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Till Enno Meyer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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35
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Liu L, Zhang WX, Luo Q, Li H, Xi Z. Isolation and X-ray Structure of a Trimeric 1,4-Dilithio-1,3-butadiene and a Dimeric Me3Si-Substituted 1,4-Dilithio-1,3-butadiene. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om900872u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lantao Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organo-metallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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Stasch A, Sarish SP, Roesky H, Meindl K, Dall'Antonia F, Schulz T, Stalke D. Synthesis and Characterization of Alkynyl Complexes of Groups 1 and 2. Chem Asian J 2009; 4:1451-7. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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38
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39
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Flierler U, Leusser D, Ott H, Kehr G, Erker G, Grimme S, Stalke D. Catalytic Abilities of [(C6F5)2BR] (R=NC4H4and NC4H8) Deduced from Experimental and Theoretical Charge-Density Investigations. Chemistry 2009; 15:4595-601. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Ott H, Pieper U, Leusser D, Flierler U, Henn J, Stalke D. Carbanion oder Amid? Elektronendichteuntersuchung am 2-Picolyllithium-Stammsystem. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200806221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Ott H, Pieper U, Leusser D, Flierler U, Henn J, Stalke D. Carbanion or Amide? First Charge Density Study of Parent 2-Picolyllithium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:2978-82. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200806221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Kling C, Ott H, Schwab G, Stalke D. Heteroaromatic Substituted Phosphoranes with Enhanced Hemilabile Character. Organometallics 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/om800307d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kling
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger Ott
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerald Schwab
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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43
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Ott H, Däschlein C, Leusser D, Schildbach D, Seibel T, Stalke D, Strohmann C. Structure/Reactivity Studies on an α-Lithiated Benzylsilane: Chemical Interpretation of Experimental Charge Density. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:11901-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ja711104q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Ott
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Däschlein
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Leusser
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schildbach
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Timo Seibel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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