1
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Wang XL, Chiang NY, Peng JJ, Yu L, Xu LJ, Yang HR, Jin BY, Zhang P, Lai YY, Li Z, Lai GQ, Luh TY. A Fischer-Type Ruthenium Carbene Complex as a Metathesis Catalyst for the Synthesis of Enol Ethers. J Org Chem 2021; 86:17629-17639. [PMID: 34846148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Grubbs G-I or G-II catalyst gives the ruthenium ethoxy carbene complex, which catalyzes ring-opening cross metathesis (ROCM) of a strained cyclic alkene to give a diene where one of the two alkene moieties in the product contains an ethoxy substituent. No polymeric products are detected. Hydrocarbons such as parent norbornene or substituted cyclopropenes can proceed with the reaction smoothly. Tertiary amines, N-alkylimides, esters, and aryl or alkyl bromides remain intact under the reaction conditions. In addition to vinyl ethers, vinylic esters can also be used. The time required to reach a 50% yield of the ROCM product t50 varies from 0.01 to 140 h depending on the strain and nucleophilicity of the double bond. Anchimeric participation of an electron-rich group would result in significant enhancement of the reactivity, and the t50 could be as short as several minutes. A similar substrate without such a neighboring group shows a much slower rate. An exo-norborne derivative reacts much faster than the corresponding endo-isomer. Alkenes with poor nucleophilicity are less favored for the ROCM process, so is less strained cyclooctene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | | | - Jian-Jhih Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Lei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Li-Jun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hau-Ren Yang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Bih-Yaw Jin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pinglu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yu-Ying Lai
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ze Li
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Guo-Qiao Lai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Tien-Yau Luh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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2
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Youn G, Sampson NS. Substituent Effects Provide Access to Tetrasubstituted Ring-Opening Olefin Metathesis of Bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-6-enes. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2021; 1:29-36. [PMID: 34693402 PMCID: PMC8529632 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.1c00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the origin of unexpected reactivity of bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-6-ene substrates containing an α,β-unsaturated amide moiety in ruthenium-catalyzed alternating ring-opening metathesis polymerization reactions. Specifically, compared with control substrates bearing an ester, alkyl ketone, nitrile, or tertiary amide substituent, α,β-unsaturated substrates with a weakly acidic proton showed increased rates of ring-opening metathesis mediated by Grubbs-type ruthenium catalysts. 1H NMR and IR spectral analyses indicated that deprotonation of the α,β-unsaturated amide substrates resulted in stronger coordination of the carbonyl group to the ruthenium metal center. Principal component analysis identified ring strain and the electron density on the carbonyl oxygen (based on structures optimized by means of ωB97X-D/6311+G(2df,2p) calculations) as the two key contributors to fast ring-opening metathesis of the bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-6-enes; whereas the dipole moment, conjugation, and energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital had little to no effect on the reaction rate. We conclude that alternating ring-opening metathesis polymerization reactions of bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-6-enes with unstrained cycloalkenes require an ionizable proton for efficient generation of alternating polymers.
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3
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Patra SG, Das NK. Recent advancement on the mechanism of olefin metathesis by Grubbs catalysts: A computational perspective. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Yarolimek MR, Coia BM, Bookbinder HR, Kennemur JG. Investigating the effect of α-pinene on the ROMP of δ-pinene. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00931a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ring opening metathesis polymerization of δ-pinene with varying amounts of α-pinene is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Yarolimek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA
| | - Brianna M. Coia
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA
| | - Heather R. Bookbinder
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA
| | - Justin G. Kennemur
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA
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5
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Pump E, Poater A, Bahri-Laleh N, Credendino R, Serra L, Scarano V, Cavallo L. Regio, stereo and chemoselectivity of 2nd generation Grubbs ruthenium-catalyzed olefin metathesis. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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6
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Su JK, Jin Z, Zhang R, Lu G, Liu P, Xia Y. Tuning the Reactivity of Cyclopropenes from Living Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) to Single-Addition and Alternating ROMP. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17771-17776. [PMID: 31571344 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) has become one of the most important living polymerizations. Cyclopropenes (CPEs) remain underexplored for ROMP. Described here is that the simple swap of 1-methyl to 1-phenyl on 1-(benzoyloxymethyl)CPEs elicited strikingly different modes of reactivity, switching from living polymerization to either selective single-addition or living alternating ROMP. The distinct reactivity stems from differences in steric repulsions at the Ru alkylidene after CPE ring opening. Possible olefin or oxygen chelation from ring-opened CPE substituents was also observed to significantly affect the rate of propagation. These results demonstrate the versatility of CPEs as a new class of monomers for ROMP, provide mechanistic insights for designing new monomers with rare single-addition reactivity, and generate a new functionalizable alternating copolymer scaffold with controlled molecular weight and low dispersity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Su
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zexin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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7
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Su JK, Jin Z, Zhang R, Lu G, Liu P, Xia Y. Tuning the Reactivity of Cyclopropenes from Living Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) to Single‐Addition and Alternating ROMP. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K. Su
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Zexin Jin
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
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8
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Gordon CP, Raynaud C, Andersen RA, Copéret C, Eisenstein O. Carbon-13 NMR Chemical Shift: A Descriptor for Electronic Structure and Reactivity of Organometallic Compounds. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2278-2289. [PMID: 31339693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Metal-bonded carbon atoms in metal-alkyl, metal-carbene/alkylidene, and metal-carbyne/alkylidyne species often show significantly more deshielded isotropic chemical shifts than their organic counterparts (alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes). While isotropic chemical shift is universally used to characterize a chemical compound in solution, it is an average value of the three principal components of the chemical shift tensor (δ11 > δ22 > δ33). The tensor components, which are accessible by solid-state NMR spectroscopy, can provide detailed information about the electronic structure (frontier molecular orbitals) at the observed nuclei. This information can be accessed in detail by quantum chemical calculations, most notably by an analysis of the paramagnetic contribution to the NMR shielding tensor. The paramagnetic term mainly results from the coupling of occupied and empty molecular orbitals close in energy-the frontier molecular orbitals-under the effect of the external magnetic field (B0). In organometallic compounds, a large deshielding of the isotropic carbon-13 chemical shift of the metal-bonded carbon atom is commonly related to the coupling between the occupied σM-C orbital and low-lying vacant orbitals of πM═C* character. The deshielding at the α-carbon hence probes the extent of σM-C and πM═C* interactions. This molecular orbital view readily explains the strong deshielding and large anisotropy (evidenced by the span Ω = δ11 - δ33) observed in metal alkylidenes and alkylidynes (200 < δiso < 400 ppm). Fischer carbenes are generally more deshielded than Schrock or Grubbs alkylidenes due to their low-lying πM═C* orbital. Chemical shift hence shows their higher electrophilic character, connecting NMR spectroscopy to reactivity patterns. Similarly, the α-carbon of metal-alkyls display deshielded chemical shifts in specific coordination environments. This deshielding, which is often prominently pronounced for cationic species, indicates the presence of partial π-bond character in the metal-carbon bond, making these bonds topologically equivalent to alkylidene π-bonds. The π-character in metal-alkyl bonds favors (i) α-H abstraction processes in metal bis-alkyl compounds yielding metal alkylidenes, (ii) [2 + 2]-retrocyclization of metallacyclobutanes that participate in olefin metathesis, (iii) olefin insertion in cationic metal alkyls thus explaining polymerization activity trends and the importance of α-H agostic interactions, and (iv) C-H bond activation on metal-alkyls via σ-bond metathesis. The presence of π-character in the metal-carbon bonds involved in these processes rationalizes the parallel reactivity patterns of metal-alkyls toward olefin insertion and σ-bond metathesis and the fact that σ-bond metathesis, olefin insertion, and olefin metathesis are commonly observed with metal atoms in the same ligand field. Because of the similarities in the frontier molecular orbitals involved in these processes, these reactions can be viewed as isolobal. This explains why certain fragments, such as bent metallocenes (d0 Cp2M) or T-shaped L3M, are ubiquitous in these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Gordon
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir Prelog Weg. 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Richard A. Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christophe Copéret
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir Prelog Weg. 1-5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Odile Eisenstein
- ICGM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.
Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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9
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Nowalk JA, Fang C, Short AL, Weiss RM, Swisher JH, Liu P, Meyer TY. Sequence-Controlled Polymers Through Entropy-Driven Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization: Theory, Molecular Weight Control, and Monomer Design. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5741-5752. [PMID: 30714723 PMCID: PMC6685222 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The bulk properties of a copolymer are directly affected by monomer sequence, yet efficient, scalable, and controllable syntheses of sequenced copolymers remain a defining challenge in polymer science. We have previously demonstrated, using polymers prepared by a step-growth synthesis, that hydrolytic degradation of poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid)s is dramatically affected by sequence. While much was learned, the step-growth mechanism gave no molecular weight control, unpredictable yields, and meager scalability. Herein, we describe the synthesis of closely related sequenced polyesters prepared by entropy-driven ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ED-ROMP) of strainless macromonomers with imbedded monomer sequences of lactic, glycolic, 6-hydroxy hexanoic, and syringic acids. The incorporation of ethylene glycol and metathesis linkers facilitated synthesis and provided the olefin functionality needed for ED-ROMP. Ring-closing to prepare the cyclic macromonomers was demonstrated using both ring-closing metathesis and macrolactonization reactions. Polymerization produced macromolecules with controlled molecular weights on a multigram scale. To further enhance molecular weight control, the macromonomers were prepared with cis-olefins in the metathesis-active segment. Under these selectivity-enhanced (SEED-ROMP) conditions, first-order kinetics and narrow dispersities were observed and the effect of catalyst initiation rate on the polymerization was investigated. Enhanced living character was further demonstrated through the preparation of block copolymers. Computational analysis suggested that the enhanced polymerization kinetics were due to the cis-macrocyclic olefin being less flexible and having a larger population of metathesis-reactive conformers. Although used for polyesters in this investigation, SEED-ROMP represents a general method for incorporation of sequenced segments into molecular weight-controlled polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Nowalk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Cheng Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Computational Modeling & Simulation Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260
| | - Amy L. Short
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ryan M. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jordan H. Swisher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Tara Yvonne Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, United States
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G. Harvey
- US Navy Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division (NAWCWD) Research Department Chemistry Division 93555 China Lake California USA
| | - Richard D. Ernst
- Inorganic Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Utah 84112 Salt Lake City Utah USA
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11
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Śliwa P, Kurleto K, Handzlik J, Rogalski S, Żak P, Wyrzykiewicz B, Pietraszuk C. Regioselectivity of Stoichiometric Metathesis of Vinylsilanes with Second-Generation Grubbs Catalyst: A Combined DFT and Experimental Study. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Śliwa
- Faculty
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Kurleto
- Faculty
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jarosław Handzlik
- Faculty
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Szymon Rogalski
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska
89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Patrycja Żak
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska
89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Bożena Wyrzykiewicz
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska
89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Cezary Pietraszuk
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska
89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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12
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Nelson DJ, Manzini S, Urbina-Blanco CA, Nolan SP. Key processes in ruthenium-catalysed olefin metathesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:10355-75. [PMID: 24931143 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02515f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While the fundamental series of [2+2]cycloadditions and retro[2+2]cycloadditions that make up the pathways of ruthenium-catalysed metathesis reactions is well-established, the exploration of mechanistic aspects of alkene metathesis continues. In this Feature Article, modern mechanistic studies of the alkene metathesis reaction, catalysed by well-defined ruthenium complexes, are discussed. Broadly, these concern the processes of pre-catalyst initiation, propagation and decomposition, which all have a considerable impact on the overall efficiency of metathesis reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Nelson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK.
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13
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14
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Remya PR, Suresh CH. Hypercoordinate β-carbon in Grubbs and Schrock olefin metathesis metallacycles. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:17660-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02801a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
From the analysis of structural, bond order, electron density and 13C NMR data of a large variety of ruthenacyclobutanes and tungstenacyclobutanes, we show that the Cβ of the metallacycle is pentacoordinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premaja R. Remya
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Trivandrum 695 019
- India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research
| | - Cherumuttathu H. Suresh
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Trivandrum 695 019
- India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research
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15
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Śliwa P, Handzlik J, Czeluśniak I. Alkynol polymerization catalysed by Grubbs-type and Hoveyda–Grubbs ruthenium alkylidene complexes: A computational study. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Cyclometalated Ruthenium Alkylidene Complexes: A Powerful Family of Z-Selective Olefin Metathesis Catalysts. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2014_76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Etienne M, Weller AS. Intramolecular C–C agostic complexes: C–C sigma interactions by another name. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:242-59. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60295h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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18
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Urbina-Blanco CA, Poater A, Lebl T, Manzini S, Slawin AMZ, Cavallo L, Nolan SP. The Activation Mechanism of Ru–Indenylidene Complexes in Olefin Metathesis. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:7073-9. [PMID: 23617632 DOI: 10.1021/ja402700p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- César A. Urbina-Blanco
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews,
Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional
i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, University of Girona, Campus de Montilivi sn, 17071 Girona, Catalonia,
Spain
| | - Tomas Lebl
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews,
Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Manzini
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews,
Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews,
Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Department of Chemistry
and
Biology, University of Salerno, Via Ponte
don Melillo, Fisciano I-84084, Italy
- KAUST Catalyst Center, Physical
Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews,
Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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19
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Martinez H, Miró P, Charbonneau P, Hillmyer MA, Cramer CJ. Selectivity in Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Z-Cyclooctenes Catalyzed by a Second-generation Grubbs Catalyst. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs300549u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and
Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Pere Miró
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and
Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Patrick Charbonneau
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and
Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and
Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and
Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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20
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Keitz BK, Endo K, Patel PR, Herbert MB, Grubbs RH. Improved ruthenium catalysts for Z-selective olefin metathesis. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:693-9. [PMID: 22097946 PMCID: PMC3257350 DOI: 10.1021/ja210225e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several new C-H-activated ruthenium catalysts for Z-selective olefin metathesis have been synthesized. Both the carboxylate ligand and the aryl group of the N-heterocyclic carbene have been altered and the resulting catalysts evaluated using a range of metathesis reactions. Substitution of bidentate with monodentate X-type ligands led to a severe attenuation of metathesis activity and selectivity, while minor differences were observed between bidentate ligands within the same family (e.g., carboxylates). The use of nitrato-type ligands in place of carboxylates afforded a significant improvement in metathesis activity and selectivity. With these catalysts, turnover numbers approaching 1000 were possible for a variety of cross-metathesis reactions, including the synthesis of industrially relevant products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paresma R. Patel
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125
| | - Myles B. Herbert
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125
| | - Robert H. Grubbs
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125
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21
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Thiel V, Hendann M, Wannowius KJ, Plenio H. On the Mechanism of the Initiation Reaction in Grubbs–Hoveyda Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:1104-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ja208967h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Thiel
- Organometallic Chemistry, FB Chemie, Petersenstr. 18, 64287 Darmstadt, TU Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marina Hendann
- Organometallic Chemistry, FB Chemie, Petersenstr. 18, 64287 Darmstadt, TU Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Klaus-Jürgen Wannowius
- Organometallic Chemistry, FB Chemie, Petersenstr. 18, 64287 Darmstadt, TU Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Herbert Plenio
- Organometallic Chemistry, FB Chemie, Petersenstr. 18, 64287 Darmstadt, TU Darmstadt, Germany
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Keitz BK, Grubbs RH. Probing the origin of degenerate metathesis selectivity via characterization and dynamics of ruthenacyclobutanes containing variable NHCs. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:16277-84. [PMID: 21919449 DOI: 10.1021/ja207252r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of new phosphonium alkylidene ruthenium metathesis catalysts containing N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) that result in a preference for degenerate metathesis is described. The reaction of the catalysts with ethylene or substrates relevant to ring-closing metathesis (RCM) produced ruthenacyclobutanes that could be characterized by cryogenic NMR spectroscopy. The rate of α/β methylene exchange in ethylene-only ruthenacycles was found to vary widely between ruthenacycles, in some cases being as low as 3.97 s(-1) at -30 °C, suggesting that the NHC plays an important role in degenerative metathesis reactions. Attempts to generate RCM-relevant ruthenacycles resulted in the low-yielding formation of a previously unobserved species, which we assign to be a β-alkyl-substituted ruthenacycle. Kinetic investigations of the RCM-relevant ruthenacycles in the presence of excess ethylene revealed a large increase in the kinetic barrier of the rate-limiting dissociation of the cyclopentene RCM product compared with previously investigated catalysts. Taken together, these results shed light on the degenerate/productive selectivity differences observed for different metathesis catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K Keitz
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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23
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Costabile C, Mariconda A, Cavallo L, Longo P, Bertolasi V, Ragone F, Grisi F. The Pivotal Role of Symmetry in the Ruthenium-Catalyzed Ring-Closing Metathesis of Olefins. Chemistry 2011; 17:8618-29. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Gallenkamp D, Fürstner A. Stereoselective Synthesis of E,Z-Configured 1,3-Dienes by Ring-Closing Metathesis. Application to the Total Synthesis of Lactimidomycin. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:9232-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2031085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gallenkamp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
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25
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Wenzel AG, Blake G, VanderVelde DG, Grubbs RH. Characterization and dynamics of substituted ruthenacyclobutanes relevant to the olefin cross-metathesis reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:6429-39. [PMID: 21452876 PMCID: PMC3083245 DOI: 10.1021/ja2009746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of the phosphonium alkylidene [(H(2)IMes)RuCl(2)=CHP(Cy)(3))](+) BF(4)(-) with propene, 1-butene, and 1-hexene at -45 °C affords various substituted, metathesis-active ruthenacycles. These metallacycles were found to equilibrate over extended reaction times in response to decreases in ethylene concentrations, which favored increased populations of α-monosubstituted and α,α'-disubstituted (both cis and trans) ruthenacycles. On an NMR time scale, rapid chemical exchange was found to preferentially occur between the β-hydrogens of the cis and trans stereoisomers prior to olefin exchange. Exchange on an NMR time scale was also observed between the α- and β-methylene groups of the monosubstituted ruthenacycle (H(2)IMes)Cl(2)Ru(CHRCH(2)CH(2)) (R = CH(3), CH(2)CH(3), (CH(2))(3)CH(3)). EXSY NMR experiments at -87 °C were used to determine the activation energies for both of these exchange processes. In addition, new methods have been developed for the direct preparation of metathesis-active ruthenacyclobutanes via the protonolysis of dichloro(1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene)(benzylidene) bis(pyridine)ruthenium(II) and its 3-bromopyridine analogue. Using either trifluoroacetic acid or silica-bound toluenesulfonic acid as the proton source, the ethylene-derived ruthenacyclobutane (H(2)IMes)Cl(2)Ru(CH(2)CH(2)CH(2)) was observed in up to 98% yield via NMR at -40 °C. On the basis of these studies, mechanisms accounting for the positional and stereochemical exchange within ruthenacyclobutanes are proposed, as well as the implications of these dynamics toward olefin metathesis catalyst and reaction design are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G Wenzel
- Joint Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Claremont, California 91711, USA.
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26
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Bahri-Laleh N, Credendino R, Cavallo L. The intriguing modeling of cis-trans selectivity in ruthenium-catalyzed olefin metathesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:40-5. [PMID: 21286393 PMCID: PMC3028549 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we have investigated computationally the origin of the cis–trans selectivity in the Ru-catalyzed cross metathesis (CM) of a prototype monosubstituted olefin, i.e., propene. Our calculations suggest that the origin of the preferential formation of trans-olefins is in the product release step, which prevents the initially formed cis-olefin from escaping the metal, and returns it to the reaction pool until the trans-olefin is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeimeh Bahri-Laleh
- MoLNaC - Modeling Lab for Nanostructures and Catalysis (http://www.molnac.unisa.it), Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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27
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Credendino R, Poater A, Ragone F, Cavallo L. A computational perspective of olefins metathesis catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbene ruthenium (pre)catalysts. Catal Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cy00052g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Poater A, Ragone F, Correa A, Cavallo L. Comparison of different ruthenium–alkylidene bonds in the activation step with N-heterocyclic carbene Ru-catalysts for olefins metathesis. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:11066-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10959f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Aljarilla A, López JC, Plumet J. Metathesis Reactions of Carbohydrates: Recent Highlights in Cross‐Metathesis. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Aljarilla
- Universidad Complutense, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Fax: +34‐913944103
| | - J. Cristóbal López
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Plumet
- Universidad Complutense, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Fax: +34‐913944103
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30
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Vorfalt T, Wannowius KJ, Plenio H. Probing the Mechanism of Olefin Metathesis in Grubbs-Hoveyda and Grela Type Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:5533-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Vorfalt T, Wannowius KJ, Plenio H. Probing the Mechanism of Olefin Metathesis in Grubbs-Hoveyda and Grela Type Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201000581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Suresh CH, Frenking G. Direct 1−3 Metal−Carbon Bonding and Planar Tetracoordinated Carbon in Group 6 Metallacyclobutadienes. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100260p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cherumuttathu H. Suresh
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität
Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
- Computational Modeling and Simulation Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität
Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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33
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van der Eide EF, Piers WE. Mechanistic insights into the ruthenium-catalysed diene ring-closing metathesis reaction. Nat Chem 2010; 2:571-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin F van der Eide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4 Canada
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34
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2008. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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35
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Scheins S, Messerschmidt M, Gembicky M, Pitak M, Volkov A, Coppens P, Harvey BG, Turpin GC, Arif AM, Ernst RD. Charge Density Analysis of the (C−C)→Ti Agostic Interactions in a Titanacyclobutane Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:6154-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ja807649k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Scheins
- Department of Chemistry, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37132, and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Marc Messerschmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37132, and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Milan Gembicky
- Department of Chemistry, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37132, and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Mateusz Pitak
- Department of Chemistry, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37132, and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Anatoliy Volkov
- Department of Chemistry, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37132, and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Philip Coppens
- Department of Chemistry, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37132, and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Benjamin G. Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37132, and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Gregory C. Turpin
- Department of Chemistry, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37132, and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Atta M. Arif
- Department of Chemistry, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37132, and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Richard D. Ernst
- Department of Chemistry, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, Tennessee 37132, and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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