1
|
Abstract
Metallocenes with interlinked cyclopentadienide ligands are commonly referred to as ansa-metallocenes or metallocenophanes. These can have drastically different properties than their unbridged parent compounds. While this concept is best known for transition metals such as iron, it can also be adopted for many main-group elements. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the field of metallocenophanes based on main-group elements of group 2, group 13, group 14 and group 15, focusing on synthesis, structure and properties of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wirtz
- Faculty of Natural Science and TechnologyDepartment of ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - André Schäfer
- Faculty of Natural Science and TechnologyDepartment of ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken66123SaarbrückenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li H, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Alkaline Earth Metallocenes Coordinated with Ester Pendants: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Application in Metathesis Reactions. Chemistry 2013; 19:12859-66. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
3
|
|
4
|
Estephane J, Groppo E, Vitillo JG, Damin A, Lamberti C, Bordiga S, Zecchina A. Chromocene in porous polystyrene: an example of organometallic chemistry in confined spaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:2218-27. [DOI: 10.1039/b814109f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
5
|
Shapiro PJ, Sinnema PJ, Perrotin P, Budzelaar PHM, Weihe H, Twamley B, Zehnder RA, Nairn JJ. Ring-Borylated 15-Electron and 17-Electronansa-Chromocene Complexes, their Physical Properties and Molecular Structures. Chemistry 2007; 13:6212-22. [PMID: 17506047 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A detailed study of the thermal decomposition of the zwitterionic, ring-borylated ansa-chromocene hydrido carbonyl complex [Cr(CO)H{Me(4)C(2)(C(5)H(4))[C(5)H(3)B(C(6)F(5))(3)]}] (2) is described. This complex is formed in the reaction between [Cr(CO){Me(4)C(2)(C(5)H(4))(2)}] (1) and B(C(6)F(5))(3) in toluene at -78 degrees C. Above -25 degrees C, 2 decomposes to a 50:50 mixture of the low-spin, 17e Cr(III) complexes [Cr(CO){Me(4)C(2)(C(5)H(4))[C(5)H(3)B(C(6)F(5))(3)]}] (3b) and [Cr(CO){Me(4)C(2)(C(5)H(4))(2)}][HB(C(6)F(5))(3)] (4). Carbon monoxide elimination from 3 b generates high-spin, 15 e [Cr{Me(4)C(2)(C(5)H(4))[C(5)H(3)B(C(6)F(5))(3)]}] (3a), which coordinates two other electron-donating ligands, such as xylyl isocyanide, PMe3, and PPh(2)Me to form the low-spin, 17 e electron complexes 3c, 3d, and 3e, respectively. High-spin, 15 e [Cr{Me(4)C(2)(C(5)H(4))(2)}][HB(C(6)F(5))(3)] (5) is generated by heating 3 b in toluene at 100 degrees C and periodically removing the evolved CO. Efforts to isolate more than a few X-ray quality crystals of 5 were thwarted by its tendency to form an insoluble precipitate (6) with the same molecular formula. Heating the solution of 5 at 120 degrees C results in its partial conversion (ca. 28 %) to 3a, thereby allowing the formation of 3a in yields as high as 74 % from the reaction between 1 and B(C(6)F(5))(3). The X-ray crystal structures of 3 b-e and 5 are described. Cyclic voltammetry measurements on 3 a-e reveal a dramatic reduction in the redox potentials of the complexes relative to their non-borylated analogues. DFT calculations show that this is due primarily to electrostatic stabilization of the oxidized species by the negatively charged borylate group. EPR and 19F NMR spectroscopy allow 3a to be distinguished from its Lewis base adducts 3 b-e and reveal the relative affinities of different Lewis bases for the chromium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Shapiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Braunschweig H, Kupfer T, Lutz M, Radacki K. Ansa [1]Trochrocenophanes and Their Related Unstrained 1,1‘-Disubstituted Counterparts: Synthesis and Electronic Structure. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:8893-906. [PMID: 17592847 DOI: 10.1021/ja0724947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The heteroleptic sandwich complex [Cr(eta(5)-C5H5)(eta(7)-C7H7)] (trochrocene) was prepared by subsequent treatment of CrCl3 with NaCp and Mg in the presence of cycloheptatriene in yields of 40%. Selective dimetalation employing tBuLi/tmeda (N, N, N', N'-tetramethylethylenediamine) afforded the highly reactive species [Cr(eta(5)-C5H4Li)(eta(7)-C7H6Li)] x tmeda. An X-ray crystal-structure determination of its thf solvate revealed a symmetrical, dimeric composition in the solid state, that is, a formula of [Cr(eta(5)-C5H4Li)(eta(7)-C7H6Li)]2 x (thf)8, where the C5H4 moieties of both units are connected by two bridging lithium atoms. Addition of different element dihalides to the dilithio precursor facilitated the isolation of ansa complexes with boron and germanium in the bridging position. Structural characterization by X-ray diffraction studies on [Cr(eta(5)-C5H4)-BN(SiMe3)2-(eta(7)-C7H6)] and [Cr(eta(5)-C5H4)-GeMe2-(eta(7)-C7H6)] emphasized the strained character with tilt angles of 23.87(13) degrees and 15.07(17) degrees , respectively. In contrast, the isolation of the appropriate [1]stannatrochrocenophane failed because of the thermal lability of the resulting product. However, the corresponding 1,1'-disubstitued derivatives [Cr(eta(5)-C5H4R)(eta(7)-C7H6R)] (R = B(Cl)NiPr2, SiMe3, GeMe3, SnMe3) were obtained by reverse addition of the dilithio precursor to an excess of the element (di)halide. The unstrained nature was proven by a crystal structure analysis of the 1,1'-diborylated species. The electronic structure of these substituted trochrocene derivatives, as well as of the [2]bora and [n]sila congeners (n = 1, 2), was investigated by means of UV-vis spectroscopy and DFT methods. As a consequence of the strong electronic influence of the B-N pi-system on the LUMOs, the UV-vis studies revealed a complementary correlation of the lowest energy band maxima as a function of molecular distortion for the boron containing species on the one hand, and the boron-free compounds on the other hand. These trends were reproduced fairly well by time dependent DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Perrotin P, Shapiro PJ, Williams M, Twamley B. In Search of a Versatile Pathway to ansa-Chromocene Complexes. Synthesis and Characterization of the Highly Unstable ansa-Chromocene Carbonyl Complex Me2C(C5H4)2CrCO. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om061136u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Perrotin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| | - Pamela J. Shapiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| | - Mark Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| | - Brendan Twamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Perrotin P, Sinnema PJ, Shapiro PJ. A New, Convenient Method for Labeling Cyclopentadienyl Ligands with Deuterium. Organometallics 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/om050976q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Piet-Jan Sinnema
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shapiro PJ, Zehnder R, Foo DM, Perrotin P, Budzelaar PHM, Leitch S, Twamley B. ansa-Chromocene Complexes. 2. Isocyanide Derivatives of Cr(II) and Cr(III), Their Syntheses, X-ray Crystal Structures, and Physical Properties. Organometallics 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/om050710j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Shapiro
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ralph Zehnder
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - David M. Foo
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Philippe Perrotin
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Peter H. M. Budzelaar
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Sharon Leitch
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Brendan Twamley
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Structure–reactivity correlations in new W(IV) and Nb(IV) silicon-bridged ansa-metallocene hydrides. Polyhedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2005.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
Tamm M, Kunst A, Bannenberg T, Herdtweck E, Schmid R. Cycloheptatrienyl−Cyclopentadienyl−Zirconium Sandwich Complexes: Structure and Bonding. Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om050192c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Tamm
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany, and Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II, Organometallics and Materials Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Kunst
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany, and Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II, Organometallics and Materials Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Bannenberg
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany, and Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II, Organometallics and Materials Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Eberhardt Herdtweck
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany, and Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II, Organometallics and Materials Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Rochus Schmid
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany, and Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II, Organometallics and Materials Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tamm M, Kunst A, Bannenberg T, Herdtweck E, Sirsch P, Elsevier CJ, Ernsting JM. Ansa-Cycloheptatrienyl-Cyclopentadienyl Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 43:5530-4. [PMID: 15484238 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200460538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Tamm
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tamm M, Kunst A, Bannenberg T, Herdtweck E, Sirsch P, Elsevier CJ, Ernsting JM. Ansa-Cycloheptatrienyl-Cyclopentadienyl Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200460538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
14
|
Schaper F, Wrobel O, Schwörer R, Brintzinger HH. Me2Si(C5Me4)2Cr: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Ligand-Free ansa-Chromocene. Organometallics 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/om049901x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schaper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, and Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Olaf Wrobel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, and Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ralf Schwörer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, and Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Hans-Herbert Brintzinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, and Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sinnema PJ, Shapiro PJ, Höhn B, Twamley B. Calcium-mediated fulvene couplings. 3. Reductive coupling of guaiazulene with activated calcium to give a mixture of 8,6′ and 8,8′ (diguaiazulenide)calcium isomers. Thermal rearrangement of the 8,6′ isomer to the 8,8′ isomer and X-ray crystal structure of the 8,8′ isomer. J Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(03)00310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
Sinnema PJ, Shapiro PJ, Foo DMJ, Twamley B. Zwitterionic ring-borylated ansa-chromocene complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:10996-7. [PMID: 12224944 DOI: 10.1021/ja026633q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ring borylation of [Me4C2(eta5-C5H4)2CrCO] by B(C6F5)3 affords the zwitterionic complex {Me4(eta5-C5H4)(eta5-C4H3B(C6F5)3)}CrH(CO) (1), the first structurally characterized bent-metallocene complex of Cr(4+). This species decomposes thermally to the zwitterionic species {Me4(eta5-C5H4)(eta5-C4H3B(C6F5)3)}Cr (2) and the ionic species [Me4C2(eta5-C5H4)2CrCO][HB(C6F5)3] (3). The molecular structure of 2 is also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piet-Jan Sinnema
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shapiro PJ. The evolution of the ansa-bridge and its effect on the scope of metallocene chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0010-8545(02)00114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
18
|
Hanusa TP. New Developments in the Cyclopentadienyl Chemistry of the Alkaline-Earth Metals. Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om020168o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Foo DMJ, Sinnema PJ, Twamley B, Shapiro PJ. Isolation of a Stable ansa-Chromocene(III) Carbonyl Cation and Characterization of a Transient, Cationic ansa-Chromocene(IV) Carbonyl Hydride. Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om011066l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. J. Foo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| | - Piet-Jan Sinnema
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| | - Brendan Twamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| | - Pamela J. Shapiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sinnema PJ, Höhn B, Hubbard RL, Shapiro PJ, Twamley B, Blumenfeld A, Vij A. Calcium-Mediated Fulvene Couplings. 2. Survey of 6-Aryl- and 6-Alkylfulvenes for Their rac Selectivity in the Synthesis of ansa-Calcocenes. Organometallics 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/om010614s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piet-Jan Sinnema
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| | - Britta Höhn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| | - Robert L. Hubbard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| | - Pamela J. Shapiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| | - Brendan Twamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| | | | - Ashwani Vij
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Affiliation(s)
- Bun Yeoul Lee
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, and Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea
| | - Xianhui Bu
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, and Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, and Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sinnema PJ, Shapiro PJ, Höhn B, Bitterwolf TE, Twamley B. Calcium-Mediated Fulvene Couplings. 1. A Survey of 6,6-Dialkylfulvenes for the Formation of Bridged and Unbridged Calcocenes. Organometallics 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/om001091b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piet-Jan Sinnema
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| | - Pamela J. Shapiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| | - Britta Höhn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| | | | - Brendan Twamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bazan GC, Rogers JS, Fang CC. Catalytic Insertion of Ethylene into Al−C Bonds with Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl−Chromium(III) Complexes. Organometallics 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/om001048o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo C. Bazan
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Jonathan S. Rogers
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Cindy C. Fang
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tacke M, Fox S, Cuffe L, Dunne J, Hartl F, Mahabiersing T. A study of the reduction of substituted fulvenes using spectro-electrochemistry and ab initio theory. J Mol Struct 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(00)00710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|