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Mei H, Wang N, Wu D, Rong Q, Bai X, Huang X, Zhou L, Wang T, Hao H. Novel Pharmaceutical Cocrystals of Tegafur: Synthesis, Performance, and Theoretical Studies. Pharm Res 2024; 41:577-593. [PMID: 38291166 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tegafur (TF) is one of the most important clinical antitumor drugs with poor water solubility, severely reducing its bioavailability. This work develops new cocrystals to improve the solubility of TF and systematically investigates the intermolecular interactions to provide new insights into the formation of cocrystal and changes in physicochemical properties. METHOD In this paper, two new 1:1 cocrystals of TF with 2,4 dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4HBA) and p-nitrophenol (PNP) were synthesized. The cocrystal products were identified and characterized by various solid state analysis techniques. And the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was conducted to determine the solubility and dissolution rate of TF and cocrystals. Moreover, the quantum chemistry calculations of crystal structure provided theoretical support for the results. RESULT Compared with pure TF, the solubility and dissolution rate of TF-2,4HBA is significantly increased in a pH 6.8 buffer at 37°C. Under accelerated storage conditions (40°C, 75% RH), all cocrystal exhibits excellent stability over 8 weeks. Hirshfeld surface (HS) analysis, atoms in molecules (AIM) analysis, interaction region indicator (IRI) analysis, molecular electrostatic potential surface (MEPS) analysis and frontier molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) analysis were integrated to understand the hydrogen bonding interaction more comprehensively. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The results show that the analysis of physical and chemical properties of TF-PNP cocrystal and TF crystal by quantum chemistry method is reliable at molecular level. CONCLUSION These results are helpful to provide guiding methods in the cocrystal development and theoretical study of tegafur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Mei
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Di Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Rong
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Bai
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxun Hao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Chatterjee S, Ta S, Khanra S, Das D. Mo(vi) complexes of amide-imine conjugates for tuning the selectivity of fluorescence recognition of Y(iii) vs. Pb(ii). RSC Adv 2022; 12:33293-33303. [PMID: 36425161 PMCID: PMC9677438 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06035c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Two amide-imine conjugates, viz. 3-methyl-benzoic acid (4-diethylamino-2-hydroxy-benzylidene)-hydrazide (L1) and 3-methyl-benzoic acid (2-hydroxy-naphthalen-1-ylmethylene)-hydrazide (L2), have been prepared and used for a further synthesis of Mo(vi) complexes (M1 and M2, respectively). Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed their structures. Interestingly, M1 selectively recognizes Y3+ and Pb2+ at two different wavelengths, whereas M2 selectively interacts with Y3+ with a significantly high binding constant, 1.3 × 105 M-1. The proposed sensing mechanism involves the displacement of Mo(vi) by Y3+/Pb2+ from respective Mo(vi) complexes. The TCSPC experiment also substantiates the "turn-on" fluorescence process. A logic gate has been constructed utilizing the fluorescence recognition of cations by M1. DFT studies corroborated the cation-probe interactions and allowed exploring the orbital energy parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 W.B. India +91-342-2530452 +91-342-2533913, ext. 424
| | - Sabyasachi Ta
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 W.B. India +91-342-2530452 +91-342-2533913, ext. 424
| | - Somnath Khanra
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 W.B. India +91-342-2530452 +91-342-2533913, ext. 424
| | - Debasis Das
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 W.B. India +91-342-2530452 +91-342-2533913, ext. 424
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3
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Faust Akl D, Poier D, D'Angelo SC, Araújo TP, Tulus V, Safonova OV, Mitchell S, Marti R, Guillén-Gosálbez G, Pérez-Ramírez J. Assessing the environmental benefit of palladium-based single-atom heterogeneous catalysts for Sonogashira coupling. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2022; 24:6879-6888. [PMID: 36276229 PMCID: PMC9487187 DOI: 10.1039/d2gc01853e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Pd-Cu catalysed Sonogashira coupling of terminal alkynes and aryl halides is a cornerstone synthetic strategy for C-C bond formation. Homogeneous organometallic systems conventionally applied are typically not reusable and require efficient downstream Pd removal steps for product purification, making it challenging to fully recover the precious metal. A holistic cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) unveils that process footprint can be improved up to two orders of magnitude from repeated catalyst reuse. New classes of heterogeneous catalysts based on isolated metal atoms (single-atom catalysts, SACs) demonstrate promising potential to synergise the benefits of solid and molecular catalysts for efficient Pd utilisation. Here we show that using Pd atoms anchored on nitrogen-doped carbon permits full recovery of the metal and reuse of the catalyst over multiple cycles. A hybrid process using the Pd-SAC with a homogeneous CuI cocatalyst is more effective than a fully heterogeneous analogue based on a bimetallic Pd-Cu SAC, which deactivates severely due to copper leaching. In some scenarios, the LCA-based metrics demonstrate the footprint of the hybrid homogeneous-heterogeneous catalytic process is leaner than the purely homogeneous counterpart already upon single reuse. Combining LCA with experimental evaluation will be a useful guide to the implementation of solid, reusable catalysts for sustainable organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Faust Akl
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - D Poier
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland Fribourg Boulevard de Pérolles 80 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - S C D'Angelo
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - T P Araújo
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - V Tulus
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - O V Safonova
- Paul-Scherrer Institute Forschungsstrasse 111 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - S Mitchell
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - R Marti
- Institute of Chemical Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland Fribourg Boulevard de Pérolles 80 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - G Guillén-Gosálbez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - J Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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Valentini F, Ferlin F, Tomarelli E, Mahmoudi H, Bagherzadeh M, Calamante M, Vaccaro L. A Waste-Minimized Approach to Cassar-Heck Reaction Based on POLITAG-Pd 0 Heterogeneous Catalyst and Recoverable Acetonitrile Azeotrope. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3359-3366. [PMID: 34240814 PMCID: PMC8457221 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Three different Pd0 -based heterogeneous catalysts were developed and tested in the Cassar-Heck reaction (i. e., copper-free Sonogashira reaction) aiming at the definition of a waste minimized protocol. The cross-linked polymeric supports used in this investigation were designed to be adequate for different reaction media and were decorated with different pincer-type ionic ligands having the role of stabilizing the formation and dimension of palladium nanoparticles. Among the ionic tags tested, bis-imidazolium showed the best performances in terms of efficiency and durability of the metal catalytic system. Eventually, aqueous acetonitrile azeotrope was selected as the reaction medium as it allowed the best catalytic efficiency combined with easy recovery and reuse. Finally, the synergy between the selected catalyst and reaction medium allowed to obtain highly satisfactory isolated yields of a variety of substrates while using a low amount of metal catalyst. The high performance of the designed POLymeric Ionic TAG (POLITAG)-Pd0 , along with its good selectivity achieved in a copper-free process, also led to a simplified purification procedure allowing the minimization of the waste generated as also proven by the very low E-factor values (1.4-5) associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Valentini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
| | - Francesco Ferlin
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
| | - Elena Tomarelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
| | - Hamed Mahmoudi
- Chemistry DepartmentSharif University of TechnologyTehran P.O Box11155 3615Iran
| | - Mojtaba Bagherzadeh
- Chemistry DepartmentSharif University of TechnologyTehran P.O Box11155 3615Iran
| | - Massimo Calamante
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM)Via Madonna del Piano 1050019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
- Department of Chemistry“U. Schiff”University of FlorenceVia della Lastruccia 1350019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e BiotecnologieUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto, 806124PerugiaItaly
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5
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Fantoni T, Bernardoni S, Mattellone A, Martelli G, Ferrazzano L, Cantelmi P, Corbisiero D, Tolomelli A, Cabri W, Vacondio F, Ferlenghi F, Mor M, Ricci A. Palladium Catalyst Recycling for Heck-Cassar-Sonogashira Cross-Coupling Reactions in Green Solvent/Base Blend. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2591-2600. [PMID: 33905170 PMCID: PMC8251985 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The identification of a green, versatile, user-friendly, and efficient methodology is necessary to facilitate the use of Heck-Cassar-Sonogashira (HCS) cross-coupling reaction in drug discovery and industrial production in the pharmaceutical segment. The Heck-Cassar and Sonogashira protocols, using N-hydroxyethylpyrrolidone (HEP)/water/N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl guanidine (TMG) as green solvent/base mixture and sulfonated phosphine ligands, allowed to recycle the catalyst, always guaranteeing high yields and fast conversion under mild conditions, with aryl iodides, bromides, and triflates. No catalyst leakage or metal contamination of the final product were observed during the HCS recycling. To our knowledge, a turnover number (TON) up to 2375, a turnover frequency (TOF) of 158 h-1 , and a process mass intensity (PMI) around 7 that decreased around 3 after solvent, base, and palladium recovery, represent one of the best results to date using a sustainable protocol. The Heck-Cassar protocol using sSPhos was successfully applied to the telescoped synthesis of Erlotinib (TON: 1380; TOF: 46 h-1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Fantoni
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician Alma Mater StudiorumUniversity of BolognaVia Selmi 240136BolognaItaly
| | - Sara Bernardoni
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician Alma Mater StudiorumUniversity of BolognaVia Selmi 240136BolognaItaly
| | - Alexia Mattellone
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician Alma Mater StudiorumUniversity of BolognaVia Selmi 240136BolognaItaly
| | - Giulia Martelli
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician Alma Mater StudiorumUniversity of BolognaVia Selmi 240136BolognaItaly
| | - Lucia Ferrazzano
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician Alma Mater StudiorumUniversity of BolognaVia Selmi 240136BolognaItaly
| | - Paolo Cantelmi
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician Alma Mater StudiorumUniversity of BolognaVia Selmi 240136BolognaItaly
| | - Dario Corbisiero
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician Alma Mater StudiorumUniversity of BolognaVia Selmi 240136BolognaItaly
| | - Alessandra Tolomelli
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician Alma Mater StudiorumUniversity of BolognaVia Selmi 240136BolognaItaly
| | - Walter Cabri
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician Alma Mater StudiorumUniversity of BolognaVia Selmi 240136BolognaItaly
| | - Federica Vacondio
- Department of Food and Drug SciencesUniversity of ParmaParco Area delle Scienze 27/a43124-ParmaItaly
| | - Francesca Ferlenghi
- Department of Food and Drug SciencesUniversity of ParmaParco Area delle Scienze 27/a43124-ParmaItaly
| | - Marco Mor
- Department of Food and Drug SciencesUniversity of ParmaParco Area delle Scienze 27/a43124-ParmaItaly
| | - Antonio Ricci
- Innovation and DevelopmentFresenius kabi iPsumvia San Leonardo 2345010Villadose (RO)Italy
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Rahman H, Hossain MR, Ferdous T. The recent advancement of low-dimensional nanostructured materials for drug delivery and drug sensing application: A brief review. J Mol Liq 2020; 320:114427. [PMID: 33012931 PMCID: PMC7525470 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, we have presented a detailed analysis of the recent advancement of quantum mechanical calculations in the applications of the low-dimensional nanomaterials (LDNs) into biomedical fields like biosensors and drug delivery systems development. Biosensors play an essential role for many communities, e.g. law enforcing agencies to sense illicit drugs, medical communities to remove overdosed medications from the human and animal body etc. Besides, drug delivery systems are theoretically being proposed for many years and experimentally found to deliver the drug to the targeted sites by reducing the harmful side effects significantly. In current COVID-19 pandemic, biosensors can play significant roles, e.g. to remove experimental drugs during the human trials if they show any unwanted adverse effect etc. where the drug delivery systems can be potentially applied to reduce the side effects. But before proceeding to these noble and expensive translational research works, advanced theoretical calculations can provide the possible outcomes with considerable accuracy. Hence in this review article, we have analyzed how theoretical calculations can be used to investigate LDNs as potential biosensor devices or drug delivery systems. We have also made a very brief discussion on the properties of biosensors or drug delivery systems which should be investigated for the biomedical applications and how to calculate them theoretically. Finally, we have made a detailed analysis of a large number of recently published research works where theoretical calculations were used to propose different LDNs for bio-sensing and drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidur Rahman
- Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rakib Hossain
- Department of Physics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Ferdous
- Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
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Martek BA, Gazvoda M, Urankar D, Košmrlj J. Designing Homogeneous Copper-Free Sonogashira Reaction through a Prism of Pd-Pd Transmetalation. Org Lett 2020; 22:4938-4943. [PMID: 32379458 PMCID: PMC7341530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Simultaneous introduction
of two different palladium (pre)catalysts,
one tuned to promote oxidative addition to (hetero)aryl bromide and
another to activate terminal alkyne substrate, leads to productive
Pd–Pd transmetalation, subsequent reductive elimination, and
formation of disubstituted alkyne. This conceptually novel rational
design of copper-free Sonogashira reaction enabled facile identification
of the reaction conditions, suitable for the synthesis of alkyl, aryl,
and heteroaryl substituted alkynes at room temperature with as low
as 0.125 mol % total Pd loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A Martek
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Gazvoda
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijana Urankar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Košmrlj
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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8
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Yu YM, Yu MC, Wang LY, Li YT, Wu ZY, Yan CW. A supramolecular adduct of tegafur and syringic acid: the first tegafur-nutraceutical cocrystal with perfected in vitro and in vivo characteristics as well as synergized anticancer activities. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03033c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo properties as well as synergistic antitumor activities of the first tegafur-nutraceutical cocrystal are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ming Yu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy and College of Marine Life Science
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Ming-Chao Yu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy and College of Marine Life Science
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Ling-Yang Wang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy and College of Marine Life Science
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Yan-Tuan Li
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy and College of Marine Life Science
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts
| | - Zhi-Yong Wu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy and College of Marine Life Science
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Cui-Wei Yan
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy and College of Marine Life Science
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
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9
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Halogenating Enzymes for Active Agent Synthesis: First Steps Are Done and Many Have to Follow. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24214008. [PMID: 31694313 PMCID: PMC6864650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24214008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Halogens can be very important for active agents as vital parts of their binding mode, on the one hand, but are on the other hand instrumental in the synthesis of most active agents. However, the primary halogenating compound is molecular chlorine which has two major drawbacks, high energy consumption and hazardous handling. Nature bypassed molecular halogens and evolved at least six halogenating enzymes: Three kind of haloperoxidases, flavin-dependent halogenases as well as α-ketoglutarate and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent halogenases. This review shows what is known today on these enzymes in terms of biocatalytic usage. The reader may understand this review as a plea for the usage of halogenating enzymes for fine chemical syntheses, but there are many steps to take until halogenating enzymes are reliable, flexible, and sustainable catalysts for halogenation.
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Kollár L, Varga MG, Dörnyei Á, Takács A. Functionalisation of the uracil ring via palladium-catalysed aminocarbonylation. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Slack ED, Tancini PD, Colacot TJ. Process Economics and Atom Economy for Industrial Cross Coupling Applications via LnPd(0)-Based Catalysts. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2019_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Ghosh M, Ta S, Banerjee M, Das D. Metal-Ion Displacement Approach for Optical Recognition of Thorium: Application of a Molybdenum(VI) Complex for Nanomolar Determination and Enrichment of Th(IV). ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:16089-16098. [PMID: 31458246 PMCID: PMC6643418 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An azine-based molybdenum (Mo(VI)) complex (M1) is exploited for selective detection of thorium (Th(IV)) ions through a metal-ion displacement protocol. Th(IV) displaces Mo(VI) from M1 instantly leading to the formation of the Th(IV) complex, having orange-red emission. Consequently, a red shift of the emission wavelength along with 41-fold fluorescence enhancement is observed. This unique method allows detection of Th(IV) as low as 1.5 × 10-9 M. The displacement of Mo(VI) from M1 by Th(IV) is established by spectroscopic studies and kinetically followed by the stopped-flow technique. The displacement binding constant for Th(IV) is notably strong, 4.59 × 106 M-1. Extraction of Th(IV) from aqueous solution to the ethyl acetate medium using M1 has been achieved. The silica-immobilized M1 efficiently enriches Th(IV) from its reservoir through solid-phase extraction. Computational studies (density functional theory) support experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Debasis Das
- E-mail: . Phone: +91-342-2533913. Fax: +91-342-2530452 (D.D.)
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Garcia RAG, Saydoff JA, Bamat MK, von Borstel RW. Prompt treatment with uridine triacetate improves survival and reduces toxicity due to fluorouracil and capecitabine overdose or dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 353:67-73. [PMID: 29908244 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Uridine triacetate has been shown to be an effective antidote against mortality and toxicity caused by either overdoses or exaggerated susceptibility to the widely used anticancer agents 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and capecitabine. However, a direct assessment of efficacy based on when emergency treatment was initiated was not clinically feasible. In this study we used mouse models of 5-FU overdose and of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency to compare the efficacy of uridine triacetate in reducing toxicity and mortality when treatment was initiated at time points from 4 to 144 h after administration of 5-FU. We found that uridine triacetate was effective both in the 5-FU overdose and DPD deficiency models. Starting treatment within 24 h was most effective at reducing toxicity and mortality in both models, while treatment starting more than 96 to 120 h after 5-FU was far less effective. Uridine triacetate also reduced mortality in the DPD deficiency model when mice were treated with the 5-FU prodrug capecitabine. The results of this study are supportive of clinical observations and practice, indicating that efficacy declined progressively with later and later treatment initiation. Prompt treatment with uridine triacetate, within 24 h, conferred the greatest protection against 5-FU overexposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando A G Garcia
- Discovery Research, Wellstat Therapeutics, Rockville, MD, United States.
| | - Joel A Saydoff
- Currently at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Michael K Bamat
- Research and Development, Wellstat Therapeutics, Rockville, MD, United States
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Shahabi M, Raissi H. Screening of the structural, topological, and electronic properties of the functionalized Graphene nanosheets as potential Tegafur anticancer drug carriers using DFT method. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:2517-2529. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1360209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Shahabi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Heidar Raissi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
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15
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Yu CY, Wang YM, Li NM, Liu GS, Yang S, Tang GT, He DX, Tan XW, Wei H. In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Pectin-Based Nanoparticles for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Drug Chemotherapy. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:638-44. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400412c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Yun Yu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yan-Mei Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Na-Mei Li
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Ge-Sha Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Sa Yang
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Guo-Tao Tang
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Dong-Xiu He
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiang-Wen Tan
- Department
of Laboratory Animal Science, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Hua Wei
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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16
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Wilson B, Ambika TV, Patel RDK, Jenita JL, Priyadarshini SRB. Nanoparticles based on albumin: preparation, characterization and the use for 5-flurouracil delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:874-8. [PMID: 22820011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to formulate and evaluate nanoparticles based on albumin to deliver 5-fluorouracil. The nanoparticles were prepared by coacervation method. The nanoparticles were characterized for particle size, surface charge, size distribution and drug loading capacity. The drug loading capacity varied from 4.22% to 19.8% (w/w). The mean particle size was 141.9 nm and surface charge was -30.3 mV. The drug loaded particles exerted a bi-phasic release pattern with an initial burst effect followed by a sustained release in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. The drug release was first order diffusion controlled and the mechanism was Fickian. The drug loaded nanoparticles showed superior cytotoxicity when compared to the free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dayananda Sagar College of Pharmacy, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bangalore, Karnataka 560078, India.
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17
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Li H, Johansson Seechurn CCC, Colacot TJ. Development of Preformed Pd Catalysts for Cross-Coupling Reactions, Beyond the 2010 Nobel Prize. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs300082f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Li
- Johnson Matthey Catalysis & Chiral Technologies, 2001 Nolte Drive, West Deptford, New Jersey 08066, United States
| | | | - Thomas J. Colacot
- Johnson Matthey Catalysis & Chiral Technologies, 2001 Nolte Drive, West Deptford, New Jersey 08066, United States
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18
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Álvarez P, Marchal JA, Boulaiz H, Carrillo E, Vélez C, Rodríguez-Serrano F, Melguizo C, Prados J, Madeddu R, Aranega A. 5-Fluorouracil derivatives: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:107-23. [PMID: 22329541 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.661413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The fluorinated analog of uracil 5-FU is an antimetabolite, active against a wide range of solid tumors. The main mechanism of action consists in interfering with DNA synthesis and mRNA translation. However, patients treated with 5-FU display several side effects, a result of its nonspecific cytotoxicity for tumor cells. Numerous modifications of the 5-FU structure have been performed in order to overcome these disadvantages. AREAS COVERED In this review, the metabolic pathways, pharmacokinetics and clinical pharmacology of 5-FU are briefly introduced. Moreover, several derivatives developed and patented, including oral 5-FU prodrugs and combinations with other active compounds, are presented. Finally, new innovative methods for administration and vehiculization of 5-FU and its derivatives are described. EXPERT OPINION The search for less toxic 5-FU derivatives, which diminish or circumvent some of its disadvantages, has allowed the development of selective antitumor prodrugs and novel methods for tissue-specific drug delivery. Although some of these oral prodrugs are being used clinically, either alone or in combination therapy with other anticancer agents, it seems that the potential of personalized medicine, including pharmacogenomics and targeted therapy with novel 5-FU derivatives, will improve the management and clinical responses of patients treated with 5-FU-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Álvarez
- University of Granada, Biomedical Research Centre, Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER) Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 (Armilla)-Granada, Spain
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Magano J, Dunetz JR. Large-Scale Applications of Transition Metal-Catalyzed Couplings for the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. Chem Rev 2011; 111:2177-250. [PMID: 21391570 DOI: 10.1021/cr100346g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1270] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Magano
- Research API, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Joshua R. Dunetz
- Research API, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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20
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Arias JL, López-Viota M, Gallardo V, Adolfina Ruiz M. Chitosan nanoparticles as a new delivery system for the chemotherapy agent tegafur. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 36:744-50. [PMID: 20345283 DOI: 10.3109/03639040903517914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the very efficient antitumor activity of conventional chemotherapy, generally high doses of anticancer molecules must be administered to obtain the required therapeutic action, simultaneously leading to severe side effects. This is frequently a consequence of the development of multidrug resistance by cancer cells and of the poor pharmacokinetic profile of these agents. OBJECTIVE In Order to improve the antitumor effect of tegafur and overcome their important drawbacks, we have investigated its incorporation into a drug nanoplatform based on the biodegradable polymer chitosan. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two tegafur loading methods were studied: (i) absorption into the polymeric network (entrapment procedure); and (ii) surface deposition (adsorption procedure) in already formed chitosan nanoparticles. RESULTS Tegafur entrapment into the polymeric matrix has yielded higher drug loading values and a slower drug release profile, compared to single surface adsorption. The main factores determining the drug loading to chitosan were identified. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Such polymeric colloid present very interesting properties for efficient tegafur delivery to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Arias
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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21
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Shi C, Aldrich CC. Efficient Pd-catalyzed coupling of tautomerizable heterocycles with terminal alkynes via C-OH bond activation using PyBrOP. Org Lett 2010; 12:2286-9. [PMID: 20411949 DOI: 10.1021/ol100657n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The direct alkynylation of tautomerizable heterocylcles is described via a two-step process involving in situ C-OH activation with bromotripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBrOP) followed by Sonogashira coupling with a wide range of alkyl or aryl terminal alkynes using a copper-free system employing PdCl(2)(CH(3)CN)(2) and 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)biphenyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Shi
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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22
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Arias JL, López-Viota M, Delgado ÁV, Ruiz MA. Iron/ethylcellulose (core/shell) nanoplatform loaded with 5-fluorouracil for cancer targeting. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 77:111-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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23
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Arias JL, López-Viota M, Sáez-Fernández E, Ruiz MA. Formulation and physicochemical characterization of poly(ɛ-caprolactone) nanoparticles loaded with ftorafur and diclofenac sodium. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 75:204-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Torborg C, Beller M. Recent Applications of Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions in the Pharmaceutical, Agrochemical, and Fine Chemical Industries. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1053] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Retraction. 5-Fluorouracil-loaded iron/ethylcellulose (core/shell) nanoparticles for active targeting of cancer. J Drug Target 2009; 17:813. [PMID: 19916875 DOI: 10.3109/10611860903244207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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27
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Barakat NS. Magnetically modulated nanosystems: a unique drug-delivery platform. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2009; 4:799-812. [PMID: 19839815 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.09.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles are attractive targets owing to their unique characteristics that are not shared by bulk materials. Magnetic particles, ranging from nanometer-sized to 1 µm in size, are being used in an increasing number of medical applications. The important properties of magnetic particles for medical applications are nontoxicity, biocompatiblilty, injectability and high-level accumulation in the target tissue or organ. Magnetic nanoparticles modified with organic molecules have been widely used for biotechnological and biomedical applications as their properties can be magnetically controlled by applying an external magnetic field. They offer high potential for numerous biomedical applications, such as cell separation, automated DNA extraction, gene targeting, drug delivery, MRI and hyperthermia. When coated with, for example, an antibody, they can be applied in highly sensitive immunoassays or small substance recoveries. Furthermore, a novel application of magnetic nanoparticles and magnetic forces for tissue engineering, termed ‘magnetic force-based tissue engineering’ has been proposed. Particular attention had been paid to the preparation methods that allow the synthesis of particles of nearly uniform size and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla S Barakat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
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28
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Cowley MJ, Lynam JM, Moneypenny RS, Whitwood AC, Wilson AJ. Ruthenium alkynyl, carbene and alkenyl complexes containing pendant uracil groups: an investigation into the formation of alkenyl-phosphonio complexes. Dalton Trans 2009:9529-42. [DOI: 10.1039/b912855g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Lynam JM. Nucleobase-containing transition metal complexes as building blocks for biological markers and supramolecular structures. Dalton Trans 2008:4067-78. [PMID: 18688423 DOI: 10.1039/b802347f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of metal complexes into nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides has provided a focus for the development of many novel compounds with a wide range of applications. In this perspective article the different methods to incorporate transition metal complexes into these species will be described. Applications of these compounds as biological markers, catalysts and how the hydrogen bonding properties may be employed in directing supramolecular assembly in both the solid state and solution will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UKYO10 5DD.
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30
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Magnetite/poly(alkylcyanoacrylate) (core/shell) nanoparticles as 5-Fluorouracil delivery systems for active targeting. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 69:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Poly(alkylcyanoacrylate) colloidal particles as vehicles for antitumour drug delivery: A comparative study. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2008; 62:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 08/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Cross TA, Davis MC. Synthesis of Hydroxyalkyl‐Substituted, Push–Pull Chromophores based on Diphenylacetylenes and 1,4‐Bis(phenylethynyl)benzenes. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910701796584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara A. Cross
- a Chemistry and Materials Division, Michelson Laboratory , Naval Air Warfare Center , China Lake, California, USA
| | - Matthew C. Davis
- a Chemistry and Materials Division, Michelson Laboratory , Naval Air Warfare Center , China Lake, California, USA
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33
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Xiang Y, Caron PY, Lillie BM, Vaidyanathan R. Sulfur Contamination Due to Quenching of Halogenation Reactions with Sodium Thiosulfate: Resolution of Process Problems via Improved Quench Protocols. Org Process Res Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/op700227p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiao Xiang
- Development Science and Technology, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, U.S.A
| | - Pierre-Yves Caron
- Development Science and Technology, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, U.S.A
| | - Brett M. Lillie
- Development Science and Technology, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, U.S.A
| | - Rajappa Vaidyanathan
- Development Science and Technology, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, U.S.A
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34
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Cowley MJ, Lynam JM, Whitwood AC. Transition metal vinylidene complexes as supramolecular building blocks: nucleobase-mediated self-assembly of crystals with hexagonal symmetry. Dalton Trans 2007:4427-38. [PMID: 17909654 DOI: 10.1039/b709483c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of the ruthenium half sandwich compound RuCl(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))(PPh(3))(2) with the uracil (Ur) substituted alkyne HC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CUr in the presence of halide scavengers NH(4)X (X = PF(6), BF(4), OTf) results in the formation of the vinylidene complexes [Ru([double bond, length as m-dash]C[double bond, length as m-dash]CHUr)(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))(PPh(3))(2)][X] which crystallize in the hexagonal space group P6(3)/m. The hexagonal symmetry inherent to the system is due to the formation of a hydrogen bonded array mediated by the two sets of donor-acceptor units on the uracil, resulting in the formation of a cyclic "rosette" containing six ruthenium cations. In solution the (1)H and (31)P{(1)H} NMR spectra of the vinylidene complexes are both concentration and temperature dependent, in accord with the presence of monomer-dimer equilibria in which the rate of rotation of the vinylidene group is fast on the NMR timescale in the monomeric species, but slow in the dimers. The isoelectronic molybdenum-containing vinylidene complex [Mo(eta(7)-C(7)H(7))(dppe)([double bond, length as m-dash]C[double bond, length as m-dash]CHUr)][BF(4)] (dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) has also been prepared, but forms symmetric dimers in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Cowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UKYO10 5DD
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35
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Nicolaou KC, Bulger PG, Sarlah D. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in total synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:4442-89. [PMID: 15991198 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2127] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In studying the evolution of organic chemistry and grasping its essence, one comes quickly to the conclusion that no other type of reaction plays as large a role in shaping this domain of science than carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. The Grignard, Diels-Alder, and Wittig reactions are but three prominent examples of such processes, and are among those which have undeniably exercised decisive roles in the last century in the emergence of chemical synthesis as we know it today. In the last quarter of the 20th century, a new family of carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions based on transition-metal catalysts evolved as powerful tools in synthesis. Among them, the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are the most prominent. In this Review, highlights of a number of selected syntheses are discussed. The examples chosen demonstrate the enormous power of these processes in the art of total synthesis and underscore their future potential in chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Janeba Z, Balzarini J, Andrei G, Snoeck R, Clercq ED, Robins MJ. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 5-(alkyn-1-yl)-1-(p-toluenesulfonyl)uracil derivatives. CAN J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/v06-041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sonogashira coupling of 5-iodouracil (2) and trimethylsilylacetylene gave 5-(trimethylsilylethynyl)uracil (3), which was deprotected to give 5-ethynyluracil (4). Copper(I)-catalyzed cyclization of 4 gave furo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(3H)-one (5). Tosylation of 2 and 4 gave the 1-(p-toluenesulfonyl) derivatives 6 and 7, respectively. The tosylated compound 6 and trimethylsilylacetylene did not undergo Sonogashira coupling, and copper(I)-catalyzed cyclization of 7 did not occur. Coupling of 2 with several terminal alkynes gave 5-(alkyn-1-yl)uracil derivatives (9), which underwent tosylation to produce the targeted 5-(alkyn-1-yl)-1-(p-toluenesulfonyl)uracil compounds (11). Copper(I)-catalyzed cyclization of 9 gave the respective furopyrimidines (10) in low yields. Again, cyclization did not occur with the tosyl derivatives (11). Activity against varicella-zoster virus (VZV) was observed with longer-chain analogues of 9 and 11, and compound 7 showed activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) at near cytotoxic levels.Key words: antiviral screening, furo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(3H)-one derivatives, Sonogashira coupling, 1-(p-toluenesulfonyl)pyrimidine derivatives.
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Krečmerová M, Masojídková M, Holý A. Preparation of C-5 Substituted Cidofovir Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20060579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
1-[(S)-3-Hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine (HPMPC, cidofovir) was modified by substitution on the base moiety in positions C-5 andN4. Key intermediates of these syntheses, diisopropyl esters of (S)-1-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)-3-(triphenylmethoxy)propyl]-5-alkylcytosines (6and7) prepared from 5-alkyl-4-methoxypyrimidin-2(1H)-ones were transformed to the corresponding 5-substituted cytosine orN4-alkylcytosine derivatives by the action of ammonia or primary amines, respectively. These fully protected phosphonate esters gave by treatment with bromotrimethylsilane followed by hydrolysis free phosphonic acids: 1-[(S)-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-5-methylcytosine (5-methyl-HPMPC,10), 5-ethyl-1-[(S)-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine (5-ethyl-HPMPC,11) and a series of 5-ethyl-HPMPC analogues17-21bearing various substituents inN4position (cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, allyl, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl). 5-Ethynyl-1-[(S)-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine (5-ethynyl-HPMPC,26) was prepared from 5-iodocytosine derivative23using Sonogashira coupling with (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, CuI and [PdCl2(Ph3P)2]. None of the prepared compounds exhibited antiviral activity in vitro.
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Bandini M, Luque R, Budarin V, Macquarrie DJ. Aryl alkynylation versus alkyne homocoupling: unprecedented selectivity switch in Cu, phosphine and solvent-free heterogeneous Pd-catalysed couplings. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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A simple catalyst system for the palladium-catalyzed coupling of aryl halides with terminal alkynes. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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Nicolaou KC, Bulger PG, Sarlah D. Palladiumkatalysierte Kreuzkupplungen in der Totalsynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 629] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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Hamidov H, Jeffery JC, Lynam JM. A nucleic acid base derivative tethered to a ruthenium carbene complex: hydrogen bonded dimers in both the solid state and solution? Chem Commun (Camb) 2004:1364-5. [PMID: 15179466 DOI: 10.1039/b402592j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A ruthenium carbene bearing a uracil (Ur) substituent has been prepared and has a dimeric structure in the solid state-the dimer being held together by hydrogen bonds between two uracil groups on neighbouring molecules: evidence for the persistence of this interaction in solution has been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayrullo Hamidov
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UKYO10 5DD
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Urawa Y, Miyazawa M, Ozeki N, Ogura K. A Novel Methodology for Efficient Removal of Residual Palladium from a Product of the Suzuki−Miyaura Coupling with Polymer-Supported Ethylenediamine Derivatives. Org Process Res Dev 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/op0255682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Urawa
- Process Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd, 22-Sunayama, Hasaki-machi, Kashima-gun, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan, and Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Mamoru Miyazawa
- Process Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd, 22-Sunayama, Hasaki-machi, Kashima-gun, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan, and Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Naoki Ozeki
- Process Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd, 22-Sunayama, Hasaki-machi, Kashima-gun, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan, and Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Ogura
- Process Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd, 22-Sunayama, Hasaki-machi, Kashima-gun, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan, and Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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Gelman D, Tsvelikhovsky D, Molander GA, Blum J. Palladium-catalyzed cross-alkynylation of aryl bromides by sodium tetraalkynylaluminates. J Org Chem 2002; 67:6287-90. [PMID: 12201745 DOI: 10.1021/jo020169q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sodium tetraalkynylaluminates (1-4), prepared from NaAlH4 and terminal alkynes, cross-couple with aryl bromides in the presence of Pd(0) and Pd(II) catalysts. The reactions take place in boiling THF or DME. The process is applicable to both homo- and heterocyclic aryl bromides and can be used for conversion of polybromo compounds into polyalkynes. The reactions are high yielding and selective, free of undesired homocoupling and hydrogenolysis processes. The reagents selectively react with the ring-bound bromine atoms but do not affect chloro, cyano, triflate, or ester functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Gelman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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