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Correia CA, McQuade DT, Seeberger PH. Copper(I)/N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC)‐Catalyzed Addition of Terminal Alkynes to Trifluoromethyl Ketones for Use in Continuous Reactors. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille A. Correia
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - D. Tyler McQuade
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Fandrick DR, Reeves JT, Bakonyi JM, Nyalapatla PR, Tan Z, Niemeier O, Akalay D, Fandrick KR, Wohlleben W, Ollenberger S, Song JJ, Sun X, Qu B, Haddad N, Sanyal S, Shen S, Ma S, Byrne D, Chitroda A, Fuchs V, Narayanan BA, Grinberg N, Lee H, Yee N, Brenner M, Senanayake CH. Zinc Catalyzed and Mediated Asymmetric Propargylation of Trifluoromethyl Ketones with a Propargyl Boronate. J Org Chem 2013; 78:3592-615. [DOI: 10.1021/jo400080y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Fandrick
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Jonathan T. Reeves
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Johanna M. Bakonyi
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Prasanth R. Nyalapatla
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Zhulin Tan
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Oliver Niemeier
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Binger Strasse 173, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Deniz Akalay
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Binger Strasse 173, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Keith R. Fandrick
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Wolfgang Wohlleben
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Binger Strasse 173, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Swetlana Ollenberger
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Binger Strasse 173, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Jinhua J. Song
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Xiufeng Sun
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Bo Qu
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Nizar Haddad
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Sanjit Sanyal
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Sherry Shen
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Shengli Ma
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Denis Byrne
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Ashish Chitroda
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Victor Fuchs
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Bikshandarkoil A. Narayanan
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Nelu Grinberg
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Heewon Lee
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Nathan Yee
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Michael Brenner
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Binger Strasse 173, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Chris H. Senanayake
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury
Rd./PO BOX 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
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Pinheiro EDS, Antunes OAC, Fortunak JMD. A survey of the syntheses of active pharmaceutical ingredients for antiretroviral drug combinations critical to access in emerging nations. Antiviral Res 2008; 79:143-65. [PMID: 18571246 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2006] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been roughly 25 years since the threat posed by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) became widely known. The cumulative death toll from HIV/AIDS is now greater than 25 million. There are approximately 33 million people living worldwide with this disease, of whom about 68% (22.5 million) live in sub-Saharan Africa (http://www.avert.org/worldstats.htm). A number of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs have been approved for treatment of HIV/AIDS. Inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase (RTIs) include the nucleoside/nucleotide drugs zidovudine, lamivudine, abacavir, didanosine, stavudine, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Non-nucleoside RTIs include nevirapine, efavirenz and etravirine. Inhibitors of HIV protease (PIs) include saquinavir, ritonavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, indinavir, fosamprenavir and atazanavir. Enfuvirtide inhibits the HIV fusion protein. The CCR5 chemokine antagonist maraviroc and the integrase inhibitor raltegravir were very recently approved by the US FDA. Fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) have been formulated to increase tolerability, convenience and compliance. First-line drug combinations are offered to treatment-naive patients, while second-line drugs are reserved for those who no longer respond adequately to first-line therapy. In developing countries a modest but increasing fraction of those infected have access to ARVs. The Clinton HIV/AIDS Initiative estimates that 2.4 million of the nearly 8 million individuals needing treatment in developing nations have access to some drugs. First-line FDCs used in resource-poor settings are largely combinations of two nucleoside RTIs and a non-nucleoside RTI or PI. The effectiveness of these combinations decreases over time, requiring a switch to combinations that retain potency in the presence of viral resistance. Increasing access to second-line FDCs and new developments in first-line ARV therapy are cost challenges. In high-income countries the cost of ARV therapy is largely irrelevant, except for "advanced salvage" drugs such as enfuvirtide. In resource-poor settings cost is a huge factor that limits drug access, resulting in high rates of new infection and subsequent mortality. IP coverage, where granted, can keep access prices for essential ARVs higher than would otherwise be the case. Large, innovator companies have made drugs available at prices very close to the cost of manufacturing for "lowest income" countries. Generic providers in India and elsewhere provide the largest supply of drugs for the developing world. The recent issuance of Voluntary and Compulsory Licenses (VLs, CLs) through the World Trade Organization's TRIP (Treaty Respecting Intellectual Property) provisions arguably contribute to bringing down access prices. The utilization of improved science, pooled purchasing and intelligent procurement practices all definitely contribute to access. This work surveys the production processes for several critical ARVs. These are discussed in terms of scale up, raw material/intermediates and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) costs. In some cases new routes to APIs or critical intermediates are needed. Based on potential new chemistries, there are significant opportunities to reduce cost for a number of critical ARVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloan Dos Santos Pinheiro
- Instituto de Química, UFRJ, CT Bloco A, Lab 641, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21945-970, Brazil.
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