1
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Nuzhdin AL, Bukhtiyarova MV, Bukhtiyarova GA. Organic synthesis in flow mode by selective liquid-phase hydrogenation over heterogeneous non-noble metal catalysts. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39254682 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00873a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Flow hydrogenation performed over heterogeneous catalysts makes organic synthesis more economical, safe and environmentally friendly. Over the past two decades, a significant amount of research with a major focus on noble metal catalysts has been carried out in this area. However, catalysts based on non-noble metals (Ni, Cu, Co, etc.) are more promising for practical use due to their low cost and high availability. This review article discusses the use of supported and bulk non-noble metal catalysts for the liquid-phase hydrogenation of bi- and polyfunctional organic compounds in flow mode. The main attention is paid to the selective reduction of one functional group (NO2, CC, CN, CO, and CN) in the presence of other substituents. In addition, cascade synthetic protocols involving hydrogenation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey L Nuzhdin
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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2
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Papaplioura E, Mercier M, Muratore ME, Biberger T, Jerhaoui S, Schnürch M. Tetraethylammonium Salts as Solid, Easy to Handle Ethylene Precursors and Their Application in Mizoroki-Heck Coupling. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5126-5133. [PMID: 38466932 PMCID: PMC11002924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a convenient Heck vinylation protocol that eliminates the requirement for ethylene gas as a coupling partner. In contrast to traditional methodologies, quaternary ammonium salts can serve as solid olefin precursors under ambient atmosphere conditions. The practicality of this method, distinguished by its convenience and safety in a one-pot reaction, renders it appealing for applications in research and discovery context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Papaplioura
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Wien, Austria
| | - Maëva Mercier
- Discovery
Science, Discovery Chemistry BE, Janssen
Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Tobias Biberger
- Boehringer
Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Soufyan Jerhaoui
- Discovery
Science, Discovery Chemistry BE, Janssen
Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Wien, Austria
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3
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Ivanytsya MO, Subotin VV, Gavrilenko KS, Ryabukhin SV, Volochnyuk DM, Kolotilov SV. Advances and Challenges in Development of Transition Metal Catalysts for Heterogeneous Hydrogenation of Organic Compounds. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300300. [PMID: 38063808 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Actual problems of development of catalysts for hydrogenation of heterocyclic compounds by hydrogen are summarized and discussed. The scope of review covers composites of nanoparticles of platinum group metals and 3d metals for heterogeneous catalytic processes. Such problems include increase of catalyst activity, which is important for reduction of precious metals content; development of new catalytic systems which do not contain metals of platinum group or contain cheaper analogues of Pd; control of factors which make influence on the selectivity of the catalysts; achievement of high reproducibility of the catalyst's performance and quality control of the catalysts. Own results of the authors are also summarized and described. The catalysts were prepared by decomposition of Pd0 and Ni0 complexes, pyrolysis of Ni2+ and Co2+ complexes deposited on aerosil and reduction of Ni2+ in pores of porous support in situ. The developed catalysts were used for hydrogenation of multigram batches of heterocyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykyta O Ivanytsya
- L. V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauky 31, 03028, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Winston Churchill St., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vladyslav V Subotin
- L. V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauky 31, 03028, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Winston Churchill St., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Konstantin S Gavrilenko
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Winston Churchill St., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Chemical Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Serhiy V Ryabukhin
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Winston Churchill St., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 5, 02660, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro M Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Winston Churchill St., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 5, 02660, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergey V Kolotilov
- L. V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauky 31, 03028, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Winston Churchill St., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
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4
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Xie J, Lu S, Zhang Y, Lu X, Ding Z, Tao T, Xu M, Wu Z. Continuous-flow Heck coupling reactions catalyzed by Pd complexes of amidoxime fibers. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198231157010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Improving production efficiency and developing green catalytic systems are key issues for applying Heck coupling reactions in the chemical industry. In this study, an amidoxime-fiber-supported Pd catalyst is prepared from polyacrylonitrile fiber, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, and PdCl2. The morphology and structure of amidoxime-fiber-supported Pd are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. A packed-bed flow reactor is designed and employed for catalysis of the Heck reaction of iodobenzene and styrene based on the amidoxime-fiber-supported Pd catalyst. The effects of reaction temperature, flow rate, cycle time, and reactant concentration on the conversion and yield are investigated. The results show that the optimal conditions for the continuous-flow single reactor are 70 °C, iodobenzene concentration of 30 mmol L−1 in a solution of N,N-dimethylformamide (100 mL) under continuous flow at a flow rate of 2 mL min−1. The catalyst showed good activity and stability after a continuous operation time of 50 h, with catalytic activity 2.21 times higher than that obtained with traditional batch reaction. Furthermore, we have established a new flow reaction system based on the numbering-up of reactors with a parallel connection. The catalytic efficiency of four parallel reactors is four times higher than that of a single reactor. Kinetic studies reveal that the reaction has low activation energy (8.8771 kJ mol−1), indicating that amidoxime-fiber-supported Pd has good catalytic activity. This research provides an alternative pathway for highly efficient Heck coupling in continuous flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Xie
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Functional Coordinated Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Lu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Functional Coordinated Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, P.R. China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Functional Coordinated Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohan Lu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Functional Coordinated Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Ding
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Functional Coordinated Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, P.R. China
| | - Tingxian Tao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Functional Coordinated Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, P.R. China
| | - Maodong Xu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Functional Coordinated Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, P.R. China
| | - Zhichuan Wu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Functional Coordinated Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, P.R. China
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5
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Wittig and Wittig-Horner Reactions under Sonication Conditions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041958. [PMID: 36838946 PMCID: PMC9964018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonyl olefinations are among the most important organic syntheses that form C=C bonds, as they usually have high yields and in addition offer excellent stereoselectivity. Due to these advantages, carbonyl olefinations have important pharmaceutical and industrial applications. These reactions contain an additional step of an α-functionalized carbanion to an aldehyde or ketone to produce alkenes, but syntheses performed using metal carbene complexes are also known. The Wittig reaction is an example of carbonyl olefination, one of the best ways to synthesize alkenes. This involves the chemical reaction between an aldehyde or ketone with a so-called Wittig reagent, for instance phosphonium ylide. Triphenylphosphine-derived ylides and trialkylphosphine-derived ylides are the most common phosphorous compounds used as Wittig reagents. The Wittig reaction is commonly involved in the synthesis of novel anti-cancer and anti-viral compounds. In recent decades, the use of ultrasound on the Wittig reaction (and on different modified Wittig syntheses, such as the Wittig-Horner reaction or the aza-Wittig method) has been studied as a green synthesis. In addition to the advantage of green synthesis, the use of ultrasounds in general also improved the yield and reduced the reaction time. All of these chemical syntheses conducted under ultrasound will be described further in the present review.
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6
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Kleoff M, Kiler P, Heretsch P. Synthesis of odorants in flow and their applications in perfumery. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:754-768. [PMID: 35859624 PMCID: PMC9263551 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous flow technology is a key technology for sustainable manufacturing with numerous applications for the synthesis of fine chemicals. In recent years, the preparation of odorants utilizing the advantages of flow reactors received growing attention. In this review, we give an overview of selected methods for the synthesis of odorants in flow, including heterogeneously catalyzed reactions, gas reactions, and photochemical C–H functionalization processes. After a brief introduction on types of odorants, the presented odorant syntheses are ordered according to the main odor families “fruity”, “green”, “marine”, “floral”, “spicy”, “woody”, “ambery”, and “musky” and their use and importance for perfumery is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Kleoff
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Fabeckstr. 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Kiler
- PK Perfumes, Menifee, California, United States of America
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Organische Chemie, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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7
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Chairat A, Laurent M, Routier S, Buron F, Bostyn S. Modeling Temperature and Species Concentration Profiles on a Continuous-Flow Reactor Applied to Aldol Condensation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:19166-19175. [PMID: 35721916 PMCID: PMC9202279 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the modeling of a continuous-flow reactor used for the synthesis of organic products. The finite element method software, COMSOL Multiphysics, was used to model transport phenomena and reaction kinetics. The temperature is one of the most important kinetic factors that may modify the reaction. A rise in temperature can generate a positive reaction but also secondary side reactions. The design of our system and of many other continuous systems makes it impossible, however, to measure the temperature throughout the reactor. In this paper, we modeled the temperature profile within the reactors as a function of the flow rate, temperature set point, and type of reactor material. The results demonstrated that although it is not a good thermal conductor, polytetrafluoroethylene can be used like other materials. The desired temperature was not reached for any of the reactor material likely to affect the product yield. The model gave the residence time required to reach the stabilized temperature. The comparison of calculated and experimental values of outlet temperature showed good agreement, with a maximum relative difference of only 5%. Knowledge of the temperature profile made it possible to control the concentration distribution of the chemical species in the reactor. The aldol condensation was chosen to determine the kinetic parameters of this reaction as the products of this reaction are found in many natural molecules and drugs. To integrate the chemical model, the kinetic parameters were determined by using experimental data. An equilibrium concentration of 0.2 mol/L was found with initial reactant concentrations of 0.45 mol/L. The chemical modeling gave the species concentrations throughout the reactor. Calculated concentrations were in good agreement with experimental data, with a maximum relative difference of less than 9%. By modeling this reaction, the reaction yield as a function of reactant concentration, temperature, and residence times was estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Chairat
- Institut
de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité, et
Environnement (ICARE)-CNRS UPR3021, 1C avenue de la recherche scientifique, Orléans 45071 Cedex 2, France
| | - Mazarine Laurent
- Institut
de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université
d’Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, Orléans 45067 Cedex 2, France
| | - Sylvain Routier
- Institut
de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université
d’Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, Orléans 45067 Cedex 2, France
| | - Frederic Buron
- Institut
de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université
d’Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, Orléans 45067 Cedex 2, France
| | - Stephane Bostyn
- Institut
de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité, et
Environnement (ICARE)-CNRS UPR3021, 1C avenue de la recherche scientifique, Orléans 45071 Cedex 2, France
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8
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Masson E, Maciejewski EM, Wheelhouse KMP, Edwards LJ. Fixed Bed Continuous Hydrogenations in Trickle Flow Mode: A Pharmaceutical Industry Perspective. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Masson
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Erin M. Maciejewski
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | | | - Lee J. Edwards
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
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9
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Runikhina S, Eremin D, Chusov D. Reductive Aldol-type Reactions in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. Chemistry 2021; 27:15327-15360. [PMID: 34403177 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The efficient chemo-, regio- and stereoselective formation of saturated carbon-carbon fragment is the critical challenge of organic synthesis; therefore, developing new methods for formation of these bonds is paramount. The rising interest for reductive aldol-type reactions is conditioned by its versatile applications, allowing the efficient formation of carbon-carbon bonds. The review aims to highlight the advantages and disadvantage of reductive aldol-type reactions to total synthesis of pharmaceutical substances in order to summarize knowledge and encourage further investigation of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Runikhina
- A.N.Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Vavilova St. 28, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Eremin
- University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-3502, USA
| | - Denis Chusov
- A.N.Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Vavilova St. 28, Moscow, Russian Federation
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10
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Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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11
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Domokos A, Nagy B, Szilágyi B, Marosi G, Nagy ZK. Integrated Continuous Pharmaceutical Technologies—A Review. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- András Domokos
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Nagy
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Botond Szilágyi
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Marosi
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsombor Kristóf Nagy
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Wirwis A, Mizerska U, Cypryk M, Trzeciak A. The Heck synthesis of β‐arylated ketones catalyzed by palladium immobilized on functional polysiloxane microspheres. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Wirwis
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Wrocław 14 F. Joliot‐Curie Wrocław 50‐383 Poland
| | - U. Mizerska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, Engineering of Polymer Materials 112 Sienkiewicza Lodz 90‐363 Poland
| | - M. Cypryk
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, Engineering of Polymer Materials 112 Sienkiewicza Lodz 90‐363 Poland
| | - A.M. Trzeciak
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Wrocław 14 F. Joliot‐Curie Wrocław 50‐383 Poland
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13
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Abstract
Flow chemistry is a widely explored technology whose intrinsic features both facilitate and provide reproducible access to a broad range of chemical processes that are otherwise inefficient or problematic. At its core, a flow chemistry module is a stable set of conditions - traditionally thought of as an externally applied means of activation/control (e.g. heat or light) - through which reagents are passed. In an attempt to simplify the teaching and dissemination of this field, we envisioned that the key advantages of the technique, such as reproducibility and the correlation between reaction time and position within the reactor, allow for the redefinition of a flow module to a more synthetically relevant one based on the overall induced effect. We suggest a rethinking of the approach to flow modules, distributing them in two subclasses: transformers and generators, which can be described respectively as a set of conditions for either performing a specific transformation or for generating a reactive intermediate. The chemistry achieved by transformers and generators is (ideally) independent of the substrate introduced, meaning that they must be robust to small adjustments necessary for the adaptation to different starting materials and reagents while ensuring the same chemical outcome. These redefined modules can be used for single-step reactions or in multistep processes, where modules can be connected to each other in reconfigurable combinations to create chemical assembly systems (CAS) targeting compounds and libraries sharing structural cores. With this tutorial review, we provide a guide to the overall approach to flow chemistry, discussing the key parameters for the design of transformers and generators as well as the development of chemical assembly systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Guidi
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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14
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15
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Chen D, Wang Y, Cai XM, Cao X, Jiang P, Wang F, Huang S. Synthesis of Spiroisoxazolines via TEMPO/NaNO 2-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Dearomatization. Org Lett 2020; 22:6847-6851. [PMID: 32808793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A catalytic, aerobic oxidative dearomatization protocol has been developed for the preparation of spiroisoxazline scaffolds from oximes using TEMPO and NaNO2 as the catalyst and O2 as the sole oxidant. This dearomatization methodology features its mild reaction conditions, good functional group tolerance, and an unprecedented broad substrate scope, encompassing phenols, aryl ethers, thiophenols, aryl sulfides, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaming Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Min Cai
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoji Cao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Rd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
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16
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Li S, Laishram RD, Shen G, Zhang X, Yang Y, Ni J, Zhan Y, Zhou Y, Fan B. Synthesis of 1,3-diaryl butanones from acetophenones via a tandem reaction. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1755871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sida Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Ronibala Devi Laishram
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Guoli Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuexin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianxiao Ni
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Yong Zhan
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongyun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
| | - Baomin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Morodo
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Pauline Bianchi
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Jean‐Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
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18
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The Role of Support Hydrophobicity in the Selective Hydrogenation of Enones and Unsaturated Sulfones over Cu/SiO2 Catalysts. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10050515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The substitution of complex hydrides and Ni- and noble metal-based catalysts in the synthesis of pharma and fragrance products is a relevant topic in the green chemistry scenario. Here, we report that non-toxic, non-noble metal-based Cu/SiO2 catalysts are effective and very selective in the hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated ketones, esters and sulfones under very mild conditions. Vanillyl acetone can be obtained in quantitative yield in 1 h at 90 °C and 1 bar of H2. High dispersion of the metallic phase and support wettability play a significant role in determining catalytic performance.
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19
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Pisal DS, Yadav GD. Selectivity Engineering in One-Pot Selective Synthesis of Drug Nabumetone over Novel Ni-Promoted La-Mg Oxide/Mesoporous Cellular Foam as Catalyst and Kinetic Modeling. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devendra S. Pisal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India
| | - Ganapati D. Yadav
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India
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20
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Wirwis A, Trzeciak AM. Ligand‐free palladium‐catalyzed tandem pathways for the synthesis of 4,4‐diarylbutanones and 4,4‐diaryl‐3‐butenones under microwave conditions. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wirwis
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Wrocław 14 F. Joliot‐Curie 50‐383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Anna M. Trzeciak
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Wrocław 14 F. Joliot‐Curie 50‐383 Wrocław Poland
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21
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Sasaki T, Ichikuni N, Hara T, Shimazu S. Enhancement of Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Alcohols by Utilizing Hydrotalcite as Support of NiO Nanocluster Catalyst. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.181040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Sasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ichikuni
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Hara
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Shogo Shimazu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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22
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Burcham CL, Florence AJ, Johnson MD. Continuous Manufacturing in Pharmaceutical Process Development and Manufacturing. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2019; 9:253-281. [PMID: 29879381 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060817-084355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry has found new applications for the use of continuous processing for the manufacture of new therapies currently in development. The transformation has been encouraged by regulatory bodies as well as driven by cost reduction, decreased development cycles, access to new chemistries not practical in batch, improved safety, flexible manufacturing platforms, and improved product quality assurance. The transformation from batch to continuous manufacturing processing is the focus of this review. The review is limited to small, chemically synthesized organic molecules and encompasses the manufacture of both active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and the subsequent drug product. Continuous drug product is currently used in approved processes. A few examples of production of APIs under current good manufacturing practice conditions using continuous processing steps have been published in the past five years, but they are lagging behind continuous drug product with respect to regulatory filings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Burcham
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratory, Indianapolis, Indiana 48525, USA; ,
| | - Alastair J Florence
- EPSRC Future CMAC Hub, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G11XQ United Kingdom;
| | - Martin D Johnson
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratory, Indianapolis, Indiana 48525, USA; ,
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23
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Pan GF, Zhu XQ, Guo RL, Gao YR, Wang YQ. Synthesis of Enones and Enals via Dehydrogenation of Saturated Ketones and Aldehydes. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Fei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Li Guo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ru Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 People's Republic of China
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24
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Oxidative Asymmetric Formal Aza-Diels⁻Alder Reactions of Tetrahydro-β-carboline with Enones in the Synthesis of Indoloquinolizidine-2-ones. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092228. [PMID: 30200483 PMCID: PMC6225203 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ru-catalyzed tandem amine oxidative dehydrogenation/formal aza-Diels⁻Alder reaction for enantio- and diastereoselective synthesis of indoloquinolizidine-2-ones from tetrahydro-β-carbolines and α,β-unsaturated ketones is described. The reaction proceeds via tandem ruthenium-catalyzed amine dehydrogenation using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as the oxidant and a chiral thiourea-catalyzed formal aza-[4 + 2] cycloaddition, providing a step-economical strategy for the synthesis of these valuable heterocyclic products.
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25
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Sidoryk K, Jaromin A, Filipczak N, Cmoch P, Cybulski M. Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Caffeic Acid Derivatives. Molecules 2018; 23:E2199. [PMID: 30200272 PMCID: PMC6225178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of caffeic acid derivatives were synthesized via a modified Wittig reaction which is a very important tool in organic chemistry for the construction of unsaturated carbon⁻carbon bonds. All reactions were performed in water medium at 90 °C. The aqueous Wittig reaction worked best when one unprotected hydroxyl group was present in the phenyl ring. The olefinations in the aqueous conditions were also conducted with good yields in the presence of two unprotected hydroxyl groups. When the number of the hydroxyl groups was increased to three, the reaction yields were worse, and the derivatives 12, 13, and 18 were obtained with 74%, 37%, and 70% yields, respectively. Nevertheless, the Wittig reaction using water as the essential medium is an elegant one-pot synthesis and a greener method, which can be a safe alternative for implementation in organic chemistry. The obtained compounds were tested for their antioxidant activity, and 12, 13, and 18 showed the highest activities. Moreover, all synthesized compounds displayed no cytotoxicity, and can therefore be used in the pharmaceutical or cosmetic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sidoryk
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 8 Rydygiera Street, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Jaromin
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14a Joliot-Curie Street, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Nina Filipczak
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14a Joliot-Curie Street, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Cmoch
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 8 Rydygiera Street, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Cybulski
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 8 Rydygiera Street, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland.
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26
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Gevorgyan A, Mkrtchyan S, Grigoryan T, Iaroshenko VO. Application of Silicon-Initiated Water Splitting for the Reduction of Organic Substrates. Chempluschem 2018; 83:375-382. [PMID: 31957356 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of water as a donor for hydrogen suitable for the reduction of several important classes of organic compounds is described. It is found that the reductive water splitting can be promoted by several metalloids among which silicon shows the best efficiency. The developed methodologies were applied for the reduction of nitro compounds, N-oxides, sulfoxides, alkenes, alkynes, hydrodehalogenation as well as for the gram-scale synthesis of several substrates of industrial importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashot Gevorgyan
- Homogeneous Catalysis and Molecular Design Research Group, at the Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łodź, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, and Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC), University of Tromsø, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Satenik Mkrtchyan
- Homogeneous Catalysis and Molecular Design Research Group, at the Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łodź, Poland
| | - Tatevik Grigoryan
- Homogeneous Catalysis and Molecular Design Research Group, at the Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łodź, Poland
| | - Viktor O Iaroshenko
- Homogeneous Catalysis and Molecular Design Research Group, at the Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łodź, Poland
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27
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A practical method for heterogeneously-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck reaction: Flow system with adjustment of microwave resonance as an energy source. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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28
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29
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Wirwis A, Feder-Kubis J, Trzeciak A. Two efficient pathways for the synthesis of aryl ketones catalyzed by phosphorus-free palladium catalysts. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Zhang P, Weeranoppanant N, Thomas DA, Tahara K, Stelzer T, Russell MG, O'Mahony M, Myerson AS, Lin H, Kelly LP, Jensen KF, Jamison TF, Dai C, Cui Y, Briggs N, Beingessner RL, Adamo A. Advanced Continuous Flow Platform for On-Demand Pharmaceutical Manufacturing. Chemistry 2018; 24:2776-2784. [PMID: 29385292 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As a demonstration of an alternative to the challenges faced with batch pharmaceutical manufacturing including the large production footprint and lengthy time-scale, we previously reported a refrigerator-sized continuous flow system for the on-demand production of essential medicines. Building on this technology, herein we report a second-generation, reconfigurable and 25 % smaller (by volume) continuous flow pharmaceutical manufacturing platform featuring advances in reaction and purification equipment. Consisting of two compact [0.7 (L)×0.5 (D)×1.3 m (H)] stand-alone units for synthesis and purification/formulation processes, the capabilities of this automated system are demonstrated with the synthesis of nicardipine hydrochloride and the production of concentrated liquid doses of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, neostigmine methylsulfate and rufinamide that meet US Pharmacopeia standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nopphon Weeranoppanant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University, 169 Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Dale A Thomas
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kohei Tahara
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, 00936, USA
| | - Mary Grace Russell
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Marcus O'Mahony
- Pharmaceutical & Preclinical Sciences, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Allan S Myerson
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hongkun Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Liam P Kelly
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Klavs F Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Timothy F Jamison
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chunhui Dai
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yuqing Cui
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Naomi Briggs
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rachel L Beingessner
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Andrea Adamo
- Department of Chemical Engineering or Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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31
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SOUZA JULIANAMDE, GALAVERNA RENAN, SOUZA ALINEADE, BROCKSOM TIMOTHYJ, PASTRE JULIOC, SOUZA RODRIGOODE, OLIVEIRA KLEBERTDE. Impact of continuous flow chemistry in the synthesis of natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:1131-1174. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Bédard AC, Longstreet AR, Britton J, Wang Y, Moriguchi H, Hicklin RW, Green WH, Jamison TF. Minimizing E-factor in the continuous-flow synthesis of diazepam and atropine. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6233-6241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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33
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Zhang J, Wang K, Teixeira AR, Jensen KF, Luo G. Design and Scaling Up of Microchemical Systems: A Review. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2017; 8:285-305. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060816-101443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed a rapid development of microreactors. A substantial number of reactions have been tested in microchemical systems, revealing the advantages of controlled residence time, enhanced transport efficiency, high product yield, and inherent safety. This review defines the microchemical system and describes its components and applications as well as the basic structures of micromixers. We focus on mixing, flow dynamics, and mass and heat transfer in microreactors along with three strategies for scaling up microreactors: parallel numbering-up, consecutive numbering-up, and scale-out. We also propose a possible methodology to design microchemical systems. Finally, we provide a summary and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisong Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Kai Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Andrew R. Teixeira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Guangsheng Luo
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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34
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He Y, Rezaei F, Kapila S, Rownaghi AA. Engineering Porous Polymer Hollow Fiber Microfluidic Reactors for Sustainable C-H Functionalization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:16288-16295. [PMID: 28463558 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly hydrophilic and solvent-stable porous polyamide-imide (PAI) hollow fibers were created by cross-linking of bare PAI hollow fibers with 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APS). The APS-grafted PAI hollow fibers were then functionalized with salicylic aldehyde for binding catalytically active Pd(II) ions through a covalent postmodification method. The catalytic activity of the composite hollow fiber microfluidic reactors (Pd(II) immobilized APS-grafted PAI hollow fibers) was tested via heterogeneous Heck coupling reaction of aryl halides under both batch and continuous-flow reactions in polar aprotic solvents at high temperature (120 °C) and low operating pressure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analyses of the starting and recycled composite hollow fibers indicated that the fibers contain very similar loadings of Pd(II), implying no degree of catalyst leaching from the hollow fibers during reaction. The composite hollow fiber microfluidic reactors showed long-term stability and strong control over the leaching of Pd species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin He
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology , 1101 North State Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Fateme Rezaei
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology , 1101 North State Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Shubhender Kapila
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology , 400 West 11th Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Ali A Rownaghi
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology , 1101 North State Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
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35
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Kovalenko VN, Pratsko AS. Selective hydrogenation of conjugated unsaturated ketones containing a hydroxyaryl substituent in the β-position. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428017010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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He Y, Jawad A, Li X, Atanga M, Rezaei F, Rownaghi AA. Direct aldol and nitroaldol condensation in an aminosilane-grafted Si/Zr/Ti composite hollow fiber as a heterogeneous catalyst and continuous-flow reactor. J Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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37
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Adamo A, Beingessner RL, Behnam M, Chen J, Jamison TF, Jensen KF, Monbaliu JCM, Myerson AS, Revalor EM, Snead DR, Stelzer T, Weeranoppanant N, Wong SY, Zhang P. On-demand continuous-flow production of pharmaceuticals in a compact, reconfigurable system. Science 2016; 352:61-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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38
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Wirwis A, Gil W, Pernak J, Trzeciak A. The effect of Al2O3 and ionic liquids in palladium catalyzed arylation of cyclohexene. Interaction of Hg(0) with immobilized palladium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Rayar A, Veitía MSI, Ferroud C. An efficient and selective microwave-assisted Claisen-Schmidt reaction for the synthesis of functionalized benzalacetones. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:221. [PMID: 26069871 PMCID: PMC4456587 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A simple and direct method for the Claisen-Schmidt reaction to prepare functionalized α,β-unsaturated ketones has been developed. Microwave irradiation of aldehydes with acetone produces benzalacetones selectively without self-condensation product in very short reaction times and good yields. Graphical AbstractGraphics for use in the Table of Contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Rayar
- Laboratoire Chimie Moléculaire, génie des procédés chimiques et énergétiques (CMGPCE), EA 7341- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
| | - Maité Sylla-Iyarreta Veitía
- Laboratoire Chimie Moléculaire, génie des procédés chimiques et énergétiques (CMGPCE), EA 7341- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
| | - Clotilde Ferroud
- Laboratoire Chimie Moléculaire, génie des procédés chimiques et énergétiques (CMGPCE), EA 7341- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
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40
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Gauthier DR, Sherry BD, Cao Y, Journet M, Humphrey G, Itoh T, Mangion I, Tschaen DM. Highly efficient synthesis of HIV NNRTI doravirine. Org Lett 2015; 17:1353-6. [PMID: 25751537 DOI: 10.1021/ol503625z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of an efficient and robust process for the production of HIV NNRTI doravirine is described. The synthesis features a continuous aldol reaction as part of a de novo synthesis of the key pyridone fragment. Conditions for the continuous flow aldol reaction were derived using microbatch snapshots of the flow process.
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41
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Nobuta T, Xiao G, Ghislieri D, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. Continuous and convergent access to vicinyl amino alcohols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:15133-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06093a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A four module convergent chemical assembly system delivers two classes of vicinyl amino alcohol and five APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Nobuta
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | - Diego Ghislieri
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Freie Universität Berlin
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Cossar PJ, Hizartzidis L, Simone MI, McCluskey A, Gordon CP. The expanding utility of continuous flow hydrogenation. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:7119-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01067e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increasing body of evidence that flow hydrogenation enhances reduction outcomes across a wide range of synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Cossar
- Centre for Chemical Biology
- Chemistry Building
- School of Environmental and Life Science
- The University of Newcastle
- University Drive
| | - Lacey Hizartzidis
- Centre for Chemical Biology
- Chemistry Building
- School of Environmental and Life Science
- The University of Newcastle
- University Drive
| | - Michela I. Simone
- Centre for Chemical Biology
- Chemistry Building
- School of Environmental and Life Science
- The University of Newcastle
- University Drive
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Centre for Chemical Biology
- Chemistry Building
- School of Environmental and Life Science
- The University of Newcastle
- University Drive
| | - Christopher P. Gordon
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group
- School of Science and Health
- University of Western Sydney
- Penrith
- Australia
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43
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Urbán B, Srankó D, Sáfrán G, Ürge L, Darvas F, Bakos J, Skoda-Földes R. Evaluation of SILP-Pd catalysts for Heck reactions in a microfluidics-based high throughput flow reactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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44
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Ghislieri D, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. Chemische Fertigungssysteme: Kontrolle auf mehreren Ebenen für die divergente, kontinuierliche und vielstufige Synthese von pharmazeutisch aktiven Wirkstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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45
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Ghislieri D, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. Chemical Assembly Systems: Layered Control for Divergent, Continuous, Multistep Syntheses of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:678-82. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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46
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Newby JA, Blaylock DW, Witt PM, Pastre JC, Zacharova MK, Ley SV, Browne DL. Design and Application of a Low-Temperature Continuous Flow Chemistry Platform. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500213j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Newby
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | | | - Paul M. Witt
- Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Julio C. Pastre
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Marija K. Zacharova
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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47
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Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Immobilized Transition Metals as Catalysts for Cross-Couplings in Continuous Flow-A Critical Assessment of the Reaction Mechanism and Metal Leaching. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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48
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Ouchi T, Battilocchio C, Hawkins JM, Ley SV. Process Intensification for the Continuous Flow Hydrogenation of Ethyl Nicotinate. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500208j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ouchi
- Innovative
Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, CMC Center,
Chemical Development Laboratories, 17-85 Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawaku Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Claudio Battilocchio
- Innovative
Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Joel M. Hawkins
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Innovative
Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K
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49
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Varfaj F, Zulkifli SNA, Park HG, Challinor VL, De Voss JJ, Ortiz de Montellano PR. Carbon-carbon bond cleavage in activation of the prodrug nabumetone. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:828-38. [PMID: 24584631 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.056903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon-carbon bond cleavage reactions are catalyzed by, among others, lanosterol 14-demethylase (CYP51), cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11), sterol 17β-lyase (CYP17), and aromatase (CYP19). Because of the high substrate specificities of these enzymes and the complex nature of their substrates, these reactions have been difficult to characterize. A CYP1A2-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond cleavage reaction is required for conversion of the prodrug nabumetone to its active form, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA). Despite worldwide use of nabumetone as an anti-inflammatory agent, the mechanism of its carbon-carbon bond cleavage reaction remains obscure. With the help of authentic synthetic standards, we report here that the reaction involves 3-hydroxylation, carbon-carbon cleavage to the aldehyde, and oxidation of the aldehyde to the acid, all catalyzed by CYP1A2 or, less effectively, by other P450 enzymes. The data indicate that the carbon-carbon bond cleavage is mediated by the ferric peroxo anion rather than the ferryl species in the P450 catalytic cycle. CYP1A2 also catalyzes O-demethylation and alcohol to ketone transformations of nabumetone and its analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatbardha Varfaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California (F.V., H.P., P.R.O.M.); Department of Chemistry, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia (S.N.A.Z., V.L.C., J.J.D.V.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea (H.P.)
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50
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Gilmore K, Kopetzki D, Lee JW, Horváth Z, McQuade DT, Seidel-Morgenstern A, Seeberger PH. Continuous synthesis of artemisinin-derived medicines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:12652-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05098c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Continuous, convergent/divergent synthesis of four anti-malarial APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Gilmore
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Kopetzki
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ju Weon Lee
- Max-Planck-Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems
- 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Zoltán Horváth
- Max-Planck-Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems
- 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - D. Tyler McQuade
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andreas Seidel-Morgenstern
- Max-Planck-Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems
- 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Otto-von-Guericke-University
- Chair for Chemical Process Technology
- 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
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