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Talele TT. Opportunities for Tapping into Three-Dimensional Chemical Space through a Quaternary Carbon. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13291-13315. [PMID: 32805118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A quaternary carbon bears four other carbon substituents or combination of four non-hydrogen substituents at four vertices of a tetrahedron. The spirocyclic quaternary carbon positioned at the center of a bioactive molecule offers conformational rigidity, which in turn reduces the penalty for conformational entropy. The quaternary carbon is a predominant feature of natural product structures and has been associated with more effective and selective binding to target proteins compared to planar compounds with a high sp2 count. The presence of a quaternary carbon stereocenter allows the exploration of novel chemical space to obtain new molecules with enhanced three-dimensionality. These characteristics, coupled to an increasing awareness to develop sp3-rich molecules, boosted utility of quaternary carbon stereocenters in bioactive compounds. It is hoped that this Perspective will inspire the chemist to utilize quaternary carbon stereocenters to enhance potency, selectivity, and other drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaji T Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439, United States
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2
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Xie Q, Hu J. Chen's Reagent: A Versatile Reagent for Trifluoromethylation, Difluoromethylenation, and Difluoroalkylation in Organic Synthesis
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiqiang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Ling‐Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Ling‐Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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3
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Zhang Y, Shen HC, Li YY, Huang YS, Han ZY, Wu X. Access to chiral tetrahydrofluorenes through a palladium-catalyzed enantioselective tandem intramolecular Heck/Tsuji–Trost reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3769-3772. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01379b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed enantioselective tandem reaction of 2,5-cyclohexadienyl-substituted aryl iodides and carbon or heteroatom nucleophiles has been successfully established by using a chiral H8-BINOL-based phosphoramidite ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Hong-Cheng Shen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Yang-Yang Li
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Yong-Shuang Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
- China
| | - Zhi-Yong Han
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
- China
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4
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Ludwig JR, Watson RB, Nasrallah DJ, Gianino JB, Zimmerman PM, Wiscons RA, Schindler CS. Interrupted carbonyl-olefin metathesis via oxygen atom transfer. Science 2018; 361:1363-1369. [PMID: 30262500 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar8238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Some of the simplest and most powerful carbon-carbon bond forming strategies take advantage of readily accessible ubiquitous motifs: carbonyls and olefins. Here we report a fundamentally distinct mode of reactivity between carbonyls and olefins that differs from established acid-catalyzed carbonyl-ene, Prins, and carbonyl-olefin metathesis reaction paths. A range of epsilon, zeta-unsaturated ketones undergo Brønsted acid-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization to provide tetrahydrofluorene products via the formation of two new carbon-carbon bonds. Theoretical calculations and accompanying mechanistic studies suggest that this carbocyclization reaction proceeds through the intermediacy of a transient oxetane formed by oxygen atom transfer. The complex polycyclic frameworks in this product class appear as common substructures in organic materials, bioactive natural products, and recently developed pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Ludwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca B Watson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Joseph B Gianino
- Advanced Materials and Systems Research, BASF, Wyandotte, MI, USA
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ren A Wiscons
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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5
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Zhao S, Guo Y, Han EJ, Luo J, Liu HM, Liu C, Xie W, Zhang W, Wang M. Copper(ii)-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of iodoarenes using Chen's reagent. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00025e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The utility of Chen's reagent in trifluoromethylation revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
| | - En-Jian Han
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Luo
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai 201418
- P. R. China
| | - Hui-Min Liu
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai 201418
- P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
| | - Weidong Xie
- Sanming Hexafluo Chemicals Co
- LTD
- Fluorinated New Material Industry Park
- Mingxi
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Sanming Hexafluo Chemicals Co
- LTD
- Fluorinated New Material Industry Park
- Mingxi
- P. R. China
| | - Mengying Wang
- Sanming Hexafluo Chemicals Co
- LTD
- Fluorinated New Material Industry Park
- Mingxi
- P. R. China
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Schäfer G, Ahmetovic M, Abele S. Scalable Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Imidazo-Fused N-Heterocycles Using TFAA and Trifluoroacetamide as CF3-Reagents. Org Lett 2017; 19:6578-6581. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Schäfer
- Process Chemistry R&D, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Muhamed Ahmetovic
- Process Chemistry R&D, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Abele
- Process Chemistry R&D, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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Clarke SL, McGlacken GP. Methyl fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate (MFSDA): An Underutilised Reagent for Trifluoromethylation. Chemistry 2016; 23:1219-1230. [PMID: 27430725 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of fluorine groups to pharmaceutical compounds can have a dramatic effect on the lipophilicity and metabolic stability of the molecule in vivo. Around 20 % of drugs contain at least one fluorine atom. The trifluoromethyl group is known to have beneficial effects and can dramatically affect the biological activity when substituted for a methyl group, for example. In any case, the direct and late-stage introduction of a trifluoromethyl group is a powerful transformation in the tool box of the medicinal chemist. The use of methyl fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate (MFSDA) as a relatively inexpensive reagent for trifluoromethylation was first reported in 1989; however, in our opinion it has been somewhat underutilised. Herein, a comprehensive review of trifluoromethylation using MFSDA is reported, which we hope will further expose readers to this useful reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard P McGlacken
- Department of Chemistry and Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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8
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The Diels–Alder reactivity of 2-vinylindenes: synthesis of functionalized tetrahydrofluorenes. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tsukanov SV, Johnson MD, May SA, Rosemeyer M, Watkins MA, Kolis SP, Yates MH, Johnston JN. Development of an Intermittent-Flow Enantioselective Aza-Henry Reaction Using an Arylnitromethane and Homogeneous Brønsted Acid-Base Catalyst with Recycle. Org Process Res Dev 2016; 20:215-226. [PMID: 27065720 PMCID: PMC4821467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A stereoselective aza-Henry reaction between an arylnitromethane and Boc-protected aryl aldimine using a homogeneous Brønsted acid-base catalyst was translated from batch format to an automated intermittent-flow process. This work demonstrates the advantages of a novel intermittent-flow setup with product crystallization and slow reagent addition which is not amenable to the standard continuous equipment: plug flow tube reactor (PFR) or continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). A significant benefit of this strategy was the integration of an organocatalytic enantioselective reaction with straightforward product separation, including recycle of the catalyst, resulting in increased intensity of the process by maintaining high catalyst concentration in the reactor. A continuous campaign confirmed that these conditions could effectively provide high throughput of material using an automated system while maintaining high selectivity, thereby addressing nitroalkane safety and minimizing catalyst usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Tsukanov
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, Unites States
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Martin D. Johnson
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, Unites States
| | - Scott A. May
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, Unites States
| | - Morgan Rosemeyer
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, Unites States
| | - Michael A. Watkins
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, Unites States
| | - Stanley P. Kolis
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, Unites States
| | - Matthew H. Yates
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, Unites States
| | - Jeffrey N. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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10
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Tan J, Yasuda N. Contemporary Asymmetric Phase Transfer Catalysis: Large-Scale Industrial Applications. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Tan
- Department
of Process Chemistry, Merck and Co., Inc.,
P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nobuyoshi Yasuda
- Department
of Process Chemistry, Merck and Co., Inc.,
P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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