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Ma L, Zhao X, Hou J, Huang L, Yao Y, Ding Z, Wei J, Hao N. Droplet Microfluidic Devices: Working Principles, Fabrication Methods, and Scale-Up Applications. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301406. [PMID: 38594964 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Compared with the conventional emulsification method, droplets generated within microfluidic devices exhibit distinct advantages such as precise control of fluids, exceptional monodispersity, uniform morphology, flexible manipulation, and narrow size distribution. These inherent benefits, including intrinsic safety, excellent heat and mass transfer capabilities, and large surface-to-volume ratio, have led to the widespread applications of droplet-based microfluidics across diverse fields, encompassing chemical engineering, particle synthesis, biological detection, diagnostics, emulsion preparation, and pharmaceuticals. However, despite its promising potential for versatile applications, the practical utilization of this technology in commercial and industrial is extremely limited to the inherently low production rates achievable within a single microchannel. Over the past two decades, droplet-based microfluidics has evolved significantly, considerably transitioning from a proof-of-concept stage to industrialization. And now there is a growing trend towards translating academic research into commercial and industrial applications, primarily driven by the burgeoning demands of various fields. This paper comprehensively reviews recent advancements in droplet-based microfluidics, covering the fundamental working principles and the critical aspect of scale-up integration from working principles to scale-up integration. Based on the existing scale-up strategies, the paper also outlines the future research directions, identifies the potential opportunities, and addresses the typical unsolved challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xiong Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Junsheng Hou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Lei Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yilong Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zihan Ding
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jinjia Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Nanjing Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
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2
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Gande VV, Podupu PKR, Berry B, Nere NK, Pushpavanam S, Singh MR. Engineering advancements in microfluidic systems for enhanced mixing at low Reynolds numbers. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:011502. [PMID: 38298373 PMCID: PMC10827338 DOI: 10.1063/5.0178939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Mixing within micro- and millichannels is a pivotal element across various applications, ranging from chemical synthesis to biomedical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. The inherent low Reynolds number flow in these channels often results in a parabolic velocity profile, leading to a broad residence time distribution. Achieving efficient mixing at such small scales presents unique challenges and opportunities. This review encompasses various techniques and strategies to evaluate and enhance mixing efficiency in these confined environments. It explores the significance of mixing in micro- and millichannels, highlighting its relevance for enhanced reaction kinetics, homogeneity in mixed fluids, and analytical accuracy. We discuss various mixing methodologies that have been employed to get a narrower residence time distribution. The role of channel geometry, flow conditions, and mixing mechanisms in influencing the mixing performance are also discussed. Various emerging technologies and advancements in microfluidic devices and tools specifically designed to enhance mixing efficiency are highlighted. We emphasize the potential applications of micro- and millichannels in fields of nanoparticle synthesis, which can be utilized for biological applications. Additionally, the prospects of machine learning and artificial intelligence are offered toward incorporating better mixing to achieve precise control over nanoparticle synthesis, ultimately enhancing the potential for applications in these miniature fluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Vikram Gande
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Prem K. R. Podupu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Bianca Berry
- LaGrange Highlands Middle School, LaGrange Highlands, Illinois 60525, USA
| | | | - S. Pushpavanam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Meenesh R. Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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3
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Nagy BS, Fu G, Hone CA, Kappe CO, Ötvös SB. Harnessing a Continuous-Flow Persulfuric Acid Generator for Direct Oxidative Aldehyde Esterifications. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201868. [PMID: 36377674 PMCID: PMC10107610 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Persulfuric acid is a well-known oxidant in various industrial-scale purification procedures. However, due to its tendency toward explosive decomposition, its usefulness in organic synthesis remained largely underexplored. Herein, a continuous in situ persulfuric acid generator was developed and applied for oxidative esterification of aldehydes under flow conditions. Sulfuric acid served as a readily available and benign precursor to form persulfuric acid in situ. By taking advantage of the continuous-flow generator concept, safety hazards were significantly reduced, whilst a robust and effective approach was ensured for direct transformations of aldehydes to valuable esters. The process proved useful for the transformation of diverse aliphatic as well as aromatic aldehydes, while its preparative capability was verified by the multigram-scale synthesis of a pharmaceutically relevant key intermediate. The present flow protocol demonstrates the safe, sustainable, and scalable application of persulfuric acid in a manner that would not be amenable to conventional batch processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence S. Nagy
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Gang Fu
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research CenterPharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research CenterPharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Sándor B. Ötvös
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research CenterPharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
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4
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Lan Z, Lu Y. Micromixing Intensification within a Combination of T-Type Micromixer and Micropacked Bed. MICROMACHINES 2022; 14:45. [PMID: 36677105 PMCID: PMC9866573 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The combination of microstructural units is an effective strategy to improve the micromixing of liquid phase systems, especially viscous systems. However, how the microstructural combination influences micromixing is still not systematically investigated. In this work, the Villermaux/Dushman reaction is used to study the micromixing performance of the viscous system of the glycerol-water in the combination of a T-type micromixer and a micropacked bed. Micromixing performances under various structural parameters and fluid characteristics are determined and summarized, and the micromixing laws are revealed by dimensionless analysis considering the specific spatial characteristics and temporal sequence in the combined microstructures. It achieves good agreement with experimental results and enables guidance for the design and scaling-up of the combined T-type micromixer and micropacked bed towards micromixing intensification in viscous reaction systems.
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5
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Femtosecond laser-engineered 3D microfluidic chips: Synthesis system sprouting highly efficient multiphase organic reactions. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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6
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Wan L, Jiang M, Cheng D, Liu M, Chen F. Continuous flow technology-a tool for safer oxidation chemistry. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00520k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advantages and benefits of continuous flow technology for oxidation chemistry have been illustrated in tube reactors, micro-channel reactors, tube-in-tube reactors and micro-packed bed reactors in the presence of various oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meifen Jiang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dang Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minjie Liu
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
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7
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Princiotto S, Jayasinghe L, Dallavalle S. Recent advances in the synthesis of naturally occurring tetronic acids. Bioorg Chem 2021; 119:105552. [PMID: 34929518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades the interest towards natural products containing the tetronic acid moiety augmented significantly, due to their challenging structures and to the wide range of biological activities they display. This increasing enthusiasm has led to noteworthy advances in the development of innovative methodologies for the construction of the butenolide nucleus. This review provides an overview of the progress in the synthesis of tetronic acid as a structural key motif of natural compounds, covering the last 15 years. Herein, the most representative synthetic pathways towards structurally diverse natural tetronic acids are grouped according to the strategy followed. The first part describes the functionalization of a preformed tetronic acid core by intermolecular reactions (cross-coupling reactions, nucleophilic substitution, multicomponent reactions) whereas the second part deals with intramolecular approaches (Dieckmann, cycloaddition or ring expansion reactions) to construct the heterocyclic core. This rational subcategorization allowed us to make some considerations about the best approaches for the synthesis of specific substrates, including modern intriguing methodologies such as microwave irradiation, solid phase anchoring, bio-transformations and continuous flow processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Princiotto
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina Dallavalle
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka.
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8
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Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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9
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Mori H, Nishiyama Y, Fujii A, Saito A, Torikai H, Hanasaka T, Koishi H. Biphasic nucleophilic aromatic substitution using a microreactor under droplet formation conditions. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00014d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biphasic nucleophilic aromatic substitution of 4-fluoronitrobenzene proceeded efficiently using a packed bed reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Mori
- Industrial Technology Centre of Wakayama Prefecture
- Wakayama
- Japan
| | | | - Akira Fujii
- Industrial Technology Centre of Wakayama Prefecture
- Wakayama
- Japan
| | - Akane Saito
- Industrial Technology Centre of Wakayama Prefecture
- Wakayama
- Japan
| | - Hitoshi Torikai
- Industrial Technology Centre of Wakayama Prefecture
- Wakayama
- Japan
| | | | - Hideyuki Koishi
- Industrial Technology Centre of Wakayama Prefecture
- Wakayama
- Japan
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10
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Yuan WQ, Zhou SQ, Jiang YY, Li HH, Zheng HD. Organocatalyzed styrene epoxidation accelerated by continuous-flow reactor. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Santana HS, Rodrigues AC, Lopes MG, Russo FN, Silva JL, Taranto OP. 3D printed millireactors for process intensification. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Kumar N, Naveen K, Bhatia A, Muthaiah S, Siruguri V, Paul AK. Solvent and additive-free efficient aerobic oxidation of alcohols by a perovskite oxide-based heterogeneous catalyst. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00189a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A perovskite oxide has been utilized for the solvent and additive-free heterogeneous oxidation of various alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Kurukshetra-136119
- India
| | - Kumari Naveen
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Kurukshetra-136119
- India
| | - Anita Bhatia
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Kurukshetra-136119
- India
| | | | - Vasudeva Siruguri
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research Mumbai Centre
- Mumbai-400085
- India
| | - Avijit Kumar Paul
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Kurukshetra-136119
- India
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13
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Hommes A, Heeres HJ, Yue J. Catalytic Transformation of Biomass Derivatives to Value‐Added Chemicals and Fuels in Continuous Flow Microreactors. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Hommes
- Department of Chemical Engineering Engineering and Technology Institute GroningenUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Hero Jan Heeres
- Department of Chemical Engineering Engineering and Technology Institute GroningenUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Jun Yue
- Department of Chemical Engineering Engineering and Technology Institute GroningenUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
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14
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Mori H, Saito A, Nishiyama Y. Ethoxylation of p-Fluoronitrobenzene using phase-transfer catalysts under microflow conditions. J Flow Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Fang J, Ke M, Huang G, Tao Y, Cheng D, Chen FE. The Chapman rearrangement in a continuous-flow microreactor. RSC Adv 2019; 9:9270-9280. [PMID: 35517650 PMCID: PMC9062176 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01347d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chapman rearrangement is of practical significance in pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries. It is a high temperature reaction with an exothermic nature in numerous cases. The conventional batch-wise synthesis is limited by its operational complexities, temperature control difficulties and scale-up hurdles. In this work, a microreactor-based continuous-flow approach was developed to perform the rearrangement in a highly controlled and safer manner. High conversions were obtained within short residence times (≤20 minutes). The detailed kinetics of this reaction, using 2,6-dichloro-phenyl N-phenyl benzimidate and 2-carbomethoxy-phenyl N-phenyl benzimidate as the representative reactants, was explored at varying temperatures to understand the intensified reaction behavior, and was modelled based on the obtained experimental data. The continuous process was scaled up to a 16-fold larger reactor volume by increasing the diameter of the microreactor while maintaining the residence time without further optimization. A very slight variation was observed in the conversion for the larger-sized flow system. Upscaling the batch reaction to a 10 times larger volume, by contrast, resulted in a dramatic decrease in the conversion. The simplicity of scaling up continuous-flow system was clearly demonstrated. A CFD model coupled with the obtained rearrangement kinetics was developed and well validated against the experimental data, which provided a robust platform for guiding the relevant process design and optimization of the continuous-flow processes. The results presented shed new light on the developments and applications of continuous-flow method for the classical Chapman rearrangement that require harsh high temperatures. A microreactor-based continuous flow method was developed for the high temperature Chapman rearrangement, which was found to be efficient, controllable, safe and scalable.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Fang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- PR China
| | - Miaolin Ke
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- PR China
| | - Guanxin Huang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- PR China
| | - Yuan Tao
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- PR China
| | - Dang Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- PR China
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- PR China
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Abstract
This minireview offers an up-to-date overview of enabling tools for biphasic liquid–liquid reactions in flow.
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17
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Yang Y, Hou X, Zhang T, Ma J, Zhang W, Tang S, Sun H, Zhang J. Mechanistic Insights into the Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reaction of Benzaldehyde with Benzyl Alcohol via C–H Activation: A Theoretical Investigation. J Org Chem 2018; 83:11905-11916. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Hou
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junmei Ma
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanqiao Zhang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuwei Tang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning 123000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Sun
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingping Zhang
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Jolley KE, Chapman MR, Blacker AJ. A general and atom-efficient continuous-flow approach to prepare amines, amides and imines via reactive N-chloramines. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:2220-2228. [PMID: 30202475 PMCID: PMC6122332 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloramines are an important class of reagents, providing a convenient source of chlorine or electrophilic nitrogen. However, the instability of these compounds is a problem which makes their isolation and handling difficult. To overcome these hazards, a continuous-flow approach is reported which generates and immediately reacts N-chloramines directly, avoiding purification and isolation steps. 2-Chloramines were produced from the reaction of styrenes with N-alkyl-N-sulfonyl-N-chloramines, whilst N-alkyl or N,N'-dialkyl-N-chloramines reacted with anisaldehyde in the presence of t-BuO2H oxidant to afford amides. Primary and secondary imines were produced under continuous conditions from the reaction of N-chloramines with base, with one example subsequently reduced under asymmetric conditions to produce a chiral amine in 94% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Jolley
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Process Research and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Chapman
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Process Research and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - A John Blacker
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Process Research and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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19
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Majeed M, Nagabhushanam K, Bani S, Choudhury AK. Highly Oxygenated 11-Keto-β-boswellic Acid Analogues and Their Anti-Inflammatory Potential. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Majeed
- Sami Labs Limited; Bangalore- 560058 India
- Sabinsa Corporation-East Windsor; NJ-08520 USA
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20
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Vanoye L, Yehouenou L, Philippe R, de Bellefon C, Fongarland P, Favre-Réguillon A. Continuous flow oxidation of benzylic and aliphatic alcohols using bleach: process improvement by precise pH adjustment in flow with CO2. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00155j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Commercial bleach neutralization using CO2 enhanced the oxidation rate of benzylic and aliphatic alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes and ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Vanoye
- Univ. Lyon
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques
- UMR 5285 CNRS
- CPE Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
| | - Laurelle Yehouenou
- Univ. Lyon
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques
- UMR 5285 CNRS
- CPE Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
| | - Régis Philippe
- Univ. Lyon
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques
- UMR 5285 CNRS
- CPE Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
| | - Claude de Bellefon
- Univ. Lyon
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques
- UMR 5285 CNRS
- CPE Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
| | - Pascal Fongarland
- Univ. Lyon
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques
- UMR 5285 CNRS
- CPE Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
| | - Alain Favre-Réguillon
- Univ. Lyon
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques
- UMR 5285 CNRS
- CPE Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
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21
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Penverne C, Hazard B, Rolando C, Penhoat M. Scale-up Study of Benzoic Acid Alkylation in Flow: From Microflow Capillary Reactor to a Milliflow Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Penverne
- USR 3290, MSAP, Miniaturisation
pour la Synthèse l’Analyse et la Protéomique,
and FR 2638, Institut Eugène-Michel Chevreul, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Benjamin Hazard
- USR 3290, MSAP, Miniaturisation
pour la Synthèse l’Analyse et la Protéomique,
and FR 2638, Institut Eugène-Michel Chevreul, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Christian Rolando
- USR 3290, MSAP, Miniaturisation
pour la Synthèse l’Analyse et la Protéomique,
and FR 2638, Institut Eugène-Michel Chevreul, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Maël Penhoat
- USR 3290, MSAP, Miniaturisation
pour la Synthèse l’Analyse et la Protéomique,
and FR 2638, Institut Eugène-Michel Chevreul, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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22
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Yap SK, Wong WK, Ng NXY, Khan SA. Three-phase microfluidic reactor networks – Design, modeling and application to scaled-out nanoparticle-catalyzed hydrogenations with online catalyst recovery and recycle. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Ganiek MA, Becker MR, Berionni G, Zipse H, Knochel P. Barbier Continuous Flow Preparation and Reactions of Carbamoyllithiums for Nucleophilic Amidation. Chemistry 2017; 23:10280-10284. [PMID: 28590518 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An ambient temperature continuous flow method for nucleophilic amidation and thioamidation is described. Deprotonation of formamides by lithium diisopropylamine (LDA) affords carbamoyllithium intermediates that are quenched in situ with various electrophiles such as ketones, allyl bromides, Weinreb and morpholino amides. The nature of the reactive lithium intermediates and the thermodynamics of the metalation were further investigated by ab initio calculations and kinetic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian A Ganiek
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Matthias R Becker
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Guillaume Berionni
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
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24
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Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1020] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Loren BP, Wleklinski M, Koswara A, Yammine K, Hu Y, Nagy ZK, Thompson DH, Cooks RG. Mass spectrometric directed system for the continuous-flow synthesis and purification of diphenhydramine. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4363-4370. [PMID: 28979759 PMCID: PMC5580336 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00905d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly integrated approach to the development of a process for the continuous synthesis and purification of diphenhydramine is reported. Mass spectrometry (MS) is utilized throughout the system for on-line reaction monitoring, off-line yield quantitation, and as a reaction screening module that exploits reaction acceleration in charged microdroplets for high throughput route screening. This effort has enabled the discovery and optimization of multiple routes to diphenhydramine in glass microreactors using MS as a process analytical tool (PAT). The ability to rapidly screen conditions in charged microdroplets was used to guide optimization of the process in a microfluidic reactor. A quantitative MS method was developed and used to measure the reaction kinetics. Integration of the continuous-flow reactor/on-line MS methodology with a miniaturized crystallization platform for continuous reaction monitoring and controlled crystallization of diphenhydramine was also achieved. Our findings suggest a robust approach for the continuous manufacture of pharmaceutical drug products, exemplified in the particular case of diphenhydramine, and optimized for efficiency and crystal size, and guided by real-time analytics to produce the agent in a form that is readily adapted to continuous synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley P Loren
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ;
| | - Michael Wleklinski
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ;
| | - Andy Koswara
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - Kathryn Yammine
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ;
| | - Yanyang Hu
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ;
| | - Zoltan K Nagy
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - David H Thompson
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ;
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ;
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26
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Peer M, Weeranoppanant N, Adamo A, Zhang Y, Jensen KF. Biphasic Catalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation of Alcohols in Flow: Scale-up and Extraction. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Peer
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nopphon Weeranoppanant
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrea Adamo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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27
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Cheng J, Zhu M, Wang C, Li J, Jiang X, Wei Y, Tang W, Xue D, Xiao J. Chemoselective dehydrogenative esterification of aldehydes and alcohols with a dimeric rhodium(ii) catalyst. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4428-4434. [PMID: 30155090 PMCID: PMC6090528 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00145a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A dimeric rhodium(ii) complex catalyses the chemoselective dehydrogenative esterification of aldehydes and alcohols.
Dehydrogenative cross-coupling of aldehydes with alcohols as well as dehydrogentive cross-coupling of primary alcohols to produce esters have been developed using a Rh-terpyridine catalyst. The catalyst demonstrates broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance, affording esters highly selectively. The high chemoselectivity of the catalyst stems from its preference for dehydrogenation of benzylic alcohols over aliphatic ones. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the active catalyst is a dimeric Rh(ii) species, operating via a mechanism involving metal–base–metal cooperativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry , Ministry of Education , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , 710062 , China .
| | - Meijuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry , Ministry of Education , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , 710062 , China .
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry , Ministry of Education , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , 710062 , China .
| | - Junjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry , Ministry of Education , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , 710062 , China .
| | - Xue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry , Ministry of Education , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , 710062 , China .
| | - Yawen Wei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry , Ministry of Education , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , 710062 , China .
| | - Weijun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry , Ministry of Education , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , 710062 , China .
| | - Dong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry , Ministry of Education , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , 710062 , China .
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry , Ministry of Education , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , 710062 , China . .,Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , L69 7ZD , UK .
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28
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Becker MR, Knochel P. High-Temperature Continuous-Flow Zincations of Functionalized Arenes and Heteroarenes Using (Cy2N)2Zn·2LiCl. Org Lett 2016; 18:1462-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias R. Becker
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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29
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Ganiek MA, Becker MR, Ketels M, Knochel P. Continuous Flow Magnesiation or Zincation of Acrylonitriles, Acrylates, and Nitroolefins. Application to the Synthesis of Butenolides. Org Lett 2016; 18:828-31. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian A. Ganiek
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias R. Becker
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Marthe Ketels
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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30
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Albanese DCM, Foschi F, Penso M. Sustainable Oxidations under Phase-Transfer Catalysis Conditions. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico C. M. Albanese
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi
19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Foschi
- Institute of Molecular
Science and Technologies (ISTM-CNR), via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Penso
- Institute of Molecular
Science and Technologies (ISTM-CNR), via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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31
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Liu C, Fang Z, Yang Z, Li Q, Guo S, Guo K. AIBN/NaBr-promoted aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols via a radical process. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:577-581. [PMID: 26530962 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01834j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An economic and practical AIBN-initiated aerobic oxidation system of benzylic alcohols, hetero aryl alcohols and allyl alcohols was developed for the first time. Moderate to excellent yields were obtained with a broad substrate scope. Moreover, a proposed mechanism of a radical process was assumed and confirmed by the key intermediate detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
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32
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Blacker AJ, Jolley KE. Continuous formation of N-chloro-N,N-dialkylamine solutions in well-mixed meso-scale flow reactors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 11:2408-17. [PMID: 26734089 PMCID: PMC4685760 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous flow synthesis of a range of organic solutions of N,N-dialkyl-N-chloramines is described using either a bespoke meso-scale tubular reactor with static mixers or a continuous stirred tank reactor. Both reactors promote the efficient mixing of a biphasic solution of N,N-dialkylamine in organic solvent, and aqueous sodium hypochlorite to achieve near quantitative conversions, in 72–100% in situ yields, and useful productivities of around 0.05 mol/h with residence times from 3 to 20 minutes. Initial calorimetric studies have been carried out to inform on reaction exotherms, rates and safe operation. Amines which partition mainly in the organic phase require longer reaction times, provided by the CSTR, to compensate for low mass transfer rates in the biphasic system. The green metrics of the reaction have been assessed and compared to existing procedures and have shown the continuous process is improved over previous procedures. The organic solutions of N,N-dialkyl-N-chloramines produced continuously will enable their use in tandem flow reactions with a range of nucleophilic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A John Blacker
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
| | - Katherine E Jolley
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
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33
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Gemoets HPL, Su Y, Shang M, Hessel V, Luque R, Noël T. Liquid phase oxidation chemistry in continuous-flow microreactors. Chem Soc Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an exhaustive overview of the engineering principles, safety aspects and chemistry associated with liquid phase oxidation in continuous-flow microreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes P. L. Gemoets
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Yuanhai Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Minjing Shang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Quimica Organica
- Universidad de Cordoba
- E14014 Cordoba
- Spain
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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34
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Becker MR, Ganiek MA, Knochel P. Practical and economic lithiations of functionalized arenes and heteroarenes using Cy 2NLi in the presence of Mg, Zn or La halides in a continuous flow. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6649-6653. [PMID: 29435214 PMCID: PMC5802273 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02558c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The economic amide base lithium dicyclohexylamide (Cy2NLi) allows fast and convenient (40 s, 0 °C) in situ trapping flow metalations of a broad range of functionalized arenes, heteroarenes and acrylate derivatives in the presence of various metal salts (ZnCl2·2LiCl, MgCl2, LaCl3·2LiCl). The resulting Zn-, Mg- or La-organometallic intermediates are trapped with various electrophiles in high yields. These flow metalations are easily scaled-up without further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias R Becker
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Department Chemie , Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F) , 81377 München , Germany .
| | - Maximilian A Ganiek
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Department Chemie , Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F) , 81377 München , Germany .
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Department Chemie , Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (Haus F) , 81377 München , Germany .
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35
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36
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR. The synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using continuous flow chemistry. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1194-219. [PMID: 26425178 PMCID: PMC4578405 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of continuous flow processing as a key enabling technology has transformed the way we conduct chemistry and has expanded our synthetic capabilities. As a result many new preparative routes have been designed towards commercially relevant drug compounds achieving more efficient and reproducible manufacture. This review article aims to illustrate the holistic systems approach and diverse applications of flow chemistry to the preparation of pharmaceutically active molecules, demonstrating the value of this strategy towards every aspect ranging from synthesis, in-line analysis and purification to final formulation and tableting. Although this review will primarily concentrate on large scale continuous processing, additional selected syntheses using micro or meso-scaled flow reactors will be exemplified for key transformations and process control. It is hoped that the reader will gain an appreciation of the innovative technology and transformational nature that flow chemistry can leverage to an overall process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
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37
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Becker MR, Knochel P. Practical Continuous-Flow Trapping Metalations of Functionalized Arenes and Heteroarenes Using TMPLi in the Presence of Mg, Zn, Cu, or La Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12501-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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38
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Becker MR, Knochel P. Praktische kontinuierliche Durchfluss-Abfangmetallierungen funktionalisierter Arene und Heteroarene mit TMPLi in Gegenwart von Mg-, Zn-, Cu- oder La-Halogeniden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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39
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Liu C, Fang Z, Yang Z, Li Q, Guo S, Guo K. Highly practical sodium(i)/azobenzene catalyst system for aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15286k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An aerobic alcohol oxidation system was described firstly. The corresponding carbonyl compounds and acids were obtained respectively in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Zhao Yang
- College of Engineering China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Qingwen Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Shiyu Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
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40
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Noël T, Su Y, Hessel V. Beyond Organometallic Flow Chemistry: The Principles Behind the Use of Continuous-Flow Reactors for Synthesis. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2015_152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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