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Kimber MC, Lee DS. The Kornblum DeLaMare rearrangement in natural product synthesis: 25 years of innovation. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:813-833. [PMID: 38294038 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00058c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Covering: 1998 up to the end of 2023Since its initial disclosure in 1951, the Kornblum DeLaMare rearrangement has proved an important synthetic transformation and has been widely adopted as a biomimetic step in natural product synthesis. Utilising the base catalysed decomposition of alkyl peroxides to yield a ketone and alcohol has found use in many syntheses as well as a key strategic step, including the unmasking of furans, as a biomimetic synthetic tool, and the use of the rearrangement to install oxygen enantioselectively. Since ca. 1998, its impact as a synthetic transformation has grown significantly, especially given the frequency of use in natural product syntheses, therefore this 25 year time period will be the focus of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Kimber
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Darren S Lee
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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2
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Grillo G, Cintas P, Colia M, Calcio Gaudino E, Cravotto G. Process intensification in continuous flow organic synthesis with enabling and hybrid technologies. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.966451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial organic synthesis is time and energy consuming, and generates substantial waste. Traditional conductive heating and mixing in batch reactors is no longer competitive with continuous-flow synthetic methods and enabling technologies that can strongly promote reaction kinetics. These advances lead to faster and simplified downstream processes with easier workup, purification and process scale-up. In the current Industry 4.0 revolution, new advances that are based on cyber-physical systems and artificial intelligence will be able to optimize and invigorate synthetic processes by connecting cascade reactors with continuous in-line monitoring and even predict solutions in case of unforeseen events. Alternative energy sources, such as dielectric and ohmic heating, ultrasound, hydrodynamic cavitation, reactive extruders and plasma have revolutionized standard procedures. So-called hybrid or hyphenated techniques, where the combination of two different energy sources often generates synergistic effects, are also worthy of mention. Herein, we report our consolidated experience of all of these alternative techniques.
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3
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Wan L, Jiang M, Cheng D, Liu M, Chen F. Continuous flow technology-a tool for safer oxidation chemistry. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00520k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advantages and benefits of continuous flow technology for oxidation chemistry have been illustrated in tube reactors, micro-channel reactors, tube-in-tube reactors and micro-packed bed reactors in the presence of various oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meifen Jiang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dang Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minjie Liu
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
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5
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Kinetic analysis of the partial synthesis of artemisinin: Photooxygenation to the intermediate hydroperoxide. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe price of the currently best available antimalarial treatment is driven in large part by the limited availability of its base drug compound artemisinin. One approach to reduce the artemisinin cost is to efficiently integrate the partial synthesis of artemisinin starting from its biological precursor dihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA) into the production process. The optimal design of such an integrated process is a complex task that is easier to solve through simulations studies and process modelling. In this article, we present a quantitative kinetic model for the photooxygenation of DHAA to an hydroperoxide, the essential initial step of the partial synthesis to artemisinin. The photooxygenation reactions were studied in a two-phase photo-flow reactor utilizing Taylor flow for enhanced mixing and fast gas-liquid mass transfer. A good agreement of the model and the experimental data was achieved for all combinations of photosensitizer concentration, photon flux, fluid velocity and both liquid and gas phase compositions. Deviations between simulated predictions and measurements for the amount of hydroperoxide formed are 7.1 % on average. Consequently, the identified and parameterized kinetic model is exploited to investigate different behaviors of the reactor under study. In a final step, the kinetic model is utilized to suggest attractive operating windows for future applications of the photooxygenation of DHAA exploiting reaction rates that are not affected by mass transfer limitations.
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Abstract
AbstractDynamic irradiation is a potent option to influence the interaction between photochemical reactions and mass transport to design high performant and efficient photochemical processes. To systematically investigate the impact of this parameter, the photocatalytic reduction of nitrobenzene was conducted as a test reaction. Dynamic irradiation was realized through provoked secondary flow patterns, multiple spatially distributed light emitting diodes (LEDs) and electrical pulsation of LEDs. A combined experimental and theoretical approach revealed significant potential to enhance photochemical processes. The reaction rate was accelerated by more than 70% and even more important the photonic efficiency was increased by more than a factor of 4. This renders imposed dynamic irradiation an innovative and powerful tool to intensify photoreactions on the avenue to large scale sustainable photochemical processes.
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Abstract
Photochemical transformations of molecular building blocks have become an important and widely recognized research field in the past decade. Detailed and deep understanding of novel photochemical catalysts and reaction concepts with visible light as the energy source has enabled a broad application portfolio for synthetic organic chemistry. In parallel, continuous-flow chemistry and microreaction technology have become the basis for thinking and doing chemistry in a novel fashion with clear focus on improved process control for higher conversion and selectivity. As can be seen by the large number of scientific publications on flow photochemistry in the recent past, both research topics have found each other as exceptionally well-suited counterparts with high synergy by combining chemistry and technology. This review will give an overview on selected reaction classes, which represent important photochemical transformations in synthetic organic chemistry, and which benefit from mild and defined process conditions by the transfer from batch to continuous-flow mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Rehm
- Division Energy & Chemical Technology/Flow Chemistry GroupFraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMMCarl-Zeiss-Straße 18–2055129MainzGermany
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Al‐Nu'airat J, Oluwoye I, Zeinali N, Altarawneh M, Dlugogorski BZ. Review of Chemical Reactivity of Singlet Oxygen with Organic Fuels and Contaminants. CHEM REC 2020; 21:315-342. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jomana Al‐Nu'airat
- Murdoch University Discipline of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education 90 South Street Murdoch WA 6150 Australia
| | - Ibukun Oluwoye
- Murdoch University Discipline of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education 90 South Street Murdoch WA 6150 Australia
| | - Nassim Zeinali
- Murdoch University Discipline of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education 90 South Street Murdoch WA 6150 Australia
| | - Mohammednoor Altarawneh
- United Arab Emirates University Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed St Al-Ain 15551 United Arab Emirates
| | - Bogdan Z. Dlugogorski
- Charles Darwin University Energy and Resources Institute, Ellengowan Drive Darwin NT 0909 Australia
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Sezen-Edmonds M, Tabora JE, Cohen BM, Zaretsky S, Simmons EM, Sherwood TC, Ramirez A. Predicting Performance of Photochemical Transformations for Scaling Up in Different Platforms by Combining High-Throughput Experimentation with Computational Modeling. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melda Sezen-Edmonds
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jose E. Tabora
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Benjamin M. Cohen
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Serge Zaretsky
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Eric M. Simmons
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Trevor C. Sherwood
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Antonio Ramirez
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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10
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Tang XF, Zhao JN, Wu YF, Zheng ZH, Ma CF, Yu ZY, Yun L, Liu GZ, Meng QW. Asymmetric α-hydroxylation of β-dicarbonyl compounds by C-2′ modified cinchonine-derived phase-transfer catalysts in batch and flow microreactors. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1781183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Nan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Hao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Cun-Fei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Yi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Wei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
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11
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Costa E Silva R, Oliveira da Silva L, de Andrade Bartolomeu A, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Recent applications of porphyrins as photocatalysts in organic synthesis: batch and continuous flow approaches. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:917-955. [PMID: 32461773 PMCID: PMC7214915 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we present relevant and recent applications of porphyrin derivatives as photocatalysts in organic synthesis, involving both single electron transfer (SET) and energy transfer (ET) mechanistic approaches. We demonstrate that these highly conjugated photosensitizers show increasing potential in photocatalysis since they combine both photo- and electrochemical properties which can substitute available metalloorganic photocatalysts. Batch and continuous-flow approaches are presented highlighting the relevance of enabling technologies for the renewal of porphyrin applications in photocatalysis. Finally, the reaction scale in which the methodologies were developed are highlighted since this is an important parameter in the authors' opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Costa E Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Luely Oliveira da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Marabá, PA, 68502-100, Brazil
| | | | - Timothy John Brocksom
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Rehm
- Division Energy & Chemical Technology / Flow Chemistry GroupFraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM Carl-Zeiss-Straße 18–20 55129 Mainz Germany
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13
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Williams JD, Nakano M, Gérardy R, Rincón JA, de Frutos Ó, Mateos C, Monbaliu JCM, Kappe CO. Finding the Perfect Match: A Combined Computational and Experimental Study toward Efficient and Scalable Photosensitized [2 + 2] Cycloadditions in Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Momoe Nakano
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Romaric Gérardy
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, Research Unit MolSys, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège (Sart
Tilman), Belgium
| | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar de Frutos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, Research Unit MolSys, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège (Sart
Tilman), Belgium
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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14
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Al-Nu'airat J, Dlugogorski BZ, Gao X, Zeinali N, Skut J, Westmoreland PR, Oluwoye I, Altarawneh M. Reaction of phenol with singlet oxygen. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 21:171-183. [PMID: 30516179 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04852e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Photo-degradation of organic pollutants plays an important role in their removal from the environment. This study provides an experimental and theoretical account of the reaction of singlet oxygen O2(1Δg) with the biodegradable-resistant species of phenol in an aqueous medium. The experiments combine customised LED-photoreactors, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging, employing rose bengal as a sensitiser. Guided by density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the M062X level, we report the mechanism of the reaction and its kinetic model. Addition of O2(1Δg) to the phenol molecule branches into two competitive 1,4-cycloaddition and ortho ene-type routes, yielding 2,3-dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octa-5,7-dien-1-ol (i.e., 1,4-endoperoxide 1-hydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene) and 2-hydroperoxycyclohexa-3,5-dien-1-one, respectively. Unimolecular rearrangements of the 1,4-endoperoxide proceed in a facile exothermic reaction to form the only experimentally detected product, para-benzoquinone. EPR revealed the nature of the oxidation intermediates and corroborated the appearance of O2(1Δg) as the only active radical participating in the photosensitised reaction. Additional experiments excluded the formation of hydroxyl (HO˙), hydroperoxyl (HO2˙), and phenoxy intermediates. We detected for the first time the para-semibenzoquinone anion (PSBQ), supporting the reaction pathway leading to the formation of para-benzoquinone. Our experiments and the water-solvation model result in the overall reaction rates of kr-solvation = 1.21 × 104 M-1 s-1 and kr = 1.14 × 104 M-1 s-1, respectively. These results have practical application to quantify the degradation of phenol in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomana Al-Nu'airat
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
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15
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Hone CA, Kappe CO. The Use of Molecular Oxygen for Liquid Phase Aerobic Oxidations in Continuous Flow. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 377:2. [PMID: 30536152 PMCID: PMC6290733 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen (O2) is the ultimate “green” oxidant for organic synthesis. There has been recent intensive research within the synthetic community to develop new selective liquid phase aerobic oxidation methodologies as a response to the necessity to reduce the environmental impact of chemical synthesis and manufacture. Green and sustainable chemical processes rely not only on effective chemistry but also on the implementation of reactor technologies that enhance reaction performance and overall safety. Continuous flow reactors have facilitated safer and more efficient utilization of O2, whilst enabling protocols to be scalable. In this article, we discuss recent advancements in the utilization of continuous processing for aerobic oxidations. The translation of aerobic oxidation from batch protocols to continuous flow processes, including process intensification (high T/p), is examined. The use of “synthetic air”, typically consisting of less than 10% O2 in N2, is compared to pure O2 (100% O2) as an oxidant source in terms of process efficiency and safety. Examples of homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous (packed bed) catalysis are provided. The application of flow photoreactors for the in situ formation of singlet oxygen (1O2) for use in organic reactions, as well as the implementation of membrane technologies, green solvents and recent reactor solutions for handling O2 are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hone
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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16
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Putta S, Reddy AM, Sheelu G, Reddy BS, Kumaraguru T. Preparation of (1R,4S)-4-hydroxycyclopent-2-en-1-yl acetate via Novozym-435® catalyzed desymmetrization of cis-3,5-Diacetoxy-1-cyclopentene. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Mendoza C, Emmanuel N, Páez CA, Dreesen L, Monbaliu JM, Heinrichs B. Improving Continuous Flow Singlet Oxygen Photooxygenation Reactions with Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Mendoza
- Nanomaterials, Catalysis & Electrochemistry (NCE) Department of Chemical Engineering. University of Liège B-4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Noémie Emmanuel
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis (CiTOS) Department of Chemistry. University of Liège B-4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Carlos A. Páez
- Nanomaterials, Catalysis & Electrochemistry (NCE) Department of Chemical Engineering. University of Liège B-4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Laurent Dreesen
- GRASP-Biophotonics Department of Physics. University of Liège B-4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Jean‐Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis (CiTOS) Department of Chemistry. University of Liège B-4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Benoît Heinrichs
- Nanomaterials, Catalysis & Electrochemistry (NCE) Department of Chemical Engineering. University of Liège B-4000 Liège Belgium
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Politano F, Oksdath-Mansilla G. Light on the Horizon: Current Research and Future Perspectives in Flow Photochemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Politano
- INFIQC-CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Oksdath-Mansilla
- INFIQC-CONICET-UNC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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19
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Shvydkiv O, Jähnisch K, Steinfeldt N, Yavorskyy A, Oelgemöller M. Visible-light photooxygenation of α-terpinene in a falling film microreactor. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Mendoza C, Emmanuel N, Páez CA, Dreesen L, Monbaliu JCM, Heinrichs B. Transitioning from conventional batch to microfluidic processes for the efficient singlet oxygen photooxygenation of methionine. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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21
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Kung SH, Lund S, Murarka A, McPhee D, Paddon CJ. Approaches and Recent Developments for the Commercial Production of Semi-synthetic Artemisinin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:87. [PMID: 29445390 PMCID: PMC5797932 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The antimalarial drug artemisinin is a natural product produced by the plant Artemisia annua. Extracts of A. annua have been used in Chinese herbal medicine for over two millennia. Following the re-discovery of A. annua extract as an effective antimalarial, and the isolation and structural elucidation of artemisinin as the active agent, it was recommended as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in combination with another effective antimalarial drug (Artemisinin Combination Therapy) by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2002. Following the WHO recommendation, the availability and price of artemisinin fluctuated greatly, ranging from supply shortfalls in some years to oversupply in others. To alleviate these supply and price issues, a second source of artemisinin was sought, resulting in an effort to produce artemisinic acid, a late-stage chemical precursor of artemisinin, by yeast fermentation, followed by chemical conversion to artemisinin (i.e., semi-synthesis). Engineering to enable production of artemisinic acid in yeast relied on the discovery of A. annua genes encoding artemisinic acid biosynthetic enzymes, and synthetic biology to engineer yeast metabolism. The progress of this effort, which resulted in semi-synthetic artemisinin entering commercial production in 2013, is reviewed with an emphasis on recent publications and opportunities for further development. Aspects of both the biology of artemisinin production in A. annua, and yeast strain engineering are discussed, as are recent developments in the chemical conversion of artemisinic acid to artemisinin.
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Kong CJ, Fisher D, Desai BK, Yang Y, Ahmad S, Belecki K, Gupton BF. High throughput photo-oxidations in a packed bed reactor system. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6203-6208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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23
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Emmanuel N, Mendoza C, Winter M, Horn CR, Vizza A, Dreesen L, Heinrichs B, Monbaliu JCM. Scalable Photocatalytic Oxidation of Methionine under Continuous-Flow Conditions. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc Winter
- Corning
Reactor Technologies, Corning SAS, 7 bis Avenue de Valvins, CS 70156 Samois sur Seine, 77215 Avon Cedex, France
| | - Clemens R. Horn
- Corning
Reactor Technologies, Corning SAS, 7 bis Avenue de Valvins, CS 70156 Samois sur Seine, 77215 Avon Cedex, France
| | - Alessandra Vizza
- Corning
Reactor Technologies, Corning SAS, 7 bis Avenue de Valvins, CS 70156 Samois sur Seine, 77215 Avon Cedex, France
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24
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Sender M, Ziegenbalg D. Light Sources for Photochemical Processes - Estimation of Technological Potentials. CHEM-ING-TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201600191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Sender
- University of Stuttgart; Institute of Chemical Technology; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- University of Stuttgart; Institute of Chemical Technology; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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25
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Ioannou GI, Montagnon T, Kalaitzakis D, Pergantis SA, Vassilikogiannakis G. A Novel Nebulizer-Based Continuous Flow Reactor: Introducing the Use of Pneumatically Generated Aerosols for Highly Productive Photooxidations. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201600054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios I. Ioannou
- Department of Chemistry; University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton; 71003 Iraklion Crete Greece
| | - Tamsyn Montagnon
- Department of Chemistry; University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton; 71003 Iraklion Crete Greece
| | - Dimitris Kalaitzakis
- Department of Chemistry; University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton; 71003 Iraklion Crete Greece
| | - Spiros A. Pergantis
- Department of Chemistry; University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton; 71003 Iraklion Crete Greece
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26
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Lier S, Paul S, Ferdinand D, Grünewald M. Modular Process Engineering: Development of Apparatuses for Transformable Production Systems. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.201600031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lier
- Ruhr-Universität-Bochum; Lehrstuhl für Fluidverfahrenstechnik; Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Sarah Paul
- Ruhr-Universität-Bochum; Lehrstuhl für Fluidverfahrenstechnik; Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Dennis Ferdinand
- Ruhr-Universität-Bochum; Lehrstuhl für Fluidverfahrenstechnik; Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Marcus Grünewald
- Ruhr-Universität-Bochum; Lehrstuhl für Fluidverfahrenstechnik; Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
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27
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Mizuno K, Nishiyama Y, Ogaki T, Terao K, Ikeda H, Kakiuchi K. Utilization of microflow reactors to carry out synthetically useful organic photochemical reactions. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Clark CA, Lee DS, Pickering SJ, Poliakoff M, George MW. A Simple and Versatile Reactor for Photochemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael W. George
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
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29
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Lier S, Paul S, Ferdinand D, Grünewald M. Modulare Verfahrenstechnik: Apparateentwicklung für wandlungsfähige Produktionssysteme. CHEM-ING-TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201600015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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30
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Nakano M, Nishiyama Y, Tanimoto H, Morimoto T, Kakiuchi K. Remarkable Improvement of Organic Photoreaction Efficiency in the Flow Microreactor by the Slug Flow Condition Using Water. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Momoe Nakano
- Graduate School of Materials
Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Materials
Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Materials
Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Tsumoru Morimoto
- Graduate School of Materials
Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Kakiuchi
- Graduate School of Materials
Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini A. Ghogare
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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32
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Barona-Castaño JC, Carmona-Vargas CC, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Porphyrins as Catalysts in Scalable Organic Reactions. Molecules 2016; 21:310. [PMID: 27005601 PMCID: PMC6273917 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalysis is a topic of continuous interest since it was discovered in chemistry centuries ago. Aiming at the advance of reactions for efficient processes, a number of approaches have been developed over the last 180 years, and more recently, porphyrins occupy an important role in this field. Porphyrins and metalloporphyrins are fascinating compounds which are involved in a number of synthetic transformations of great interest for industry and academy. The aim of this review is to cover the most recent progress in reactions catalysed by porphyrins in scalable procedures, thus presenting the state of the art in reactions of epoxidation, sulfoxidation, oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds and C–H functionalization. In addition, the use of porphyrins as photocatalysts in continuous flow processes is covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Barona-Castaño
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil.
| | | | - Timothy J Brocksom
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil.
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Cambié D, Bottecchia C, Straathof NJW, Hessel V, Noël T. Applications of Continuous-Flow Photochemistry in Organic Synthesis, Material Science, and Water Treatment. Chem Rev 2016; 116:10276-341. [PMID: 26935706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 882] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow photochemistry in microreactors receives a lot of attention from researchers in academia and industry as this technology provides reduced reaction times, higher selectivities, straightforward scalability, and the possibility to safely use hazardous intermediates and gaseous reactants. In this review, an up-to-date overview is given of photochemical transformations in continuous-flow reactors, including applications in organic synthesis, material science, and water treatment. In addition, the advantages of continuous-flow photochemistry are pointed out and a thorough comparison with batch processing is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cambié
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Bottecchia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Natan J W Straathof
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 (S4), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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34
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Ciriminna R, Delisi R, Xu YJ, Pagliaro M. Toward the Waste-Free Synthesis of Fine Chemicals with Visible Light. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Ciriminna
- Istituto
per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNR, via U. La Malfa
153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Delisi
- Istituto
per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNR, via U. La Malfa
153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Yi-Jun Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College
of Chemistry, New Campus, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mario Pagliaro
- Istituto
per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNR, via U. La Malfa
153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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35
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Gemoets HPL, Su Y, Shang M, Hessel V, Luque R, Noël T. Liquid phase oxidation chemistry in continuous-flow microreactors. Chem Soc Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an exhaustive overview of the engineering principles, safety aspects and chemistry associated with liquid phase oxidation in continuous-flow microreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes P. L. Gemoets
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Yuanhai Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Minjing Shang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Quimica Organica
- Universidad de Cordoba
- E14014 Cordoba
- Spain
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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36
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Ziegenbalg D, Wriedt B, Kreisel G, Kralisch D. Investigation of Photon Fluxes within Microstructured Photoreactors Revealing Great Optimization Potentials. Chem Eng Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201500498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Ley SV, Fitzpatrick DE, Myers RM, Battilocchio C, Ingham RJ. Machine-Assisted Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:10122-36. [PMID: 26193360 PMCID: PMC4834626 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this Review we describe how the advent of machines is impacting on organic synthesis programs, with particular emphasis on the practical issues associated with the design of chemical reactors. In the rapidly changing, multivariant environment of the research laboratory, equipment needs to be modular to accommodate high and low temperatures and pressures, enzymes, multiphase systems, slurries, gases, and organometallic compounds. Additional technologies have been developed to facilitate more specialized reaction techniques such as electrochemical and photochemical methods. All of these areas create both opportunities and challenges during adoption as enabling technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK).
| | - Daniel E Fitzpatrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Rebecca M Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Claudio Battilocchio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Richard J Ingham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
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38
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Ley SV, Fitzpatrick DE, Myers RM, Battilocchio C, Ingham RJ. Maschinengestützte organische Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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39
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Reis NM, Li Puma G. A novel microfluidic approach for extremely fast and efficient photochemical transformations in fluoropolymer microcapillary films. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8414-7. [PMID: 25849647 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01559f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The unique optical properties of the fluoropolymer microcapillary film (MCF) material combined with the extremely fast photoinactivation of Herpes HSV-1 virus, and photodegradation of indigo carmine, diclofenac and benzoylecgonine in the MCF array photoreactor, demonstrate a new, flexible and inexpensive platform for rapid photochemical transformations, high-throughput process analytics and photochemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Reis
- Environmental Nanocatalysis & Photoreaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
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