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Wu D, van de Graaf SFJ. Maladaptive regeneration and metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease: Common mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 227:116437. [PMID: 39025410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The normal liver has an extraordinary capacity of regeneration. However, this capacity is significantly impaired in steatotic livers. Emerging evidence indicates that metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and liver regeneration share several key mechanisms. Some classical liver regeneration pathways, such as HGF/c-Met, EGFR, Wnt/β-catenin and Hippo/YAP-TAZ are affected in MASLD. Some recently established therapeutic targets for MASH such as the Thyroid Hormone (TH) receptors, Glucagon-like protein 1 (GLP1), Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) as well as Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) are also reported to affect hepatocyte proliferation. With this review we aim to provide insight into common molecular pathways, that may ultimately enable therapeutic strategies that synergistically ameliorate steatohepatitis and improve the regenerating capacity of steatotic livers. With the recent rise of prolonged ex-vivo normothermic liver perfusion prior to organ transplantation such treatment is no longer restricted to patients undergoing major liver resection or transplantation, but may eventually include perfused (steatotic) donor livers or even liver segments, opening hitherto unexplored therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wu
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, the Netherlands.
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2
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de Haan LR, van Golen RF, Heger M. Molecular Pathways Governing the Termination of Liver Regeneration. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:500-558. [PMID: 38697856 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The liver has the unique capacity to regenerate, and up to 70% of the liver can be removed without detrimental consequences to the organism. Liver regeneration is a complex process involving multiple signaling networks and organs. Liver regeneration proceeds through three phases: the initiation phase, the growth phase, and the termination phase. Termination of liver regeneration occurs when the liver reaches a liver-to-body weight that is required for homeostasis, the so-called "hepatostat." The initiation and growth phases have been the subject of many studies. The molecular pathways that govern the termination phase, however, remain to be fully elucidated. This review summarizes the pathways and molecules that signal the cessation of liver regrowth after partial hepatectomy and answers the question, "What factors drive the hepatostat?" SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Unraveling the pathways underlying the cessation of liver regeneration enables the identification of druggable targets that will allow us to gain pharmacological control over liver regeneration. For these purposes, it would be useful to understand why the regenerative capacity of the liver is hampered under certain pathological circumstances so as to artificially modulate the regenerative processes (e.g., by blocking the cessation pathways) to improve clinical outcomes and safeguard the patient's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne R de Haan
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
| | - Rowan F van Golen
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
| | - Michal Heger
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
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3
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Hu Y, Wang R, Liu J, Wang Y, Dong J. Lipid droplet deposition in the regenerating liver: A promoter, inhibitor, or bystander? Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0267. [PMID: 37708445 PMCID: PMC10503682 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration (LR) is a complex process involving intricate networks of cellular connections, cytokines, and growth factors. During the early stages of LR, hepatocytes accumulate lipids, primarily triacylglycerol, and cholesterol esters, in the lipid droplets. Although it is widely accepted that this phenomenon contributes to LR, the impact of lipid droplet deposition on LR remains a matter of debate. Some studies have suggested that lipid droplet deposition has no effect or may even be detrimental to LR. This review article focuses on transient regeneration-associated steatosis and its relationship with the liver regenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelei Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Department of Cadre’s Wards Ultrasound Diagnostics. Ultrasound Diagnostic Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Organ Transplant and Bionic Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Translational Science Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Organ Transplant and Bionic Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Translational Science Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahong Dong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Organ Transplant and Bionic Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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4
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Liu YR, Wang JQ, Huang ZG, Chen RN, Cao X, Zhu DC, Yu HX, Wang XR, Zhou HY, Xia Q, Li J. Histone deacetylase‑2: A potential regulator and therapeutic target in liver disease (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:131. [PMID: 34013366 PMCID: PMC8136123 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetyltransferases are responsible for histone acetylation, while histone deacetylases (HDACs) counteract histone acetylation. An unbalanced dynamic between histone acetylation and deacetylation may lead to aberrant chromatin landscape and chromosomal function. HDAC2, a member of class I HDAC family, serves a crucial role in the modulation of cell signaling, immune response and gene expression. HDAC2 has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for liver disease by regulating gene transcription, chromatin remodeling, signal transduction and nuclear reprogramming, thus receiving attention from researchers and clinicians. The present review introduces biological information of HDAC2 and its physiological and biochemical functions. Secondly, the functional roles of HDAC2 in liver disease are discussed in terms of hepatocyte apoptosis and proliferation, liver regeneration, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver fibrosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Moreover, abnormal expression of HDAC2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of liver disease, and its expression levels and pharmacological activity may represent potential biomarkers of liver disease. Finally, research on selective HDAC2 inhibitors and non-coding RNAs relevant to HDAC2 expression in liver disease is also reviewed. The aim of the present review was to improve understanding of the multifunctional role and potential regulatory mechanism of HDAC2 in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Quan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230000, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Gang Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Ruo-Nan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Xi Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Chun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Xia Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Rong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Quan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Anti‑inflammatory Immune Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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5
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Yang H, Guo J, Jin W, Chang C, Guo X, Xu C. A combined proteomic and metabolomic analyses of the priming phase during rat liver regeneration. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 693:108567. [PMID: 32898568 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
By comparing differentially abundant proteins and metabolites, the protein expression, metabolic changes and metabolic regulation mechanisms during the priming phase of liver regeneration (LR) were investigated. We combined proteomic analysis via isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) with metabolomic analysis via nontargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). LC-MS was used to examine 29 energy metabolites expression alterations in targeted metabolomics. A total number of 441 differentially expressed proteins and 65 metabolites were identified. PSMB10, PSMB5, RCG_63409, PSME4 and PSMB7 were key node proteins, these proteins are involved in the proteasome pathway. The most strongly enriched transcription factor motif was TP63. These results point out a critical role of the proteasome pathway (defense mechanisms) and of TP63 (metabolic regulator) as the key transcription factor during the priming phase of LR. Metabolomic and metabolite analysis showed that profiling indicates upregulation of arginine biosynthesis and glycolysis as the main ATP-delivering pathway. Integrative proteomic and metabolomic analysis showed that biomolecular changes were primarily related to the neurological disease, cell death and survival and cell morphology. What's more, neurotransmitters may play an important role in the regulation of LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Jianlin Guo
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Wei Jin
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Cuifang Chang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Xueqiang Guo
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Cunshuan Xu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
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Yin L, Wang Y, Lin Y, Yu G, Xia Q. Explorative analysis of the gene expression profile during liver regeneration of mouse: a microarray-based study. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:1113-1121. [PMID: 30963776 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1593851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The liver is an amazing organ due to its powerful regenerative capacity. Although many studies on liver regeneration have been documented, the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. Two-third partial hepatectomy (PH) in rodents plays a crucial role in the study of liver regeneration. In this study, the time series data of gene expression during liver regeneration in mouse were analyzed using the gene set numbered GSE6998 in GEO. A variety of bioinformatics methods, including masigPro, Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), spatial analysis of functional enrichment (SAFE) and ingenuity canonical pathway analysis (IPA) were used to identify and compare the significantly changed pathways, potential upstream regulators and key genes during liver regeneration. Our study showed that liver regeneration in the mouse is a coordinated process, which cell-cycle-related progress are at the centre of the interaction network involved in liver regeneration. Several candidate upstream regulators including PPARA, NFE2L2, MAD1 and CNR1 and some key genes such as Cdk1, Plk1, Cdc20, Aurka, Racgap1, Cenpa, Rrm1, Rrm2 were identified. In conclusion, these findings could contribute to revealing the molecular mechanism of liver regeneration after PH, which could provide new ideas and treatment methods for regenerative medicine, oncological drug development and oncological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yin
- a Laboratory of Tropical Biomedicine and Biotechnology, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- a Laboratory of Tropical Biomedicine and Biotechnology, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Yingzi Lin
- a Laboratory of Tropical Biomedicine and Biotechnology, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , Hainan , China
| | - Guoying Yu
- b State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , Henan , China
| | - Qianfeng Xia
- a Laboratory of Tropical Biomedicine and Biotechnology, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine , Hainan Medical University , Haikou , Hainan , China
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Fujino C, Sanoh S, Tateno C, Ohta S, Kotake Y. Coordinated cytochrome P450 expression in mouse liver and intestine under different dietary conditions during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 370:133-144. [PMID: 30880217 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver resection is performed to remove tumors in patients with liver cancer, but the procedure's suitability depends on the regenerative ability of the liver. It is important to consider the effects of exogenous factors, such as diets, on liver regeneration for the recovery of function. The evaluation of drug metabolism during liver regeneration is also necessary because liver dysfunction is generally observed after the operation. Here, we investigated the influence of a purified diet (AIN-93G) on liver regeneration and changes in the mRNA expression of several cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms in the liver and small intestine using a two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PH) mouse model fed with a standard diet (MF) and a purified diet. Liver regeneration was significantly delayed in the purified diet group relative to that in the standard diet group. The liver Cyp2c55 and Cyp3a11 expression was increased at 3 day after PH especially in the purified diet group. Bile acid may partly cause the differences in liver regeneration and CYP expression between two types of diets. On the other hand, Cyp3a13 expression in the small intestine was transiently increased at day 1 after PH in both diet groups. The findings suggest that compensatory induction of the CYP expression occurred in the small intestine after attenuation of drug metabolism potential in the liver. The present results highlight the importance of the relationship between liver regeneration, drug metabolism, and exogenous factors for the effective treatment, including surgery and medication, in patients after liver resection or transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieri Fujino
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Chise Tateno
- R&D Dept., PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd., 739-0046, Japan; Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, 739-8511, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 734-8553, Japan; Wakayama Medical University, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Yaichiro Kotake
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 734-8553, Japan
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Xie G, Yin S, Zhang Z, Qi D, Wang X, Kim D, Yagai T, Brocker CN, Wang Y, Gonzalez FJ, Wang H, Qu A. Hepatocyte Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Enhances Liver Regeneration after Partial Hepatectomy in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 189:272-282. [PMID: 30448405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a key nuclear receptor involved in the control of lipid homeostasis. In rodents, PPARα is also a potent hepatic mitogen. Hepatocyte-specific disruption of PPARα inhibits agonist-induced hepatocyte proliferation; however, little is known about the exact role of PPARα in partial hepatectomy (PHx)-induced liver regeneration. Herein, using hepatocyte-specific PPARα-deficient (PparaΔHep) mice, the function of hepatocyte PPARα in PHx-induced liver regeneration was investigated. PPARα protein level and transcriptional activity were increased in the liver after PHx. Compared with the Pparafl/fl mice, PparaΔHep mice exhibited significantly reduced hepatocyte proliferation at 32 hours after PHx. Consistently, reduced Ccnd1 and Pcna mRNA and CYCD1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein were observed at 32 hours after PHx in PparaΔHep mice. Furthermore, PparaΔHep mice showed increased hepatic lipid accumulation and enhanced hepatic triglyceride contents because of impaired hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation when compared with that observed in Pparafl/fl mice. These results indicate that PPARα promotes liver regeneration after PHx, at least partially via regulating the cell cycle and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Yin
- Department of Geriatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Donghwan Kim
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tomoki Yagai
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chad N Brocker
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hua Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Aijuan Qu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Allicin ameliorates cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice via Suppressing oxidative stress by Blocking JNK Signaling Pathways. Tissue Cell 2018; 50:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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10
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Li L, Guo J, Chen Y, Chang C, Xu C. Comprehensive CircRNA expression profile and selection of key CircRNAs during priming phase of rat liver regeneration. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:80. [PMID: 28086788 PMCID: PMC5237265 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rat liver regeneration (LR) proceeds along a process of highly organized and ordered tissue growth in response to the loss or injury of liver tissue, during which many physiological processes may play important roles. The molecular mechanism of hepatocyte proliferation, energy metabolism and substance metabolism during rat LR had been elucidated. Further, the correlation of circular RNA (circRNA) abundance with proliferation has recently been clarified. However, the regulatory capacity of circRNA in rat LR remains a fascinating topic. RESULTS To investigate the regulatory mechanism of circRNA during priming phase of rat LR, high-throughput RNA sequencing technology was performed to unbiasedly profile the expression of circRNA during priming phase of rat LR. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) biological pathway analysis was conducted to predict the functions of differentially expressed circRNAs and their host linear transcripts. Co-expression networks of circRNA-miRNA were constructed based on the correlation analysis between the differentially expressed LR-related circRNAs and the condition of their miRNA binding sites. To excavate the key circRNAs in the early phase of rat LR, we comprehensively evaluated and integrated the relationship of expression level between the circRNAs and the linear transcripts as well as the distribution of miRNA binding sites in circRNA sequences. CONCLUSIONS This paper is the first to employ the comprehensive circRNA expression profile and to investigate circRNA-miRNA interactions during priming phase of rat LR. Two thousand four hundred twelve circRNAs were detected, and 159 circRNAs deriving from 116 host linear transcripts differentially expressed (p < 0.05). Six significantly changed circRNAs during priming phase of rat LR were screened as key circle molecules, and then were validated by qRT-PCR. This study will lay the foundation for revealing the functional roles of circRNAs during rat LR and help solve the remaining clinical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
| | - Jianlin Guo
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
| | - Cuifang Chang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
| | - Cunshuan Xu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China. .,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation and Henan Engineering Laboratory for Bioengineering and Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China.
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11
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Tissue Remodelling following Resection of Porcine Liver. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:248920. [PMID: 26240819 PMCID: PMC4512564 DOI: 10.1155/2015/248920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study genes regulating the extracellular matrix (ECM) and investigate the tissue remodelling following liver resection in porcine. METHODS Four pigs with 60% partial hepatectomy- (PHx-) induced liver regeneration were studied over six weeks. Four pigs underwent sham surgery and another four pigs were used as controls of the normal liver growth. Liver biopsies were taken upon laparotomy, after three and six weeks. Gene expression profiles were obtained using porcine-specific oligonucleotide microarrays. Immunohistochemical staining was performed and a proliferative index was assessed. RESULTS More differentially expressed genes were associated with the regulation of ECM in the resection group compared to the sham and control groups. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) and collagen 1, alpha 2 (COL1A2) were both upregulated in the early phase of liver regeneration, validated by immunopositive cells during the remodelling phase of liver regeneration. A broadened connective tissue was demonstrated by Masson's Trichrome staining, and an immunohistochemical staining against pan-Cytokeratin (pan-CK) demonstrated a distinct pattern of migrating cells, followed by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive nuclei. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates both a distinct pattern of PCNA positive nuclei and a deposition of ECM proteins in the remodelling phase of liver regeneration.
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12
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Transcriptome profiling of biliary atresia from new born infants by deep sequencing. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:8063-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3704-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Kumar S, Zou Y, Bao Q, Wang M, Dai G. Proteomic analysis of immediate-early response plasma proteins after 70% and 90% partial hepatectomy. Hepatol Res 2013; 43:876-89. [PMID: 23279269 PMCID: PMC4354878 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Partial hepatectomy (PH) induces robust hepatic regenerative and metabolic responses that are considered to be triggered by humoral factors. The aim of the study was to identify plasma protein factors that potentially trigger or reflect the body's immediate-early responses to liver mass reduction. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to sham operation, 70% PH or 90% PH. Blood was collected from the inferior vena cava at 20, 60 and 180 min after surgery. RESULTS Using a label-free quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach, we identified 399 proteins exhibiting significant changes in plasma expression between any two groups. Of the 399 proteins, 167 proteins had multiple unique sequences and high peptide ID confidence (>90%) and were defined as priority 1 proteins. A group of plasma proteins largely associated with metabolism is enriched after 70% PH. Among the plasma proteins that respond to 90% PH are a dominant group of proteins that are also associated with metabolism and one known cytokine (platelet factor 4). Ninety percent PH and 70% PH induces similar changes in plasma protein profile. CONCLUSION Our findings enable us to gain insight into the immediate-early response of plasma proteins to liver mass loss. Our data support the notion that increased metabolic demands of the body after massive liver mass loss may function as a sensor that calibrates hepatic regenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Kumar
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yuhong Zou
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Qi Bao
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Guoli Dai
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana
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14
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Wang G, Li B, Hao Y, Zhi J, He C, Xu C. Correlation analysis between gene expression profile of high-fat emulsion-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver and liver regeneration in rat. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:917-28. [PMID: 23619824 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To explore the relevance of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to liver regeneration (LR), rat models of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and LR were established, respectively, then Rat Genome 230 2.0 Array was used to detect the gene expression abundance of them, and the reliabilities of the array data were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR. As a result, the expression of 93 genes was significantly changed during NAFLD occurrence and 948 genes in LR. Hierarchical clustering indicated that the expression profiles of the above two events were quite different. K-means cluster classified their expression patterns into four clusters, and gene expression trends of clusters 1, 2 were similar in NAFLD and LR, while clusters 3, 4 were contrary with the gene expression changes of LR more abundant. DAVID classifications and functional enrichment analysis found that lipid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism were stronger in NAFLD than in LR, but some other physiological activities including inflammation/immune response, cell adhesion, and migration, cell proliferation and differentiation in NAFLD were weaker than in LR. IPA further indicated that lipid metabolism, inflammation response, and cellular development were highly associated with NAFLD, and thus identified some potential biomarkers for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaiping Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, China
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15
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Rychtrmoc D, Hubálková L, Víšková A, Libra A, Bunček M, Červinková Z. Transcriptome temporal and functional analysis of liver regeneration termination. Physiol Res 2013; 61:S77-92. [PMID: 23130906 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Decades of liver regeneration studies still left the termination phase least elucidated. However regeneration ending mechanisms are clinicaly relevant. We aimed to analyse the timing and transcriptional control of the latest phase of liver regeneration, both controversial. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 2/3 partial hepatectomy with recovery lasting from 1 to 14 days. Time-series microarray data were assessed by innovative combination of hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis and validated by real-time RT-PCR. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis in agreement distinguished three temporal phases of liver regeneration. We found 359 genes specifically altered during late phase regeneration. Gene enrichment analysis and manual review of microarray data suggested five pathways worth further study: PPAR signalling pathway; lipid metabolism; complement, coagulation and fibrinolytic cascades; ECM remodelling and xenobiotic biotransformation. Microarray findings pertinent for termination phase were substantiated by real-time RT-PCR. In conclusion, transcriptional profiling mapped late phase of liver regeneration beyond 5(th) day of recovery and revealed 5 pathways specifically acting at this time. Inclusion of longer post-surgery intervals brought improved coverage of regeneration time dynamics and is advisable for further works. Investigation into the workings of suggested pathways might prove helpful in preventing and managing liver tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rychtrmoc
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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16
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Liu HX, Fang Y, Hu Y, Gonzalez FJ, Fang J, Wan YJY. PPARβ Regulates Liver Regeneration by Modulating Akt and E2f Signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65644. [PMID: 23823620 PMCID: PMC3688817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study tests the hypothesis that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β (PPARβ) has a role in liver regeneration due to its effect in regulating energy homeostasis and cell proliferation. The role of PPARβ in liver regeneration was studied using two-third partial hepatectomy (PH) in Wild-type (WT) and PPARβ-null (KO) mice. In KO mice, liver regeneration was delayed and the number of Ki-67 positive cells reached the peak at 60 hr rather than at 36-48 hr after PH shown in WT mice. RNA-sequencing uncovered 1344 transcriptomes that were differentially expressed in regenerating WT and KO livers. About 70% of those differentially expressed genes involved in glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis pathways failed to induce during liver regeneration due to PPARβ deficiency. The delayed liver regeneration in KO mice was accompanied by lack of activation of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1)/Akt. In addition, cell proliferation-associated increase of genes encoding E2f transcription factor (E2f) 1-2 and E2f7-8 as well as their downstream target genes were not noted in KO livers 36-48 hr after PH. E2fs have dual roles in regulating metabolism and proliferation. Moreover, transient steatosis was only found in WT, but not in KO mice 36 hr after PH. These data suggested that PPARβ-regulated PDK1/Akt and E2f signaling that controls metabolism and proliferation is involved in the normal progression of liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xin Liu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, California, United States of America
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17
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Vacca M, Degirolamo C, Massafra V, Polimeno L, Mariani-Costantini R, Palasciano G, Moschetta A. Nuclear receptors in regenerating liver and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 368:108-19. [PMID: 22789748 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the pathways underlying hepatocyte turnover and liver regeneration is essential for the development of innovative and effective therapies in the management of chronic liver disease, and the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in cirrhosis. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are master transcriptional regulators of liver development, differentiation and function. NRs have been implicated in the modulation of hepatocyte priming and proliferation in regenerating liver, chronic hepatitis and HCC development. In this review, we focus on NRs and their pathways regulating hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration, with a perspective view on NRs as candidate biomarkers and novel pharmacological targets in the management of liver disease and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Vacca
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
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18
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Metabolic signatures of esophageal cancer: NMR-based metabolomics and UHPLC-based focused metabolomics of blood serum. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1207-16. [PMID: 23524237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Focused metabolic profiling is a powerful tool for the determination of biomarkers. Here, a more global proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR)-based metabolomic approach coupled with a relative simple ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-based focused metabolomic approach was developed and compared to characterize the systemic metabolic disturbances underlying esophageal cancer (EC) and identify possible early biomarkers for clinical prognosis. Serum metabolic profiling of patients with EC (n=25) and healthy controls (n=25) was performed by using both (1)H NMR and UHPLC, and metabolite identification was achieved by multivariate statistical analysis. Using orthogonal projection to least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), we could distinguish EC patients from healthy controls. The predictive power of the model derived from the UHPLC-based focused metabolomics performed better in both sensitivity and specificity than the results from the NMR-based metabolomics, suggesting that the focused metabolomic technique may be of advantage in the future for the determination of biomarkers. Moreover, focused metabolic profiling is highly simple, accurate and specific, and should prove equally valuable in metabolomic research applications. A total of nineteen significantly altered metabolites were identified as the potential disease associated biomarkers. Significant changes in lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, glycolysis, ketogenesis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and energy metabolism were observed in EC patients compared with the healthy controls. These results demonstrated that metabolic profiling of serum could be useful as a screening tool for early EC diagnosis and prognosis, and might enhance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the tumor progression.
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Franco C, Soares R, Pires E, Koci K, Almeida AM, Santos R, Coelho AV. Understanding regeneration through proteomics. Proteomics 2013; 13:686-709. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Franco
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - Renata Soares
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - Elisabete Pires
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - Kamila Koci
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - André M. Almeida
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Romana Santos
- Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária; Universidade de Lisboa; Portugal
| | - Ana Varela Coelho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
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20
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Shi P, Zhang XX, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Wu B, Cheng S, Li A. Chronic exposure to contaminated drinking water stimulates PPAR expression in mice livers. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 88:407-412. [PMID: 22445956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mice were fed with source water (SW) and tap water (TW) for 90 d to evaluate hepatotoxicity induced by the drinking water. Histopathologic observation showed no obvious damage to hepatic tissue in the SW and TW groups. However, microarray analysis indicated that the SW and TW exposures affected many metabolic pathways, among which PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) signaling was most susceptible. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that both PPAR-α and PPAR-γ were significantly increased in the exposure groups compared to control. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that PPAR-α expression level was increased from 23.37±0.53 ng g(-1) liver weight in control group to 26.60±1.43 ng g(-1) liver weight in SW group and 27.68±1.10 ng g(-1) liver weight in TW group (p<0.05). For PPAR-γ, the expression level was also significantly enhanced from 0.83±0.07 ng g(-1) liver weight in control group to 1.11±0.20 ng g(-1) liver weight in SW group and 1.16±0.07 ng g(-1) liver weight in TW group (p<0.05). The SW and DW posed no obvious hepatotoxicity on mice and PPAR-α/-γ could be used as a novel biomarker to assess public health risk induced by slightly contaminated drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
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21
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Current world literature. Lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2012; 23:248-254. [PMID: 22576583 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e3283543033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Li S, Wu J, Ding H, Liao A, He H, Stell WK, Zhong X. Flicker downregulates the content of crystallin proteins in form-deprived C57BL/6 mouse retina. Exp Eye Res 2012; 101:1-8. [PMID: 22659691 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Image degradation by loss of higher spatial frequencies causes form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in humans and animals, and cyclical illumination (flicker) at certain frequencies may prevent FDM. The molecular mechanisms underlying FDM and its prevention by flicker are poorly known. To understand them better, we have identified proteins that differ in amount in form-deprived (FD) mouse retinas, under steady versus flickering light. Male C57BL/6 mice (age 27-29 days) were randomly divided into three groups: Experimental - monocularly form-deprived, and kept under either normal room light ("FD-Only") or 20 Hz flickering light ("FD-Flicker"), throughout the 12-hour light phase; and Control ("Open-Control") - kept under normal illumination, without form deprivation. After two weeks of treatment, retinal proteins were extracted and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-GE); proteins that differ in content in FD-only versus FD-flicker retinas were identified by mass spectroscopy ("MS"), and their identities were verified by western blotting. The contents of three identified proteins differed statistically in FD-only compared to FD-flicker retinas. These proteins were identified by MS as α-A-crystallin, crystallin β A2 and crystallin β A1. Quantitative western blotting showed that the relative amount of α-A-crystallin in FD-only retinas was significantly higher than that in FD-Flicker and control retinas. In conclusion, form deprivation induced significant increases in the amounts of crystallins in mouse retinas. These increases were significantly reduced by exposure to 20 Hz flicker. Since form deprivation is known to induce myopia development, and flicker to prevent it, our data suggest that FD- and flicker-responsive changes in the content of crystallin proteins may be involved causally or protectively in myopia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiqun Li
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center and State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Abstract
The liver is the body's most important detoxification organ and has an extreme ability to regenerate. The regeneration process can be divided into three stages: initiation, proliferation and termination. Most of previous studies focus on the initial stage and proliferative stage, while the mechanism for the proper termination of liver regeneration is still poorly understood. The termination stage involves a variety of cytokines and growth factors, which mainly function to inhibit mitogen-mediated liver cell growth-promoting effect and promote the apoptosis of excessively proliferating liver cells. In this paper we will discuss the major factors involved in the termination of liver regeneration.
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