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Meng YJ, Mu BJ, Liu XX, Yu LM, Zheng WB, Xie SC, Gao WW, Zhu XQ, Liu Q. Transcriptional changes in LMH cells induced by Eimeria tenella rhoptry kinase family protein 17. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:956040. [PMID: 36016802 PMCID: PMC9395702 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.956040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Though a number of Eimeria tenella rhoptry kinase family proteins have been identified, little is known about their molecular functions. In the present study, the gene fragment encoding the matured peptide of E. tenella rhoptry kinase family protein 17 (EtROP17) was used to construct a recombinant vector, followed by transfection into leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) cells. Then, the transcriptional changes in the transfected cells were determined by RNA-seq. The expression of EtROP17 in LMH cells was validated by both Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence analysis. Our analysis showed that EtROP17 altered the expression of 309 genes (114 downregulated genes and 195 upregulated genes) in LMH cells. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results of the selected differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were consistent with the RNA-seq data. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in nine pathways, such as toll-like receptor signaling pathway, ECM-receptor interaction, intestinal immune network for IgA production and focal adhesion. These findings reveal several potential roles of EtROP17, which contribute to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the host-parasite interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jing Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Bing-Jin Mu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Lin-Mei Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Wen-Bin Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Shi-Chen Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Wen-Wei Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Liu
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2
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Sajeevadathan M, Pettitt MJ, Buhr MM. Are isoforms of capacitating Na + K + -ATPase localized to sperm head rafts? Mol Reprod Dev 2021; 88:731-743. [PMID: 34658111 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Capacitation begins in the sperm head plasma membrane (HPM). Membrane rafts could house signaling molecules, but although these specialized microdomains have been microscopically visualized in sperm heads, rafts have been isolated for study only from homogenized whole sperm or tails, never purified HPM. Sodium/potassium ATPase (Na+ K+ -ATPase) is a membrane-bound signaling protein that induces capacitation in bull sperm in response to the steroid hormone ouabain, and its subunit isoforms α1, α3, β1, β2, and β3 are known in HPM. This study hypothesized that rafts exist in the HPM of bull sperm, with Na+ K+ -ATPase subunit isoforms preferentially localized there. Western immunoblotting (WB) of HPM from fresh, uncapacitated bull sperm (n = 7 ejaculates), and detergent-resistant membranes isolated by density gradient centrifugation from this HPM, contained the raft-marker protein Flotillin-1; the non-raft fraction did not. HPM, raft, and non-raft contained all known Na+ K+ -ATPase isoforms including, for the first time, the previously unknown α2 isoform. Quantification (ImageQuant Software) found α3 and β1 were relatively dominant isoforms in the HPM raft. WB profiles of raft isoforms differed significantly from HPM and non-raft profiles, with unique banding patterns and amounts, hinting that the capacitation signaling in the now-identified HPM rafts may depend on unique sequences within the isoform structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrudhula Sajeevadathan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Murray J Pettitt
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Prairie Swine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mary M Buhr
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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3
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Nair M, Jagadeeshan S, Katselis G, Luan X, Momeni Z, Henao-Romero N, Chumala P, Tam JS, Yamamoto Y, Ianowski JP, Campanucci VA. Lipopolysaccharides induce a RAGE-mediated sensitization of sensory neurons and fluid hypersecretion in the upper airways. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8336. [PMID: 33863932 PMCID: PMC8052339 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86069-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thoracic dorsal root ganglia (tDRG) contribute to fluid secretion in the upper airways. Inflammation potentiates DRG responses, but the mechanisms remain under investigation. The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) underlies potentiation of DRG responses in pain pathologies; however, its role in other sensory modalities is less understood. We hypothesize that RAGE contributes to electrophysiological and biochemical changes in tDRGs during inflammation. We used tDRGs and tracheas from wild types (WT), RAGE knock-out (RAGE-KO), and with the RAGE antagonist FPS-ZM1, and exposed them to lipopolysaccharides (LPS). We studied: capsaicin (CAP)-evoked currents and action potentials (AP), tracheal submucosal gland secretion, RAGE expression and downstream pathways. In WT neurons, LPS increased CAP-evoked currents and AP generation, and it caused submucosal gland hypersecretion in tracheas from WT mice exposed to LPS. In contrast, LPS had no effect on tDRG excitability or gland secretion in RAGE-KO mice or mice treated with FPS-ZM1. LPS upregulated full-length RAGE (encoded by Tv1-RAGE) and downregulated a soluble (sRAGE) splice variant (encoded by MmusRAGEv4) in tDRG neurons. These data suggest that sensitization of tDRG neurons contributes to hypersecretion in the upper airways during inflammation. And at least two RAGE variants may be involved in these effects of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Nair
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology (APP), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Santosh Jagadeeshan
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology (APP), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - George Katselis
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Xiaojie Luan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Zeinab Momeni
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology (APP), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Nicolas Henao-Romero
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology (APP), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Paulos Chumala
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Julian S Tam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Juan P Ianowski
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology (APP), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Verónica A Campanucci
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology (APP), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
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Pradhan AJ, Lu D, Parisi LR, Shen S, Berhane IA, Galster SL, Bynum K, Monje-Galvan V, Gokcumen O, Chemler SR, Qu J, Kay JG, Atilla-Gokcumen GE. Protein acylation by saturated very long chain fatty acids and endocytosis are involved in necroptosis. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1298-1309.e7. [PMID: 33848465 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a form of cell death characterized by receptor-interacting protein kinase activity and plasma membrane permeabilization via mixed-lineage kinase-like protein (MLKL). This permeabilization is responsible for the inflammatory properties of necroptosis. We previously showed that very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are functionally involved in necroptosis, potentially through protein fatty acylation. Here, we define the scope of protein acylation by saturated VLCFAs during necroptosis. We show that MLKL and phosphoMLKL, key for membrane permeabilization, are exclusively acylated during necroptosis. Reducing the levels of VLCFAs decreases their membrane recruitment, suggesting that acylation by VLCFAs contributes to their membrane localization. Acylation of phosphoMLKL occurs downstream of phosphorylation and oligomerization and appears to be, in part, mediated by ZDHHC5 (a palmitoyl transferase). We also show that disruption of endosomal trafficking increases cell viability during necroptosis, possibly by preventing recruitment, or removal, of phosphoMLKL from the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva J Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Daniel Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Laura R Parisi
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Shichen Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Ilyas A Berhane
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Samuel L Galster
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Kiana Bynum
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Viviana Monje-Galvan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Omer Gokcumen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Sherry R Chemler
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Jason G Kay
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - G Ekin Atilla-Gokcumen
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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5
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Alexander CJ, Wagner W, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Hammer JA. Creation of a myosin Va-TAP-tagged mouse and identification of potential myosin Va-interacting proteins in the cerebellum. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 75:395-409. [PMID: 29979496 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The actin-based motor myosin Va transports numerous cargos, including the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PNs) and melanosomes in melanocytes. Identifying proteins that interact with this myosin is key to understanding its cellular functions. Toward that end, we used recombineering to insert via homologous recombination a tandem affinity purification (TAP) tag composed of the immunoglobulin G-binding domain of protein A, a tobacco etch virus cleavage site, and a FLAG tag into the mouse MYO5A locus immediately after the initiation codon. Importantly, we provide evidence that the TAP-tagged version of myosin Va (TAP-MyoVa) functions normally in terms of SER transport in PNs and melanosome positioning in melanocytes. Given this and other evidence that TAP-MyoVa is fully functional, we purified it together with associated proteins directly from juvenile mouse cerebella and subjected the samples to mass spectroscopic analyses. As expected, known myosin Va-binding partners like dynein light chain were identified. Importantly, numerous novel interacting proteins were also tentatively identified, including guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha (Gnao1), a biomarker for schizophrenia. Consistently, an antibody to Gnao1 immunoprecipitates myosin Va, and Gnao1's localization to PN dendritic spines depends on myosin Va. The mouse model created here should facilitate the identification of novel myosin Va-binding partners, which in turn should advance our understanding of the roles played by this important myosin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Alexander
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), Department of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Neal G Copeland
- The University of Texas MD Anderson, Department of Genetics, Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nancy A Jenkins
- The University of Texas MD Anderson, Department of Genetics, Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John A Hammer
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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6
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Anthrax toxin requires ZDHHC5-mediated palmitoylation of its surface-processing host enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1279-1288. [PMID: 30610172 PMCID: PMC6347675 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812588116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxins exploit numerous pathways of their host cells to gain cellular entry and promote intoxication. Therefore, studying the action of toxins allows us to better understand basic mechanisms in cell biology. In this study, we found that ZDHHC5, an enzyme that adds a lipid posttranslational modification to cysteines of proteins, is responsible for allowing anthrax toxin to enter cells. This enzyme acts on proprotein convertases that are needed to cleave these toxins to their active forms. ZDHHC5 does not affect the enzymatic activity of these proteases, but allows them to encounter the toxin by favoring their partitioning in microdomains on the cell surface, domains where the toxin has previously been shown to preferentially reside. The protein acyl transferase ZDHHC5 was recently proposed to regulate trafficking in the endocytic pathway. Therefore, we explored the function of this enzyme in controlling the action of bacterial toxins. We found that ZDHHC5 activity is required for two very different toxins: the anthrax lethal toxin and the pore-forming toxin aerolysin. Both of these toxins have precursor forms, the protoxins, which can use the proprotein convertases Furin and PC7 for activation. We show that ZDHHC5 indeed affects the processing of the protoxins to their active forms. We found that Furin and PC7 can both be S-palmitoylated and are substrates of ZDHHC5. The impact of ZDHHC5 on Furin/PC7-mediated anthrax toxin cleavage is dual, having an indirect and a direct component. First, ZDHHC5 affects the homeostasis and trafficking of a subset of cellular proteins, including Furin and PC7, presumably by affecting the endocytic/recycling pathway. Second, while not inhibiting the protease activity per se, ZDHHC5-mediated Furin/PC7 palmitoylation is required for the cleavage of the anthrax toxin. Finally, we show that palmitoylation of Furin and PC7 promotes their association with plasma membrane microdomains. Both the receptor-bound toxin and the convertases are of very low abundance at the cell surface. Their encounter is unlikely on reasonable time scales. This work indicates that palmitoylation drives their encounter in specific domains, allowing processing and thereby intoxication of the cell.
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7
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Zhang J, Zou Z, Huang K, Lin X, Chen H, Jin M. Insights into leghorn male hepatocellular cells response to fowl adenovirus serotype 4 infection by transcriptome analysis. Vet Microbiol 2018; 214:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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8
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Triton X-114 cloud point extraction to subfractionate blood plasma proteins for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 2015; 485:11-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Bentley M, Decker H, Luisi J, Banker G. A novel assay reveals preferential binding between Rabs, kinesins, and specific endosomal subpopulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 208:273-81. [PMID: 25624392 PMCID: PMC4315250 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201408056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel assay based on expressing FRB-tagged candidate vesicle-binding protein reveals that KIF13A and KIF13B bind preferentially to early endosomes, whereas KIF1A and KIF1Bβ bind preferentially to late endosomes and lysosomes. Identifying the proteins that regulate vesicle trafficking is a fundamental problem in cell biology. In this paper, we introduce a new assay that involves the expression of an FKBP12-rapamycin–binding domain–tagged candidate vesicle-binding protein, which can be inducibly linked to dynein or kinesin. Vesicles can be labeled by any convenient method. If the candidate protein binds the labeled vesicles, addition of the linker drug results in a predictable, highly distinctive change in vesicle localization. This assay generates robust and easily interpretable results that provide direct experimental evidence of binding between a candidate protein and the vesicle population of interest. We used this approach to compare the binding of Kinesin-3 family members with different endosomal populations. We found that KIF13A and KIF13B bind preferentially to early endosomes and that KIF1A and KIF1Bβ bind preferentially to late endosomes and lysosomes. This assay may have broad utility for identifying the trafficking proteins that bind to different vesicle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Bentley
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Helena Decker
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Julie Luisi
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Gary Banker
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
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Malerod H, Graham RLJ, Sweredoski MJ, Hess S. Comprehensive Profiling of N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in HeLa Cells Using Hydrazide Enrichment. J Proteome Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300859k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helle Malerod
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.
Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo,
Norway
| | - Robert L. J. Graham
- Proteome Exploration
Laboratory,
Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael J. Sweredoski
- Proteome Exploration
Laboratory,
Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sonja Hess
- Proteome Exploration
Laboratory,
Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Zhang L, Katselis GS, Moore RE, Lekpor K, Goto RM, Hunt HD, Lee TD, Miller MM. MHC class I target recognition, immunophenotypes and proteomic profiles of natural killer cells within the spleens of day-14 chick embryos. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:446-456. [PMID: 22446732 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chicken natural killer (NK) cells are not well defined, so little is known about the molecular interactions controlling their activity. At day 14 of embryonic development, chick spleens are a rich source of T-cell-free CD8αα(+), CD3(-) cells with natural killing activity. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays revealed complex NK cell discrimination of MHC class I, suggesting the presence of multiple NK cell receptors. Immunophenotyping of freshly isolated and recombinant chicken interleukin-2-stimulated d14E CD8αα(+) CD3(-) splenocytes provided further evidence for population heterogeneity. Complex patterns of expression were found for CD8α, chB6 (Bu-1), CD1-1, CD56 (NCAM), KUL01, CD5, and CD44. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics revealed an array of NK cell proteins, including the NKR2B4 receptor. DAVID and KEGG analyses and additional immunophenotyping revealed NK cell activation pathways and evidence for monocytes within the splenocyte cultures. This study provides an underpinning for further investigation into the specificity and function of NK cells in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
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