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Mouillet-Richard S, Ghazi A, Laurent-Puig P. The Cellular Prion Protein and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13195032. [PMID: 34638517 PMCID: PMC8508458 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13195032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The cellular prion protein PrPC is best known for its involvement, under its pathogenic isoform, in a group of neurodegenerative diseases. Notwithstanding, an emerging role for PrPC in various cancer-associated processes has attracted increasing attention over recent years. PrPC is overexpressed in diverse types of solid cancers and has been incriminated in various aspects of cancer biology, most notably proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis, as well as resistance to cytotoxic agents. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of PrPC with respect to the hallmarks of cancer, a reference framework encompassing the major characteristics of cancer cells. Abstract Beyond its causal involvement in a group of neurodegenerative diseases known as Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, the cellular prion protein PrPC is now taking centre stage as an important contributor to cancer progression in various types of solid tumours. The prion cancer research field has progressively expanded in the last few years and has yielded consistent evidence for an involvement of PrPC in cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, therapeutic resistance and cancer stem cell properties. Most recent data have uncovered new facets of the biology of PrPC in cancer, ranging from its control on enzymes involved in immune tolerance to its radio-protective activity, by way of promoting angiogenesis. In the present review, we aim to summarise the body of literature dedicated to the study of PrPC in relation to cancer from the perspective of the hallmarks of cancer, the reference framework defined by Hanahan and Weinberg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mouillet-Richard
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.G.); (P.L.-P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexandre Ghazi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.G.); (P.L.-P.)
| | - Pierre Laurent-Puig
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.G.); (P.L.-P.)
- Department of Biology, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, F-75015 Paris, France
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The Cellular Prion Protein: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239208. [PMID: 33276687 PMCID: PMC7730109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the cellular prion protein (PrPC) have been actively conducted because misfolded PrPC is known to cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion disease. PrPC is a glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored cell surface glycoprotein that has been reported to affect several cellular functions such as stress protection, cellular differentiation, mitochondrial homeostasis, circadian rhythm, myelin homeostasis, and immune modulation. Recently, it has also been reported that PrPC mediates tumor progression by enhancing the proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance of cancer cells. In addition, PrPC regulates cancer stem cell properties by interacting with cancer stem cell marker proteins. In this review, we summarize how PrPC promotes tumor progression in terms of proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and cancer stem cell properties. In addition, we discuss strategies to treat tumors by modulating the function and expression of PrPC via the regulation of HSPA1L/HIF-1α expression and using an anti-prion antibody.
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3
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What if? Mouse proteomics after gene inactivation. J Proteomics 2019; 199:102-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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4
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TUDCA-treated chronic kidney disease-derived hMSCs improve therapeutic efficacy in ischemic disease via PrP C. Redox Biol 2019; 22:101144. [PMID: 30785084 PMCID: PMC6383184 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although autologous human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are a promising source for regenerative stem cell therapy in chronic kidney disease (CKD), the barriers associated with pathophysiological conditions limit therapeutic applicability to patients. We confirmed that level of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in serum was decreased and mitochondria function of CKD-derived hMSCs (CKD-hMSCs) was impaired in patients with CKD. We proved that treatment of CKD-hMSCs with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a bile acid, enhanced the mitochondrial function of these cells through regulation of PINK1-PrPC-dependent pathway. In a murine hindlimb ischemia model with CKD, tail vein injection of TUDCA-treated CKD-hMSCs improved the functional recovery, including kidney recovery, limb salvage, blood perfusion ratio, and vessel formation along with restored expression of PrPC in the blood serum of the mice. These data suggest that TUDCA-treated CKD-hMSCs are a promising new autologous stem cell therapeutic intervention that dually treats cardiovascular problems and CKD in patients.
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The Prion Protein Regulates Synaptic Transmission by Controlling the Expression of Proteins Key to Synaptic Vesicle Recycling and Exocytosis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3420-3436. [PMID: 30128651 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC), whose misfolded conformers are implicated in prion diseases, localizes to both the presynaptic membrane and postsynaptic density. To explore possible molecular contributions of PrPC to synaptic transmission, we utilized a mass spectrometry approach to quantify the release of glutamate from primary cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) expressing, or deprived of (PrP-KO), PrPC, following a depolarizing stimulus. Under the same conditions, we also tracked recycling of synaptic vesicles (SVs) in the two neuronal populations. We found that in PrP-KO CGN these processes decreased by 40 and 60%, respectively, compared to PrPC-expressing neurons. Unbiased quantitative mass spectrometry was then employed to compare the whole proteome of CGN with the two PrP genotypes. This approach allowed us to assess that, relative to the PrPC-expressing counterpart, the absence of PrPC modified the protein expression profile, including diminution of some components of SV recycling and fusion machinery. Subsequent quantitative RT-PCR closely reproduced proteomic data, indicating that PrPC is committed to ensuring optimal synaptic transmission by regulating genes involved in SV dynamics and neurotransmitter release. These novel molecular and cellular aspects of PrPC add insight into the underlying mechanisms for synaptic dysfunctions occurring in neurodegenerative disorders in which a compromised PrPC is likely to intervene.
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Bertoli A, Sorgato MC. Neuronal pathophysiology featuring PrP C and its control over Ca 2+ metabolism. Prion 2018; 12:28-33. [PMID: 29227178 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2017.1412912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is an intracellular second messenger that ubiquitously masters remarkably diverse biological processes, including cell death. Growing evidence substantiates an involvement of the prion protein (PrPC) in regulating neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis, which could rationalize most of the wide range of functions ascribed to the protein. We have recently demonstrated that PrPC controls extracellular Ca2+ fluxes, and mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, in neurons stimulated with glutamate (De Mario et al., J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2736-46), suggesting that PrPC protects neurons from threatening Ca2+ overloads and excitotoxicity. In light of these results and of recent reports in the literature, here we review the connection of PrPC with Ca2+ metabolism and also provide some speculative hints on the physiologic outcomes of this link. In addition, because PrPC is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, including prion disorders and Alzheimer's disease, we will also discuss possible ways by which disruption of PrPC-Ca2+ association could be mechanistically connected with these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bertoli
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Padova , Padova , Italy.,b Padova Neuroscience Center , and University of Padova , Padova , Italy.,c CNR - Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - M Catia Sorgato
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Padova , Padova , Italy.,c CNR - Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
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7
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Castle AR, Gill AC. Physiological Functions of the Cellular Prion Protein. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:19. [PMID: 28428956 PMCID: PMC5382174 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The prion protein, PrPC, is a small, cell-surface glycoprotein notable primarily for its critical role in pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative disorders known as prion diseases. A hallmark of prion diseases is the conversion of PrPC into an abnormally folded isoform, which provides a template for further pathogenic conversion of PrPC, allowing disease to spread from cell to cell and, in some circumstances, to transfer to a new host. In addition to the putative neurotoxicity caused by the misfolded form(s), loss of normal PrPC function could be an integral part of the neurodegenerative processes and, consequently, significant research efforts have been directed toward determining the physiological functions of PrPC. In this review, we first summarise important aspects of the biochemistry of PrPC before moving on to address the current understanding of the various proposed functions of the protein, including details of the underlying molecular mechanisms potentially involved in these functions. Over years of study, PrPC has been associated with a wide array of different cellular processes and many interacting partners have been suggested. However, recent studies have cast doubt on the previously well-established links between PrPC and processes such as stress-protection, copper homeostasis and neuronal excitability. Instead, the functions best-supported by the current literature include regulation of myelin maintenance and of processes linked to cellular differentiation, including proliferation, adhesion, and control of cell morphology. Intriguing connections have also been made between PrPC and the modulation of circadian rhythm, glucose homeostasis, immune function and cellular iron uptake, all of which warrant further investigation.
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Cellular prion protein directly interacts with and enhances lactate dehydrogenase expression under hypoxic conditions. Exp Neurol 2015; 271:155-67. [PMID: 26024859 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although a physiological function of the cellular prion protein (PrP(c)) is still not fully clarified, a PrP(c)-mediated neuroprotection against hypoxic/ischemic insult is intriguing. After ischemic stroke prion protein knockout mice (Prnp(0/0)) display significantly greater lesions as compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Earlier reports suggested an interaction between the glycolytic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and PrP(c). Since hypoxic environment enhances LDH expression levels and compels neurons to rely on lactate as an additional oxidative substrate for energy metabolism, we examined possible differences in LDH protein expression in WT and Prnp(0/0) knockout models under normoxic/hypoxic conditions in vitro and in vivo, as well as in a HEK293 cell line. While no differences are observed under normoxic conditions, LDH expression is markedly increased after 60-min and 90-min of hypoxia in WT vs. Prnp(0/0) primary cortical neurons with concurrent less hypoxia-induced damage in the former group. Likewise, cerebral ischemia significantly increases LDH levels in WT vs. Prnp(0/0) mice with accompanying smaller lesions in the WT group. HEK293 cells overexpressing PrP(c) show significantly higher LDH expression/activity following 90-min of hypoxia as compared to control cells. Moreover, a cytoplasmic co-localization of LDH and PrP(c) was recorded under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Interestingly, an expression of monocarboxylate transporter 1, responsible for cellular lactate uptake, increases with PrP(c)-overexpression under normoxic conditions. Our data suggest LDH as a direct PrP(c) interactor with possible physiological relevance under low oxygen conditions.
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Abstract
The blood serum proteome may be an ideal source of disease biomarkers, although its complexity necessitates novel strategies to enrich and quantify lower-abundance proteins with biomarker utility. Herein, serum samples from pre-diagnosis pancreatic cancer cases and controls were compared using a workflow of immunodepletion, multi-lectin fractionation, and peptide tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling. Samples were then subjected to SCX and high pH reversed-phase fractionation and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The aim was the discovery of candidate serum biomarkers of pancreatic cancer, although the method is applicable to any comparative proteomic analysis of serum samples.
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Mehrabian M, Brethour D, MacIsaac S, Kim JK, Gunawardana C.G, Wang H, Schmitt-Ulms G. CRISPR-Cas9-based knockout of the prion protein and its effect on the proteome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114594. [PMID: 25490046 PMCID: PMC4260877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular function of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) and the mechanism by which it may contribute to neurotoxicity in prion diseases and Alzheimer's disease are only partially understood. Mouse neuroblastoma Neuro2a cells and, more recently, C2C12 myocytes and myotubes have emerged as popular models for investigating the cellular biology of PrP. Mouse epithelial NMuMG cells might become attractive models for studying the possible involvement of PrP in a morphogenetic program underlying epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions. Here we describe the generation of PrP knockout clones from these cell lines using CRISPR-Cas9 knockout technology. More specifically, knockout clones were generated with two separate guide RNAs targeting recognition sites on opposite strands within the first hundred nucleotides of the Prnp coding sequence. Several PrP knockout clones were isolated and genomic insertions and deletions near the CRISPR-target sites were characterized. Subsequently, deep quantitative global proteome analyses that recorded the relative abundance of>3000 proteins (data deposited to ProteomeXchange Consortium) were undertaken to begin to characterize the molecular consequences of PrP deficiency. The levels of ∼ 120 proteins were shown to reproducibly correlate with the presence or absence of PrP, with most of these proteins belonging to extracellular components, cell junctions or the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Mehrabian
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dylan Brethour
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah MacIsaac
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jin Kyu Kim
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C . Geeth Gunawardana
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hansen Wang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Rauniyar N, Yates JR. Isobaric labeling-based relative quantification in shotgun proteomics. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:5293-309. [PMID: 25337643 PMCID: PMC4261935 DOI: 10.1021/pr500880b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Mass spectrometry plays a key role
in relative quantitative comparisons
of proteins in order to understand their functional role in biological
systems upon perturbation. In this review, we review studies that
examine different aspects of isobaric labeling-based relative quantification
for shotgun proteomic analysis. In particular, we focus on different
types of isobaric reagents and their reaction chemistry (e.g., amine-,
carbonyl-, and sulfhydryl-reactive). Various factors, such as ratio
compression, reporter ion dynamic range, and others, cause an underestimation
of changes in relative abundance of proteins across samples, undermining
the ability of the isobaric labeling approach to be truly quantitative.
These factors that affect quantification and the suggested combinations
of experimental design and optimal data acquisition methods to increase
the precision and accuracy of the measurements will be discussed.
Finally, the extended application of isobaric labeling-based approach
in hyperplexing strategy, targeted quantification, and phosphopeptide
analysis are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Rauniyar
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Zanetti F, Carpi A, Menabò R, Giorgio M, Schulz R, Valen G, Baysa A, Massimino ML, Sorgato MC, Bertoli A, Di Lisa F. The cellular prion protein counteracts cardiac oxidative stress. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 104:93-102. [PMID: 25139744 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The cellular prion protein, PrP(C), whose aberrant isoforms are related to prion diseases of humans and animals, has a still obscure physiological function. Having observed an increased expression of PrP(C) in two in vivo paradigms of heart remodelling, we focused on isolated mouse hearts to ascertain the capacity of PrP(C) to antagonize oxidative damage induced by ischaemic and non-ischaemic protocols. METHODS AND RESULTS Hearts isolated from mice expressing PrP(C) in variable amounts were subjected to different and complementary oxidative perfusion protocols. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species, oxidation of myofibrillar proteins, and cell death were evaluated. We found that overexpressed PrP(C) reduced oxidative stress and cell death caused by post-ischaemic reperfusion. Conversely, deletion of PrP(C) increased oxidative stress during both ischaemic preconditioning and perfusion (15 min) with H2O2. Supporting its relation with intracellular systems involved in oxidative stress, PrP(C) was found to influence the activity of catalase and, for the first time, the expression of p66(Shc), a protein implicated in oxidative stress-mediated cell death. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that PrP(C) contributes to the cardiac mechanisms antagonizing oxidative insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Zanetti
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Carpi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Menabò
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Giorgio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milano, Italy
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institut für Physiologie, Justus-Liebig Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - Guro Valen
- Department of Physiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anton Baysa
- Department of Physiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Maria Catia Sorgato
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Di Lisa
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Farrokhi V, McShane AJ, Nemati R, Yao X. Stable isotope dilution mass spectrometry for membrane transporter quantitation. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 15:1222-31. [PMID: 24022320 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an introduction to stable isotope dilution mass spectrometry (MS) and its emerging applications in the analysis of membrane transporter proteins. Various approaches and application examples, for the generation and use of quantitation reference standards—either stable isotope-labeled peptides or proteins—are discussed as they apply to the MS quantitation of membrane proteins. Technological considerations for the sample preparation of membrane transporter proteins are also presented.
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Pischedda F, Szczurkowska J, Cirnaru MD, Giesert F, Vezzoli E, Ueffing M, Sala C, Francolini M, Hauck SM, Cancedda L, Piccoli G. A cell surface biotinylation assay to reveal membrane-associated neuronal cues: Negr1 regulates dendritic arborization. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 13:733-48. [PMID: 24382801 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.031716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex and still not comprehensively resolved panel of transmembrane proteins regulates the outgrowth and the subsequent morphological and functional development of neuronal processes. In order to gain a more detailed description of these events at the molecular level, we have developed a cell surface biotinylation assay to isolate, detect, and quantify neuronal membrane proteins. When we applied our assay to investigate neuron maturation in vitro, we identified 439 differentially expressed proteins, including 20 members of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Among these candidates, we focused on Negr1, a poorly described cell adhesion molecule. We demonstrated that Negr1 controls the development of neurite arborization in vitro and in vivo. Given the tight correlation existing among synaptic cell adhesion molecules, neuron maturation, and a number of neurological disorders, our assay results are a useful tool that can be used to support the understanding of the molecular bases of physiological and pathological brain function.
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Eisen D, Planatscher H, Hardie DB, Kraushaar U, Pynn CJ, Stoll D, Borchers C, Joos TO, Poetz O. G protein-coupled receptor quantification using peptide group-specific enrichment combined with internal peptide standard reporter calibration. J Proteomics 2013; 90:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Llorens F, Ferrer I, del Río JA. Gene expression resulting from PrPC ablation and PrPC overexpression in murine and cellular models. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:413-23. [PMID: 23949728 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) plays a key role in prion diseases when it converts to the pathogenic form scrapie prion protein. Increasing knowledge of its participation in prion infection contrasts with the elusive and controversial data regarding its physiological role probably related to its pleiotropy, cell-specific functions, and cellular-specific milieu. Multiple approaches have been made to the increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms and cellular functions modulated by PrP(C) at the transcriptomic and proteomic levels. Gene expression analyses have been made in several mouse and cellular models with regulated expression of PrP(C) resulting in PrP(C) ablation or PrP(C) overexpression. These analyses support previous functional data and have yielded clues about new potential functions. However, experiments on animal models have shown moderate and varied results which are difficult to interpret. Moreover, studies in cell cultures correlate little with in vivo counterparts. Yet, both animal and cell models have provided some insights on how to proceed in the future by using more refined methods and selected functional experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franc Llorens
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bellvitge-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain,
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Abstract
Herein, we have utilized two cellular models of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), where transfer of normal chromosome 18 material into the EOC cell lines TOV-112D and TOV-21G induced in vitro and in vivo suppression of tumorigenic phenotype in derived hybrid clones. Two-dimensional-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS/MS) with tandem mass tagging (TMT) was then employed to profile the whole cell, secreted and crude membrane proteomes of the parental and hybrid cell models to identify differentially expressed proteins as potential markers of ovarian tumor suppression. Protein changes of interest were confirmed by immunoblotting in additional hybrid and revertant cell lines. This method afforded quantitative coverage of around 1,000 unique proteins and is applicable to the analysis of any cell model, tissue or biofluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Sinclair
- Cell Communication Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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Vilches S, Vergara C, Nicolás O, Sanclimens G, Merino S, Varón S, Acosta GA, Albericio F, Royo M, Río JAD, Gavín R. Neurotoxicity of prion peptides mimicking the central domain of the cellular prion protein. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70881. [PMID: 23940658 PMCID: PMC3733940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological functions of PrP(C) remain enigmatic, but the central domain, comprising highly conserved regions of the protein may play an important role. Indeed, a large number of studies indicate that synthetic peptides containing residues 106-126 (CR) located in the central domain (CD, 95-133) of PrP(C) are neurotoxic. The central domain comprises two chemically distinct subdomains, the charge cluster (CC, 95-110) and a hydrophobic region (HR, 112-133). The aim of the present study was to establish the individual cytotoxicity of CC, HR and CD. Our results show that only the CD peptide is neurotoxic. Biochemical, Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy experiments demonstrated that the CD peptide is able to activate caspase-3 and disrupt the cell membrane, leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vilches
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Vergara
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Nicolás
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gloria Sanclimens
- Combinatorial Chemistry Unit, Scientific Park of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Merino
- Department of Physicochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Varón
- Combinatorial Chemistry Unit, Scientific Park of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerardo A. Acosta
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Royo
- Combinatorial Chemistry Unit, Scientific Park of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José A. Del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosalina Gavín
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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