1
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Brown DW, Wee P, Bhandari P, Bukhari A, Grin L, Vega H, Hejazi M, Sosnowski D, Ablack J, Clancy EK, Pink D, Kumar J, Solis Ares MP, Lamb S, Quevedo R, Rawal B, Elian F, Rana N, Morales L, Govindasamy N, Todd B, Delmage A, Gupta S, McMullen N, MacKenzie D, Beatty PH, Garcia H, Parmar M, Gyoba J, McAllister C, Scholz M, Duncan R, Raturi A, Lewis JD. Safe and effective in vivo delivery of DNA and RNA using proteolipid vehicles. Cell 2024; 187:5357-5375.e24. [PMID: 39260374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Genetic medicines show promise for treating various diseases, yet clinical success has been limited by tolerability, scalability, and immunogenicity issues of current delivery platforms. To overcome these, we developed a proteolipid vehicle (PLV) by combining features from viral and non-viral approaches. PLVs incorporate fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins isolated from fusogenic orthoreoviruses into a well-tolerated lipid formulation, using scalable microfluidic mixing. Screening a FAST protein library, we identified a chimeric FAST protein with enhanced membrane fusion activity that improved gene expression from an optimized lipid formulation. Systemically administered FAST-PLVs showed broad biodistribution and effective mRNA and DNA delivery in mouse and non-human primate models. FAST-PLVs show low immunogenicity and maintain activity upon repeat dosing. Systemic administration of follistatin DNA gene therapy with FAST-PLVs raised circulating follistatin levels and significantly increased muscle mass and grip strength. These results demonstrate the promising potential of FAST-PLVs for redosable gene therapies and genetic medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Brown
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Ping Wee
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Prakash Bhandari
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Amirali Bukhari
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Liliya Grin
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Hector Vega
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Maryam Hejazi
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Deborah Sosnowski
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jailal Ablack
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada; OncoSenX, 701 Fifth Avenue, Suite 4200, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Eileen K Clancy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Desmond Pink
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | | | - Suellen Lamb
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Quevedo
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Bijal Rawal
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Fahed Elian
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Natasha Rana
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Luis Morales
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Natasha Govindasamy
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Brendan Todd
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Angela Delmage
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Somnath Gupta
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Nichole McMullen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Duncan MacKenzie
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Perrin H Beatty
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Henry Garcia
- Oisin Biotechnologies, 701 Fifth Avenue, Suite 4200, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Manoj Parmar
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Jennifer Gyoba
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Chandra McAllister
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Matthew Scholz
- Oisin Biotechnologies, 701 Fifth Avenue, Suite 4200, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Roy Duncan
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Arun Raturi
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada.
| | - John D Lewis
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Entos Pharmaceuticals, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Suite 4550, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada; OncoSenX, 701 Fifth Avenue, Suite 4200, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Oisin Biotechnologies, 701 Fifth Avenue, Suite 4200, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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2
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Rusilowicz-Jones EV, Brazel AJ, Frigenti F, Urbé S, Clague MJ. Membrane compartmentalisation of the ubiquitin system. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 132:171-184. [PMID: 34895815 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We now have a comprehensive inventory of ubiquitin system components. Understanding of any system also needs an appreciation of how components are organised together. Quantitative proteomics has provided us with a census of their relative populations in several model cell types. Here, by examining large scale unbiased data sets, we seek to identify and map those components, which principally reside on the major organelles of the endomembrane system. We present the consensus distribution of > 50 ubiquitin modifying enzymes, E2s, E3s and DUBs, that possess transmembrane domains. This analysis reveals that the ER and endosomal compartments have a diverse cast of resident E3s, whilst the Golgi and mitochondria operate with a more restricted palette. We describe key functions of ubiquitylation that are specific to each compartment and relate this to their signature complement of ubiquitin modifying components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma V Rusilowicz-Jones
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Ailbhe J Brazel
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth W23 F2K6, Ireland
| | - Francesca Frigenti
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Sylvie Urbé
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
| | - Michael J Clague
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
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3
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Chen J, Zeng F, Forrester SJ, Eguchi S, Zhang MZ, Harris RC. Expression and Function of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Physiology and Disease. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1025-1069. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the prototypical member of a family of membrane-associated intrinsic tyrosine kinase receptors, the ErbB family. EGFR is activated by multiple ligands, including EGF, transforming growth factor (TGF)-α, HB-EGF, betacellulin, amphiregulin, epiregulin, and epigen. EGFR is expressed in multiple organs and plays important roles in proliferation, survival, and differentiation in both development and normal physiology, as well as in pathophysiological conditions. In addition, EGFR transactivation underlies some important biologic consequences in response to many G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists. Aberrant EGFR activation is a significant factor in development and progression of multiple cancers, which has led to development of mechanism-based therapies with specific receptor antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This review highlights the current knowledge about mechanisms and roles of EGFR in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Chen
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fenghua Zeng
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven J. Forrester
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond C. Harris
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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4
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Francavilla C, Papetti M, Rigbolt KTG, Pedersen AK, Sigurdsson JO, Cazzamali G, Karemore G, Blagoev B, Olsen JV. Multilayered proteomics reveals molecular switches dictating ligand-dependent EGFR trafficking. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:608-18. [PMID: 27136326 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A fascinating conundrum in cell signaling is how stimulation of the same receptor tyrosine kinase with distinct ligands generates specific outcomes. To decipher the functional selectivity of EGF and TGF-α, which induce epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) degradation and recycling, respectively, we devised an integrated multilayered proteomics approach (IMPA). We analyzed dynamic changes in the receptor interactome, ubiquitinome, phosphoproteome, and late proteome in response to both ligands in human cells by quantitative MS and identified 67 proteins regulated at multiple levels. We identified RAB7 phosphorylation and RCP recruitment to EGFR as switches for EGF and TGF-α outputs, controlling receptor trafficking, signaling duration, proliferation, and migration. By manipulating RCP levels or phosphorylation of RAB7 in EGFR-positive cancer cells, we were able to switch a TGF-α-mediated response to an EGF-like response or vice versa as EGFR trafficking was rerouted. We propose IMPA as an approach to uncover fine-tuned regulatory mechanisms in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Francavilla
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Moreno Papetti
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer T G Rigbolt
- Center for Experimental Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anna-Kathrine Pedersen
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon O Sigurdsson
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Cazzamali
- Protein Structure and Function Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gopal Karemore
- Protein Imaging Platform, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Blagoy Blagoev
- Center for Experimental Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper V Olsen
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Malec V, Coulson JM, Urbé S, Clague MJ. Combined Analyses of the VHL and Hypoxia Signaling Axes in an Isogenic Pairing of Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma Cells. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:5263-72. [PMID: 26506913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The loss of function of the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor leads to the development of hypervascular tumors, exemplified by clear-cell-type renal cell carcinoma (RCC). VHL governs the adaptive responses to fluctuation of oxygen levels largely through the regulated suppression of hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs). Here, we combine proteome and phospho-proteomic analysis of isogenic 786-O RCC (±VHL) cells to compare signatures that reflect hypoxia and/or loss of VHL. VHL-independent hypoxic responses, notably include up-regulation of phosphorylation at Ser232 on the pyruvate dehydrogenase α subunit that is known to promote glycolysis. Hypoxic responses governed by VHL include up-regulation of known biomarkers of RCC (e.g., GLUT1, NDRG1) and the signaling adaptor molecule IRS-2. Notably, we also observe down-regulation of linked-components associated with the Jacobs-Stewart cycle, including the intracellular carbonic anhydrase II (CA2), which governs cellular response to CO2 fluctuations that often accompany hypoxia in tumors. Further studies indicate an unusual mechanism of control for CA2 expression that, at least in part, reflects enhanced activity of the NFκB pathway, which is associated with loss of VHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Malec
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Department, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Judy M Coulson
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Department, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvie Urbé
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Department, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Clague
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Department, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
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6
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Garay C, Judge G, Lucarelli S, Bautista S, Pandey R, Singh T, Antonescu CN. Epidermal growth factor-stimulated Akt phosphorylation requires clathrin or ErbB2 but not receptor endocytosis. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3504-19. [PMID: 26246598 PMCID: PMC4591694 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-09-1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon ligand binding, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activates signaling and undergoes endocytosis. EGFR signaling leading to Akt activation is impaired by perturbation of clathrin but not by inhibition of internalization through perturbation of dynamin. Clathrin may thus directly regulate receptor signaling at the cell surface. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding to its receptor (EGFR) activates several signaling intermediates, including Akt, leading to control of cell survival and metabolism. Concomitantly, ligand-bound EGFR is incorporated into clathrin-coated pits—membrane structures containing clathrin and other proteins—eventually leading to receptor internalization. Whether clathrin might regulate EGFR signaling at the plasma membrane before vesicle scission is poorly understood. We compared the effect of clathrin perturbation (preventing formation of, or receptor recruitment to, clathrin structures) to that of dynamin2 (allowing formation of clathrin structures but preventing EGFR internalization) under conditions in which EGFR endocytosis is clathrin dependent. Clathrin perturbation by siRNA gene silencing, with the clathrin inhibitor pitstop2, or knocksideways silencing inhibited EGF-simulated Gab1 and Akt phosphorylation in ARPE-19 cells. In contrast, perturbation of dynamin2 with inhibitors or by siRNA gene silencing did not affect EGF-stimulated Gab1 or Akt phosphorylation. EGF stimulation enriched Gab1 and phospho-Gab1 within clathrin structures. ARPE-19 cells have low ErbB2 expression, and overexpression and knockdown experiments revealed that robust ErbB2 expression bypassed the requirement for clathrin for EGF-stimulated Akt phosphorylation. Thus clathrin scaffolds may represent unique plasma membrane signaling microdomains required for signaling by certain receptors, a function that can be separated from vesicle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Garay
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Gurjeet Judge
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Stefanie Lucarelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Stephen Bautista
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Rohan Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Tanveer Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Costin N Antonescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
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7
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Akhtar S, Al-Zaid B, El-Hashim AZ, Chandrasekhar B, Attur S, Yousif MHM, Benter IF. Cationic Polyamidoamine Dendrimers as Modulators of EGFR Signaling In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132215. [PMID: 26167903 PMCID: PMC4500564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are branch-like spherical polymers being investigated for a variety of applications in nanomedicine including nucleic acid drug delivery. Emerging evidence suggests they exhibit intrinsic biological and toxicological effects but little is known of their interactions with signal transduction pathways. We previously showed that the activated (fragmented) generation (G) 6 PAMAM dendrimer, Superfect (SF), stimulated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase signaling-an important signaling cascade that regulates cell growth, survival and apoptosis- in cultured human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells. Here, we firstly studied the in vitro effects of Polyfect (PF), a non-activated (intact) G6 PAMAM dendrimer, on EGFR tyrosine kinase signaling via extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in cultured HEK 293 cells and then compared the in vivo effects of a single administration (10mg/kg i.p) of PF or SF on EGFR signaling in the kidneys of normal and diabetic male Wistar rats. Polyfect exhibited a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of EGFR, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in HEK-293 cells similar to AG1478, a selective EGFR inhibitor. Administration of dendrimers to non-diabetic or diabetic animals for 24h showed that PF inhibited whereas SF stimulated EGFR phosphorylation in the kidneys of both sets of animals. PF-mediated inhibition of EGFR phosphorylation as well as SF or PF-mediated apoptosis in HEK 293 cells could be significantly reversed by co-treatment with antioxidants such as tempol implying that both these effects involved an oxidative stress-dependent mechanism. These results show for the first time that SF and PF PAMAM dendrimers can differentially modulate the important EGFR signal transduction pathway in vivo and may represent a novel class of EGFR modulators. These findings could have important clinical implications for the use of PAMAM dendrimers in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Jabriya, Kuwait
- * E-mail:
| | - Bashayer Al-Zaid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Ahmed Z. El-Hashim
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Bindu Chandrasekhar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Sreeja Attur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Mariam H. M. Yousif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Ibrahim F. Benter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Jabriya, Kuwait
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus
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8
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Charming neighborhoods on the cell surface: plasma membrane microdomains regulate receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1963-76. [PMID: 26163824 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are an important family of growth factor and hormone receptors that regulate many aspects of cellular physiology. Ligand binding by RTKs at the plasma membrane elicits activation of many signaling intermediates. The spatial and temporal regulation of RTK signaling within cells is an important determinant of receptor signaling outcome. In particular, the compartmentalization of the plasma membrane into a number of microdomains allows context-specific control of RTK signaling. Indeed various RTKs are recruited to and enriched within specific plasma membrane microdomains under various conditions, including lipid-ordered domains such as caveolae and lipid rafts, clathrin-coated structures, tetraspanin-enriched microdomains, and actin-dependent protrusive membrane microdomains such as dorsal ruffles and invadosomes. We examine the evidence for control of RTK signaling by each of these plasma membrane microdomains, as well as molecular mechanisms for how this spatial organization controls receptor signaling.
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9
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Petsalaki E, Helbig AO, Gopal A, Pasculescu A, Roth FP, Pawson T. SELPHI: correlation-based identification of kinase-associated networks from global phospho-proteomics data sets. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:W276-82. [PMID: 25948583 PMCID: PMC4489257 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While phospho-proteomics studies have shed light on the dynamics of cellular signaling, they mainly describe global effects and rarely explore mechanistic details, such as kinase/substrate relationships. Tools and databases, such as NetworKIN and PhosphoSitePlus, provide valuable regulatory details on signaling networks but rely on prior knowledge. They therefore provide limited information on less studied kinases and fewer unexpected relationships given that better studied signaling events can mask condition- or cell-specific ‘network wiring’. SELPHI is a web-based tool providing in-depth analysis of phospho-proteomics data that is intuitive and accessible to non-bioinformatics experts. It uses correlation analysis of phospho-sites to extract kinase/phosphatase and phospho-peptide associations, and highlights the potential flow of signaling in the system under study. We illustrate SELPHI via analysis of phospho-proteomics data acquired in the presence of erlotinib—a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)—in cancer cells expressing TKI-resistant and -sensitive variants of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. In this data set, SELPHI revealed information overlooked by the reporting study, including the known role of MET and EPHA2 kinases in conferring resistance to erlotinib in TKI sensitive strains. SELPHI can significantly enhance the analysis of phospho-proteomics data contributing to improved understanding of sample-specific signaling networks. SELPHI is freely available via http://llama.mshri.on.ca/SELPHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Petsalaki
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Andreas O Helbig
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Anjali Gopal
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Adrian Pasculescu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Frederick P Roth
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada Donnelly Centre and Departments of Molecular Genetics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1Z8, Canada
| | - Tony Pawson
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
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10
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Hammond DE, Mageean CJ, Rusilowicz EV, Wickenden JA, Clague MJ, Prior IA. Differential reprogramming of isogenic colorectal cancer cells by distinct activating KRAS mutations. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:1535-46. [PMID: 25599653 PMCID: PMC4356034 DOI: 10.1021/pr501191a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Oncogenic
mutations of Ras at codons 12, 13, or 61, that render
the protein constitutively active, are found in ∼16% of all
cancer cases. Among the three major Ras isoforms, KRAS is the most
frequently mutated isoform in cancer. Each Ras isoform and tumor type
displays a distinct pattern of codon-specific mutations. In colon
cancer, KRAS is typically mutated at codon 12, but a significant fraction
of patients have mutations at codon 13. Clinical data suggest different
outcomes and responsiveness to treatment between these two groups.
To investigate the differential effects upon cell status associated
with KRAS mutations we performed a quantitative analysis of the proteome
and phosphoproteome of isogenic SW48 colon cancer cell lines in which
one allele of the endogenous gene has been edited to harbor specific
KRAS mutations (G12V, G12D, or G13D). Each mutation generates a distinct
signature, with the most variability seen between G13D and the codon
12 KRAS mutants. One notable example of specific up-regulation in
KRAS codon 12 mutant SW48 cells is provided by the short form of the
colon cancer stem cell marker doublecortin-like Kinase 1 (DCLK1) that
can be reversed by suppression of KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean E Hammond
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool , Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
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11
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Liu S, Li Z, Fu J, Sun L, Xu F, Harada T, Lou Y, Chu M, Sun Q, Xu K, Zhang R, Jin L, Xiao H, Wu S. The effects of harvesting media on biological characteristics and repair potential of neural stem cells after traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107865. [PMID: 25247595 PMCID: PMC4172630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various solutions are utilized widely for the isolation, harvesting, sorting, testing and transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs), whereas the effects of harvesting media on the biological characteristics and repair potential of NSCs remain unclear. To examine some of these effects, NSCs were isolated from cortex of E14.5 mice and exposed to the conventional harvesting media [0.9% saline (Saline), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF)] or the proliferation culture medium (PCM) for different durations at 4°C. Treated NSCs were grafted by in situ injection into the lesion sites of traumatic brain injury (TBI) mice. In vitro, harvesting media-exposed NSCs displayed time-dependent reduction of viability and proliferation. S phase entry decreased in harvesting media-exposed cells, which was associated with upregulation of p53 protein and downregulation of cyclin E1 protein. Moreover, harvesting media exposure induced the necrosis and apoptosis of NSCs. The levels of Fas-L, cleaved caspase 3 and 8 were increased, which suggests that the death receptor signaling pathway is involved in the apoptosis of NSCs. In addition, exposure to Saline did not facilitate the neuronal differentiation of NSCs, suggesting that Saline exposure may be disadvantageous for neurogenesis. In vivo, NSC-mediated functional recovery in harvesting media-exposed NSC groups was notably attenuated in comparison with the PCM-exposed NSC group. In conclusion, harvesting media exposure modulates the biological characteristics and repair potential of NSCs after TBI. Our results suggest that insight of the effects of harvesting media exposure on NSCs is critical for developing strategies to assure the successful long-term engraftment of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengliang Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhuying Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jin Fu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Fengyan Xu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | | | - Yu Lou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ming Chu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Kun Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lianhong Jin
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (SW); (LJ); (HX)
| | - Hui Xiao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (SW); (LJ); (HX)
| | - Shuliang Wu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (SW); (LJ); (HX)
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12
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Musiani D, Hammond DE, Cirillo L, Erriquez J, Olivero M, Clague MJ, Di Renzo MF. PIM2 kinase is induced by cisplatin in ovarian cancer cells and limits drug efficacy. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4970-82. [PMID: 25099161 DOI: 10.1021/pr500651n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy is widely used to treat various cancers, but many patients ultimately relapse due to drug resistance. We employed phosphoproteomic analysis and functional assays of the response of SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin as a strategy to identify kinases as candidate druggable targets to sensitize cells to platinum. A SILAC-based approach combined with TiO2-based phosphopeptide enrichment allowed the direct identification of ERK1/2, p90RSK, and ERBB2 as kinases whose phosphorylation is regulated by cisplatin. Bioinformatic analysis revealed enrichment in linear phosphorylation motifs predicted to be targets of p38MAPK, CDK2, and PIM2. All three PIM kinases were found expressed in a panel of 10 ovarian cancer cell lines, with the oncogenic PIM2 being the most commonly induced by cisplatin. Targeting PIM2 kinase by either biochemical inhibitors or RNA interference impaired cell growth, decreased cisplatin-triggered BAD phosphorylation, and sensitized ovarian cancer cells to drug-induced apoptosis. Overexpression of PIM2 triggered anchorage-independent growth and resulted in increased BAD phosphorylation and cell resistance to DNA damaging agents. The data show that the PIM2 kinase plays a role in the response of ovarian cancer cells to platinum drugs and suggest that PIM inhibitors may find clinical application as an adjunct to platinum-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Musiani
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine , 10060 Candiolo (Torino), Italy
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13
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Tong J, Taylor P, Moran MF. Proteomic analysis of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) interactome and post-translational modifications associated with receptor endocytosis in response to EGF and stress. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:1644-58. [PMID: 24797263 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.038596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression, activation, and stabilization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are causally associated with several human cancers. Post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions directly modulate the signaling and trafficking of the EGFR. Activated EGFR is internalized by endocytosis and then either recycled back to the cell surface or degraded in the lysosome. EGFR internalization and recycling also occur in response to stresses that activate p38 MAP kinase. Mass spectrometry was applied to comprehensively analyze the phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and protein-protein interactions of wild type and endocytosis-defective EGFR variants before and after internalization in response to EGF ligand and stress. Prior to internalization, EGF-stimulated EGFR accumulated ubiquitin at 7 K residues and phosphorylation at 7 Y sites and at S(1104). Following internalization, these modifications diminished and there was an accumulation of S/T phosphorylations. EGFR internalization and many but not all of the EGF-induced S/T phosphorylations were also stimulated by anisomycin-induced cell stress, which was not associated with receptor ubiquitination or elevated Y phosphorylation. EGFR protein interactions were dramatically modulated by ligand, internalization, and stress. In response to EGF, different E3 ubiquitin ligases became maximally associated with EGFR before (CBL, HUWE1, and UBR4) or after (ITCH) internalization, whereas CBLB was distinctively most highly EGFR associated following anisomycin treatment. Adaptin subunits of AP-1 and AP-2 clathrin adaptor complexes also became EGFR associated in response to EGF and anisomycin stress. Mutations preventing EGFR phosphorylation at Y(998) or in the S(1039) region abolished or greatly reduced EGFR interactions with AP-2 and AP-1, and impaired receptor trafficking. These results provide new insight into spatial, temporal, and mechanistic aspects of EGFR regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefei Tong
- From the ‡The Hospital For Sick Children, Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto. Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Paul Taylor
- From the ‡The Hospital For Sick Children, Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto. Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Michael F Moran
- From the ‡The Hospital For Sick Children, Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto. Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto M5G 0A4, Canada
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14
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Jones S, Rappoport JZ. Interdependent epidermal growth factor receptor signalling and trafficking. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 51:23-8. [PMID: 24681003 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) signalling regulates diverse cellular functions, promoting cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, cell growth and survival. EGFR signalling is critical during embryogenesis, in particular in epithelial development, and disruption of the EGFR gene results in epithelial immaturity and perinatal death. EGFR signalling also functions during wound healing responses through accelerating wound re-epithelialisation, inducing cell migration, proliferation and angiogenesis. Upregulation of EGFR signalling is often observed in carcinomas and has been shown to promote uncontrolled cell proliferation and metastasis. Therefore aberrant EGFR signalling is a common target for anticancer therapies. Various reports indicate that EGFR signalling primarily occurs at the plasma membrane and EGFR degradation following endocytosis greatly attenuates signalling. Other studies argue that EGFR internalisation is essential for complete activation of downstream signalling cascades and that endosomes can serve as signalling platforms. The aim of this review is to discuss current understanding of intersection between EGFR signalling and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Jones
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- Nikon Imaging Center at Northwestern University, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
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15
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Hernandez-Valladares M, Aran V, Prior IA. Quantitative proteomic analysis of compartmentalized signaling networks. Methods Enzymol 2014; 535:309-25. [PMID: 24377931 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397925-4.00018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ras proteins operate predominantly from the plasma membrane; however, they have also been localized to most intracellular compartments. Various functions and signaling outputs have been ascribed to endomembranous Ras although systematic comparison and measurement of potential outputs have not yet been carried out. We describe the methodology for isolating and measuring compartment-specific signaling networks using quantitative proteomics. This approach reveals the potential of a subcellular platform for supporting specific outputs and will inform subsequent studies of endogenous isoform-specific Ras signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hernandez-Valladares
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Aran
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A Prior
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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16
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Akhtar S, Chandrasekhar B, Attur S, Yousif MHM, Benter IF. On the nanotoxicity of PAMAM dendrimers: Superfect® stimulates the EGFR-ERK1/2 signal transduction pathway via an oxidative stress-dependent mechanism in HEK 293 cells. Int J Pharm 2013; 448:239-46. [PMID: 23538097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are cationic branch-like macromolecules that may serve as drug delivery systems for gene-based therapies such as RNA interference. For their safe use in the clinic, they should ideally only enhance drug delivery to target tissues and exhibit no adverse effects. However, little is known about their toxicological profiles in terms of their interactions with cellular signal transduction pathways such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The EGFR is an important signaling cascade that regulates cell growth, differentiation, migration, survival and apoptosis. Here, we investigated the impact of naked, unmodified Superfect (SF), a commercially available generation 6 PAMAM dendrimer, on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase-extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells. At concentrations routinely used for transfection, SF exhibited time and dose-dependent stimulation of EGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylation whereas AG1478, a selective EGFR tyrosine kinase antagonist, inhibited EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling. SF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR for 1h was partly reversible upon removal of the dendrimer and examination of cells 24 later. Co-treatment of SF with epidermal growth factor (EGF) ligand resulted in greater EGFR stimulation than either agent alone implying that the stimulatory effects of SF and the ligand are synergistic. Dendrimer-induced stimulation of EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling could be attenuated by the antioxidants apocynin, catalase and tempol implying that an oxidative stress dependent mechanism was involved. These results show for the first time that PAMAM dendrimers, aside from their ability to improve drug delivery, can modulate the important EGFR-ERK1/2 cellular signal transduction pathway - a novel finding that may have a bearing on their safe application as drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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17
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Ceresa BP. Spatial regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling by endocytosis. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 14:72-87. [PMID: 23344022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling by cell surface receptors appears to be relatively straight-forward: ligand binds to the extracellular domain of the receptor and biochemical changes are communicated into the cell. However, this process is more complex than it first seems due to the various mechanisms that regulate signaling. In order to effectively target these receptors for pharmacological purposes, a more complete understanding of how their signaling is regulated is needed. Here, how the endocytic pathway regulates receptor signaling is discussed, using the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a model. In particular, the spatial regulation of signaling is examined. Areas of discussion include: how endocytic trafficking affects biology/pathology, varying approaches for studying the relationship between receptor endocytosis and signaling, and developments in how the endocytic pathway controls EGFR:effector communication and EGFR-mediated cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Ceresa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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