1
|
Akhlaq R, Khan T, Ahmed T, Musharraf SG, Ali A. PX-12 synergistically enhances the therapeutic efficacy of vorinostat under hypoxic tumor microenvironment in oral squamous cell carcinoma in vitro. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:556-560. [PMID: 36808757 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a characteristic feature of solid tumors, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which causes therapeutic resistance. The hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) is a key regulator of hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) and a promising therapeutic target against solid tumors. Among other HIF-1α inhibitors, vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) targeting the stability of HIF-1α, and PX-12 (1-methylpropyl 2-imidazolyl disulfide) is a thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) inhibitor preventing accumulation of HIF-1α. HDACis are effective against cancers; however, they are accompanied by several side effects along with an emerging resistance against it. This can be overcome by using HDACi in a combination regimen with Trx-1 inhibitor, as their inhibitory mechanisms are interconnected. HDACis inhibit Trx-1, leading to an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells; thus, the efficacy of HDACi can be elevated by using a Trx-1 inhibitor. In this study, we have tested the EC50 (half maximal effective concentration) doses of vorinostat and PX-12 on CAL-27 (an OSCC cell line) under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The combined EC50 dose of vorinostat and PX-12 is significantly reduced under hypoxia, and the interaction of PX-12 with vorinostat was evaluated by combination index (CI). An additive interaction between vorinostat and PX-12 was observed in normoxia, while a synergistic interaction was observed under hypoxia. This study provides the first evidence for vorinostat and PX-12 synergism under hypoxic TME, at the same time highlighting the therapeutically effective combination of vorinostat and PX-12 against OSCC in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafia Akhlaq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tajwali Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tehmina Ahmed
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed G Musharraf
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.,H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Arslan Ali
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bian M, Fan R, Zhao S, Liu W. Targeting the Thioredoxin System as a Strategy for Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7309-7321. [PMID: 30963763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) participates in the regulation of redox reactions in organisms. It works mainly via its substrate molecule, thioredoxin, to maintain the redox balance and regulate signal transduction, which controls cell proliferation, differentiation, death, and other important physiological processes. In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that the overactivation of TrxR is related to the development of tumors. The exploration of TrxR-targeted antitumor drugs has attracted wide attention and is expected to provide new therapies for cancer treatment. In this perspective, we highlight the specific relationship between TrxR and apoptotic signaling pathways. The cytoplasm and mitochondria both contain TrxR, resulting in the activation of apoptosis. TrxR activity influences reactive oxygen species (ROS) and further regulates the inflammatory signaling pathway. In addition, we discuss representative TrxR inhibitors with anticancer activity and analyze the challenges in developing TrxR inhibitors as anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mianli Bian
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Rong Fan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Sai Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China.,Institute of New Medicine Research , Nanjing Hicin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. , Nanjing 210046 , P. R. China
| | - Wukun Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang TY, Chai YR, Jia YL, Gao JH, Peng XJ, Han HF. Crosstalk among the proteome, lysine phosphorylation, and acetylation in romidepsin-treated colon cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:53471-53501. [PMID: 27472459 PMCID: PMC5288200 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Romidepsin (FK228) is one of the most promising histone-deacetylase inhibitors due to its potent antitumor activity, and has been used as a practical option for cancer therapy. However, FK228-induced changes in protein modifications and the crosstalk between different modifications has not been reported. To better understand the underlying mechanisms of FK228-related cancer therapy, we investigated the acetylome, phosphorylation, and crosstalk between modification datasets in colon cancer cells treated with FK228 by using stable-isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture and affinity enrichment, followed by high-resolution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. In total, 2728 protein groups, 1175 lysine-acetylation sites, and 4119 lysine-phosphorylation sites were quantified. When the quantification ratio thresholds were set to > 2.0 and < 0.5, respectively, a total of 115 and 38 lysine-acetylation sites in 85 and 32 proteins were quantified as increased and decreased targets, respectively, and 889 and 370 lysine-phosphorylation sites in 599 and 289 proteins were quantified as increased and decreased targets, respectively. Furthermore, we identified 274 proteins exhibiting both acetylation and phosphorylation modifications. These findings indicated possible involvement of these proteins in FK228-related treatment of colon cancer, and provided insight for further analysis of their biological function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Canter of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Yu-Rong Chai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yan-Long Jia
- Pharmacy Collage, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Jian-Hui Gao
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Canter of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Peng
- Jingjie PTM BioLab (Hangzhou) Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Hua-Feng Han
- Jingjie PTM BioLab (Hangzhou) Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Treating Colon Cancer Cells with FK228 Reveals a Link between Histone Lysine Acetylation and Extensive Changes in the Cellular Proteome. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18443. [PMID: 26675280 PMCID: PMC4682073 DOI: 10.1038/srep18443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic value of FK228 as a cancer treatment option is well known, and various types of cancer have been shown to respond to this drug. However, the complete mechanism of FK228 and the affect it has on histone lysine acetylation and the colon cancer cell proteome are largely unknown. In the present study, we used stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and affinity enrichment followed by high-resolution liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS)/MS analysis to quantitate the changes in the lysine acetylome in HCT-8 cells after FK228 treatment. A total of 1,194 lysine acetylation sites in 751 proteins were quantified, with 115 of the sites in 85 proteins being significantly upregulated and 38 of the sites in 32 proteins being significantly downregulated in response to FK228 treatment. Interestingly, 47 histone lysine acetylation sites were identified in the core histone proteins. We also found a novel lysine acetylation site on H2BK121. These significantly altered proteins are involved in multiple biological functions as well as a myriad of metabolic and enzyme-regulated pathways. Taken together, the link between FK228 function and the downstream changes in the HCT-8 cell proteome observed in response to FK228 treatment is established.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu XD, Guo ZS. Epigenetic drugs for cancer treatment and prevention: mechanisms of action. Biomol Concepts 2015; 1:239-51. [PMID: 25962000 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2010.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a brief overview of the basic principles of epigenetic gene regulation and then focuses on recent development of epigenetic drugs for cancer treatment and prevention with an emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of action. The approved epigenetic drugs are either inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases or histone deacetylases (HDACs). Future epigenetic drugs could include inhibitors for histone methyltransferases and histone demethylases and other epigenetic enzymes. Epigenetic drugs often function in two separate yet interrelated ways. First, as epigenetic drugs per se, they modulate the epigenomes of premalignant and malignant cells to reverse deregulated epigenetic mechanisms, leading to an effective therapeutic strategy (epigenetic therapy). Second, HDACs and other epigenetic enzymes also target non-histone proteins that have regulatory roles in cell proliferation, migration and cell death. Through these processes, these drugs induce cancer cell growth arrest, cell differentiation, inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, or cell death via apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy or mitotic catastrophe (chemotherapy). As they modulate genes which lead to enhanced chemosensitivity, immunogenicity or dampened innate antiviral response of cancer cells, epigenetic drugs often show better efficacy when combined with chemotherapy, immunotherapy or oncolytic virotherapy. In chemoprevention, dietary phytochemicals such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate and sulforaphane act as epigenetic agents and show efficacy by targeting both cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. Further understanding of how epigenetic mechanisms function in carcinogenesis and cancer progression as well as in normal physiology will enable us to establish a new paradigm for intelligent drug design in the treatment and prevention of cancer.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhan Q, Tsai S, Lu Y, Wang C, Kwan Y, Ngai S. RuvBL2 is involved in histone deacetylase inhibitor PCI-24781-induced cell death in SK-N-DZ neuroblastoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71663. [PMID: 23977108 PMCID: PMC3745445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the second most common solid tumor diagnosed during infancy. The survival rate among children with high-risk neuroblastoma is less than 40%, highlighting the urgent needs for new treatment strategies. PCI-24781 is a novel hydroxamic acid-based histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that has high efficacy and safety for cancer treatment. However, the underlying mechanisms of PCI-24781 are not clearly elucidated in neuroblastoma cells. In the present study, we demonstrated that PCI-24781 treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth at very low doses in neuroblastoma cells SK-N-DZ, not in normal cell line HS-68. However, PCI-24781 caused the accumulation of acetylated histone H3 both in SK-N-DZ and HS-68 cell line. Treatment of SK-N-DZ with PCI-24781 also induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and activated apoptosis signaling pathways via the up-regulation of DR4, p21, p53 and caspase 3. Further proteomic analysis revealed differential protein expression profiles between non-treated and PCI-24781 treated SK-N-DZ cells. Totally 42 differentially expressed proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF MS system. Western blotting confirmed the expression level of five candidate proteins including prohibitin, hHR23a, RuvBL2, TRAP1 and PDCD6IP. Selective knockdown of RuvBL2 rescued cells from PCI-24781-induced cell death, implying that RuvBL2 might play an important role in anti-tumor activity of PCI-24781 in SK-N-DZ cells. The present results provide a new insight into the potential mechanism of PCI-24781 in SK-N-DZ cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinglei Zhan
- Centre for Soybean Research of Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sauna Tsai
- Centre for Soybean Research of Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yonghai Lu
- Centre for Soybean Research of Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Centre for Soybean Research of Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yiuwa Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Saiming Ngai
- Centre for Soybean Research of Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Amiri-Kordestani L, Luchenko V, Peer CJ, Ghafourian K, Reynolds J, Draper D, Frye R, Woo S, Venzon D, Wright J, Skarulis M, Figg WD, Fojo T, Bates SE, Piekarz RL. Phase I trial of a new schedule of romidepsin in patients with advanced cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4499-507. [PMID: 23757352 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Romidepsin is a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDI) with activity in T-cell lymphoma. Given preclinical data showing greater induction of gene expression with longer exposures to HDIs, a phase I study of a day 1, 3, and 5 romidepsin schedule was evaluated. A secondary objective was to assess the effect of romidepsin on radioactive iodine (RAI) uptake in thyroid cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Open-label, single-arm, phase I, 3 + 3 dose escalation study. Romidepsin was administered as a 4-hour infusion on days 1, 3, and 5 of a 21-day cycle. Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) were assessed, including histone acetylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), RAI uptake in refractory thyroid cancer, and HDI-related ECG changes. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients with solid tumors, including 11 patients with thyroid cancer were enrolled. Six dose levels were explored, and 7 mg/m(2) on days 1, 3, and 5 was identified as tolerable. No Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors-defined objective responses were recorded although 9 patients had stable disease a median 30 weeks (range, 21-112) including 6 with thyroid cancer a median of 33 weeks. PD studies detected acetylated histones in PBMCs and ECG changes beginning at low dose levels. Follow-up RAI scans in patients with RAI refractory thyroid cancer did not detect meaningful increases. CONCLUSIONS A romidepsin dose of 7 mg/m(2) administered on days 1, 3, and 5 was found tolerable and resulted in histone acetylation in PBMCs. Although there were no objective responses with romidepsin alone, this schedule may be useful for developing combination studies in solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Amiri-Kordestani
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) increase gene expression through induction of histone acetylation. However, it remains unclear whether specific gene expression changes determine the apoptotic response following HDACis administration. Herein, we discuss evidence that HDACis trigger in cancer and leukemia cells not only widespread histone acetylation but also actual increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage that are further increased following treatment with DNA-damaging chemotherapies. While the origins of ROS production are not completely understood, mechanisms, including inflammation and altered antioxidant signaling, have been reported. While the generation of ROS is an explanation, at least in part, for the source of DNA damage observed with HDACi treatment, DNA damage can also be independently induced by changes in the DNA repair activity and chromatin remodeling factors. Recent development of sirtuin inhibitors (SIRTis) has shown that, similar to HDACis, these drugs induce increases in ROS and DNA damage used singly, or in combination with HDACis and other drugs. Thus, induction of apoptosis by HDACis/SIRTis may result through oxidative stress and DNA damage mechanisms in addition to direct activation of apoptosis-inducing genes. Nevertheless, while DNA damage and stress responses could be of interest as markers for clinical responses, they have yet to be validated as markers for responses to HDACi treatment in clinical trials, alone, and in combination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Robert
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Salvador LA, Luesch H. Discovery and mechanism of natural products as modulators of histone acetylation. Curr Drug Targets 2012; 13:1029-47. [PMID: 22594471 DOI: 10.2174/138945012802008973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules that modulate histone acetylation by targeting key enzymes mediating this posttranslational modification - histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases - are validated chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. This area of research has seen a rapid increase in interest in the past decade, with the structurally diverse natural products-derived compounds at its forefront. These secondary metabolites from various biological sources target this epigenetic modification through distinct mechanisms of enzyme regulation by utilizing a diverse array of pharmacophores. We review the discovery of these compounds and discuss their modes of inhibition together with their downstream biological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilibeth A Salvador
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang H, Zhou W, Zheng Z, Zhang P, Tu B, He Q, Zhu WG. The HDAC inhibitor depsipeptide transactivates the p53/p21 pathway by inducing DNA damage. DNA Repair (Amst) 2011; 11:146-56. [PMID: 22112863 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been proven to be effective therapeutic agents to kill cancer cells through inhibiting HDAC activity or altering the structure of chromatin. As a potent HDAC inhibitor, depsipeptide not only modulates histone deacetylation but also activates non-histone protein p53 to inhibit cancer cell growth. However, the mechanism of depsipeptide-induced p53 transactivity remains unknown. Here, we show that depsipeptide causes DNA damage through induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, as demonstrated by a comet assay and by detection of the phosphorylation of H2AX. Depsipeptide induced oxidative stress was confirmed to relate to a disturbance in reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions through inhibition of the transactivation of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) in human cancer cells. Upon treatment with depsipeptide, p53 phosphorylation at threonine 18 (Thr18) was specifically induced. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that phosphorylation of p53 at Thr18 is required for p53 acetylation at lysine 373/382 and for p21 expression in response to depsipeptide treatment. Our results demonstrate that depsipeptide plays an anti-neoplastic role by generating ROS to elicit p53/p21 pathway activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rajendran P, Ho E, Williams DE, Dashwood RH. Dietary phytochemicals, HDAC inhibition, and DNA damage/repair defects in cancer cells. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 3:4. [PMID: 22247744 PMCID: PMC3255482 DOI: 10.1186/1868-7083-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a common feature of cancer etiology. This provides an avenue for therapeutic intervention, since cancer cells are more susceptible than normal cells to DNA damaging agents. However, there is growing evidence that the epigenetic mechanisms that impact DNA methylation and histone status also contribute to genomic instability. The DNA damage response, for example, is modulated by the acetylation status of histone and non-histone proteins, and by the opposing activities of histone acetyltransferase and histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes. Many HDACs overexpressed in cancer cells have been implicated in protecting such cells from genotoxic insults. Thus, HDAC inhibitors, in addition to unsilencing tumor suppressor genes, also can silence DNA repair pathways, inactivate non-histone proteins that are required for DNA stability, and induce reactive oxygen species and DNA double-strand breaks. This review summarizes how dietary phytochemicals that affect the epigenome also can trigger DNA damage and repair mechanisms. Where such data is available, examples are cited from studies in vitro and in vivo of polyphenols, organosulfur/organoselenium compounds, indoles, sesquiterpene lactones, and miscellaneous agents such as anacardic acid. Finally, by virtue of their genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, cancer chemopreventive agents are being redefined as chemo- or radio-sensitizers. A sustained DNA damage response coupled with insufficient repair may be a pivotal mechanism for apoptosis induction in cancer cells exposed to dietary phytochemicals. Future research, including appropriate clinical investigation, should clarify these emerging concepts in the context of both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms dysregulated in cancer, and the pros and cons of specific dietary intervention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Rajendran
- Cancer Chemoprotection Program, Linus Pauling Institute, 307 Linus Pauling Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Robey RW, Chakraborty AR, Basseville A, Luchenko V, Bahr J, Zhan Z, Bates SE. Histone deacetylase inhibitors: emerging mechanisms of resistance. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:2021-31. [PMID: 21899343 DOI: 10.1021/mp200329f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) have shown promise in the treatment of a number of hematologic malignancies, leading to the approval of vorinostat and romidepsin for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and romidepsin for the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Despite these promising results, clinical trials with the HDIs in solid tumors have not met with success. Examining mechanisms of resistance to HDIs may lead to strategies that increase their therapeutic potential in solid tumors. However, relatively few examples of drug-selected cell lines exist, and mechanisms of resistance have not been studied in depth. Very few clinical translational studies have evaluated resistance mechanisms. In the current review, we summarize many of the purported mechanisms of action of the HDIs in clinical trials and examine some of the emerging resistance mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Robey
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lo YC, Su WC, Ko TP, Wang NC, Wang AHJ. Terpyridine Platinum(II) Complexes Inhibit Cysteine Proteases by Binding to Active-site Cysteine. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2011; 29:267-82. [DOI: 10.1080/073911011010524993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
14
|
Hauptstock V, Kuriakose S, Schmidt D, Düster R, Müller SC, von Ruecker A, Ellinger J. Glutathione-S-transferase pi 1(GSTP1) gene silencing in prostate cancer cells is reversed by the histone deacetylase inhibitor depsipeptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 412:606-11. [PMID: 21855532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gene silencing by epigenetic mechanisms is frequent in prostate cancer (PCA). The link between DNA hypermethylation and histone modifications is not completely understood. We chose the GSTP1 gene which is silenced by hypermethylation to analyze the effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor depsipeptide on DNA methylation and histone modifications at the GSTP1 promoter site. Prostate cell lines (PC-3, LNCaP, and BPH-1) were treated with depsipeptide; apoptosis (FACS analysis), GSTP1 mRNA levels (quantitative real-time PCR), DNA hypermethylation (methylation-specific PCR), and histone modifications (chromatin immunoprecipitation) were studied. Depsipeptide induced apoptosis in PCA cells, but not a cell cycle arrest. Depispeptide reversed DNA hypermethylation and repressive histone modifications (reduction of H3K9me2/3 and H3K27me2/3; increase of H3K18Ac), thereby inducing GSTP1 mRNA re-expression. Successful therapy requires both, DNA demethylation and activating histone modifications, to induce complete gene expression of epigenetically silenced genes and depsipeptide fulfils both criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Hauptstock
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cattaruzza L, Fregona D, Mongiat M, Ronconi L, Fassina A, Colombatti A, Aldinucci D. Antitumor activity of gold(III)-dithiocarbamato derivatives on prostate cancer cells and xenografts. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:206-15. [PMID: 20209498 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Among the nonplatinum antitumor drugs, gold(III)-dithiocarbamato derivatives have recently attracted considerable attention due to their strong in vitro and in vivo antiproliferative activity and reduced renal toxicity. Some of them, namely [AuCl(2) (DMDT)] (compound 1) and [AuBr(2) (ESDT)] (compound 2), have shown to be highly active against the androgen-resistant prostate cancer cell lines PC3 and DU145, both inhibiting cell proliferation in a dose-dependent way, and are more active than the reference drug cisplatin (cis-[PtCl(2) (NH(3) )(2) ]). In particular, [AuCl(2) (DMDT)] was proved cytotoxic against cisplatin-resistant R-PC3 cells, with activity levels comparable to those induced on the parent cisplatin-sensitive PC3 cells, ruling out the occurrence of cross-resistance phenomena. Moreover, it causes early cell damage, slightly affecting the cell cycle, thus suggesting a different mechanism of action from clinically established platinum-based drugs. In fact, the investigated gold(III) complex alters mitochondrial functions, promoting mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and Cyt-c release, stimulating ROS generation, and strongly inhibiting the activity of the selenoenzyme TrxR, which is overexpressed in prostate cancer and associated with the onset of drug resistance. In addition, it induces apoptosis, caspase activation, Bcl-2 downregulation and Bax upregulation, reduces the expression of the phosphorylated form of the EGFR, and it inhibits PC3 cell migration. Finally, the treatment of PC3 prostate tumor-bearing nude mice with [AuCl(2) (DMDT)] significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo, causing minimal systemic toxicity. Altogether, our results confirm that these gold(III)-dithiocarbamato derivatives have potential for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Cattaruzza
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Division of Experimental Oncology 2, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Butler GS, Overall CM. Proteomic identification of multitasking proteins in unexpected locations complicates drug targeting. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009; 8:935-48. [PMID: 19949400 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics has revealed that many proteins are present in unexpected cellular locations. Moreover, it is increasingly recognized that proteins can translocate between intracellular and extracellular compartments in non-conventional ways. This increases gene pleiotrophy as the diverse functions of the protein that the gene encodes are dependent on the cellular location. Given that trafficking drug targets may exist in various forms--often with completely different functions--in multiple cellular compartments, careful interpretation of proteomics data is needed for an accurate understanding of gene function. This Perspective is intended to inspire the investigation of unusual protein localizations, rather than assuming that they are due to mislocalization or artefacts. Given a fair chance, proteomics could reveal novel and unforeseen biology with important ramifications for target validation in drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina S Butler
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, VT6 1Z3, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li H, He Y, Ding G, Wang C, Xie L, Li Y. dbDEPC: a database of differentially expressed proteins in human cancers. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 38:D658-64. [PMID: 19900968 PMCID: PMC2808941 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-related investigations have long been in the limelight of biomedical research. Years of effort from scientists and doctors worldwide have generated large amounts of data at the genome, transcriptome, proteome and even metabolome level, and DNA and RNA cancer signature databases have been established. Here we present a database of differentially expressed proteins in human cancers (dbDEPC), with the goal of collecting curated cancer proteomics data, providing a resource for information on protein-level expression changes, and exploring protein profile differences among different cancers. dbDEPC currently contains 1803 proteins differentially expressed in 15 cancers, curated from 65 mass spectrometry (MS) experiments in peer-reviewed publications. In addition to MS experiments, low-throughput experiment data from the same literatures and cancer-associated genes from external databases were also integrated to provide some validation information. Furthermore, dbDEPC associates differential proteins with important structural variations in the human genome, such as copy number variations or single nucleotide polymorphisms, which might be helpful for explaining changes in protein expression at the DNA level. Data in dbDEPC can be queried by protein identifier, description or sequence; the retrieved protein entry provides the differential expression pattern seen in cancers, along with detailed annotations. dbDEPC is expected to be a reference database for cancer signatures at the protein level. This database is provided at http://dbdepc.biosino.org/index/.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Key Lab of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ma X, Ezzeldin HH, Diasio RB. Histone deacetylase inhibitors: current status and overview of recent clinical trials. Drugs 2009; 69:1911-34. [PMID: 19747008 DOI: 10.2165/11315680-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are a new group of anticancer agents that have a potential role in the regulation of gene expression, induction of cell death, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of cancer cells by altering the acetylation status of chromatin and other non-histone proteins. In clinical trials, HDAC inhibitors have demonstrated promising antitumour activity as monotherapy in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and other haematological malignancies. In solid tumours, several HDAC inhibitors have been shown to be efficacious as single agents; however, results of most clinical trials were in favour of using HDAC inhibitors either prior to the initiation of chemotherapy or in combination with other treatments. Currently, the molecular basis of response to HDAC inhibitors in patients is not fully understood. In this review, we summarize the current status of HDAC inhibitors, as single agents or in combination with other agents in different phases of clinical trials. In most of the clinical trials, HDAC inhibitors were tolerable and exerted biological or antitumor activity. HDAC inhibitors have been studied in phase I, II and III clinical trials with variable efficacy. The combination of HDAC inhibitors with other anticancer agents including epigenetic or chemotherapeutic agents demonstrated favourable clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xujun Ma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Newkirk TL, Bowers AA, Williams RM. Discovery, biological activity, synthesis and potential therapeutic utility of naturally occurring histone deacetylase inhibitors. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:1293-320. [PMID: 19779641 DOI: 10.1039/b817886k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tenaya L Newkirk
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|