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Wang LG, Wang L. Current Strategies in Treating Cytokine Release Syndrome Triggered by Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Immunotargets Ther 2022; 11:23-35. [PMID: 35611161 PMCID: PMC9124488 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s360151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the treatments and management of the deadly COVID-19 disease have made great progress. The strategies for developing novel treatments against COVID-19 include antiviral small molecule drugs, cell and gene therapies, immunomodulators, neutralizing antibodies, and combination therapies. Among them, immunomodulators are the most studied treatments. The small molecule antiviral drugs and immunoregulators are expected to be effective against viral variants of SARS-CoV-2 as these drugs target either conservative parts of the virus or common pathways of inflammation. Although the immunoregulators have shown benefits in reducing mortality of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infections, extensive investigations on this class of treatment to launch novel therapies that substantially improve efficacy and reduce side effects are still warranted. Moreover, great challenges have emerged as the SARS-CoV-2 virus quickly, frequently, and continuously evolved. This review provides an update and summarizes the recent advances in the treatment of COVID-19 and in particular emphasized the strategies in managing CRS triggered by SARS-CoV-2. A brief perspective in the battle against the deadly disease was also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long G Wang
- Department of Research and Development, Natrogen Therapeutics International, Inc., Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Luxi Wang
- Department of Clinical Research, Clinipace Clinical Research, Morrisville, NC, USA
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2
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Computational Analysis of Gly482Ser Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism in PPARGC1A Gene Associated with CAD, NAFLD, T2DM, Obesity, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases. PPAR Res 2021; 2021:5544233. [PMID: 34394332 PMCID: PMC8360745 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5544233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PPARGC1A) regulates the expression of energy metabolism's genes and mitochondrial biogenesis. The essential roles of PPARGC1A encouraged the researchers to assess the relation between metabolism-related diseases and its variants. To study Gly482Ser (+1564G/A) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) after PPARGC1A modeling, we substitute Gly482 for Ser482. Stability prediction tools showed that this substitution decreases the stability of PPARGC1A or has a destabilizing effect on this protein. We then utilized molecular dynamics simulation of both the Gly482Ser variant and wild type of the PPARGC1A protein to analyze the structural changes and to reveal the conformational flexibility of the PPARGC1A protein. We observed loss flexibility in the RMSD plot of the Gly482Ser variant, which was further supported by a decrease in the SASA value in the Gly482Ser variant structure of PPARGC1A and an increase of H-bond with the increase of β-sheet and coil and decrease of turn in the DSSP plot of the Gly482Ser variant. Such alterations may significantly impact the structural conformation of the PPARGC1A protein, and it might also affect its function. It showed that the Gly482Ser variant affects the PPARGC1A structure and makes the backbone less flexible to move. In general, molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) showed more flexibility in the native PPARGC1A structure. Essential dynamics (ED) also revealed that the range of eigenvectors in the conformational space has lower extension of motion in the Gly482Ser variant compared with WT. The Gly482Ser variant also disrupts PPARGC1A interaction. Due to this single-nucleotide polymorphism in PPARGC1A, it became more rigid and might disarray the structural conformation and catalytic function of the protein and might also induce type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), coronary artery disease (CAD), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The results obtained from this study will assist wet lab research in expanding potent treatment on T2DM.
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Saremi L, Lotfıpanah S, Mohammadi M, Hosseinzadeh H, Hosseini-Khah Z, Johari B, Saltanatpour Z. Association between PPARGC1A single nucleotide polymorphisms and increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Turk J Med Sci 2019; 49:1089-1094. [PMID: 31390852 PMCID: PMC7018303 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1808-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Environmental and genetic factors may play a major role in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among people with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Based on the fact that PGC-1α, as the protein encoded by the PPARGC1A gene, plays a key role in energy metabolism pathways, it has been hypothesized that polymorphisms within the PPARGC1A gene may be associated with increased risks of NAFLD. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the Gly482Ser polymorphism (rs8192678) within the PPARGC1A gene and its association with the increased risk of NAFLD in Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods A total of 145 NAFLD patients with a history of type 2 diabetes and 145 healthy control subjects were included in the study. Gly482Ser polymorphism genotyping was done using the amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) technique. Results The results showed a significant difference between the PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphism in NAFLD patients and the healthy controls. Accordingly, the AA genotype and A allele were increased in the NAFLD patients when compared to the healthy controls. However, no significant correlation was observed between the Gly482Ser polymorphism and the physiological and biochemical parameters. Conclusion Based on the results, the AA genotype, which is associated with the insertion of Ser, can be considered as a risk factor for the development of NAFLD in Iranian patients with diabetes type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Saremi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Lotfıpanah
- Farhangian University, Shahid Mofatteh Teacher Education Paradise, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masumeh Mohammadi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Hosseini-Khah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Behrooz Johari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Zohreh Saltanatpour
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Medical Genetics Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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What if? Mouse proteomics after gene inactivation. J Proteomics 2019; 199:102-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chen Y, Liu W, Wang Y, Zhang L, Wei J, Zhang X, He F, Zhang L. Casein Kinase 2 Interacting Protein-1 regulates M1 and M2 inflammatory macrophage polarization. Cell Signal 2017; 33:107-121. [PMID: 28212865 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The importance of macrophage plasticity, albeit being discovered recently, has been highlighted in a broad spectrum of biological processes operative in physiological and pathological environments. Macrophage polarized activation and inactivation has profound effects on immune and inflammatory responses with several major pathways being elucidated in the past few years. However, transcriptional regulation mechanisms governing macrophage polarization is still preliminary. In this study, we identify the Casein Kinase 2 Interacting Protein 1 (CKIP-1) as a molecular toggle manipulating macrophage speciation. CKIP-1 expression was strongly induced by pro-inflammatory M1 stimuli (LPS and IFN-γ) and robustly suppressed by M2 stimuli (IL-4 and IL-13) in human and murine macrophage. Gain and loss of function studies suggest that CKIP-1 is a prerequisite for optimal LPS-induced pro-inflammatory gene activation, which exhibits its roles in a NF-κB dependent manner. Furthermore, CKIP-1 inhibits anti-inflammatory gene expression by negatively regulating JAK1-STAT6 activation in macrophages. Taken together, these data integrated CKIP-1 expression and function as a novel transcriptional regulator of macrophage polarization and identified a double feedback loop consisting of CKIP-1 and the key regulators of the M1 and M2 macrophage effectors in polarization pathway. Moreover, the inhibitory roles of CKIP-1 in LPS-mediated sepsis and TPA-mediated cutaneous provide a new target for treatments of acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China; Bayi Children's Hospital, Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Chinese PLA 532 Hospital, Huangshan, Anhui, China
| | - Luo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China; 307-lvy Translational Medicine Center, Laboratory of Oncology, Chinese PLA 307 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China; Shanghai Fengxian Central Hospital Graduate Training Base, Department of General Surgery, Fengxian Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Shanghai Fengxian Central Hospital Graduate Training Base, Department of General Surgery, Fengxian Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fuchu He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Silvestri C, Paris D, Martella A, Melck D, Guadagnino I, Cawthorne M, Motta A, Di Marzo V. Two non-psychoactive cannabinoids reduce intracellular lipid levels and inhibit hepatosteatosis. J Hepatol 2015; 62:1382-90. [PMID: 25595882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Obesity and associated metabolic syndrome have quickly become a pandemic and a major detriment to global human health. The presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD; hepatosteatosis) in obesity has been linked to the worsening of the metabolic syndrome, including the development of insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. Currently, there are few options to treat NAFLD, including life style changes and insulin sensitizers. Recent evidence suggests that the cannabinoids Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and cannabidiol (CBD) improve insulin sensitivity; we aimed at studying their effects on lipid levels. METHODS The effects of THCV and CBD on lipid levels were examined in a variety of in vitro and in vivo systems, with special emphasis on models of hepatosteatosis. Transcriptional, post-translational and metabolomic changes were assayed. RESULTS THCV and CBD directly reduce accumulated lipid levels in vitro in a hepatosteatosis model and adipocytes. Nuclear magnetic resonance- (NMR) based metabolomics confirmed these results and further identified specific metabolic changes in THCV and CBD-treated hepatocytes. Treatment also induced post-translational changes in a variety of proteins such as CREB, PRAS40, AMPKa2 and several STATs indicating increased lipid metabolism and, possibly, mitochondrial activity. These results are supported by in vivo data from zebrafish and obese mice indicating that these cannabinoids are able to increase yolk lipid mobilization and inhibit the development of hepatosteatosis respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that THCV and CBD might be used as new therapeutic agents for the pharmacological treatment of obesity- and metabolic syndrome-related NAFLD/hepatosteatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristoforo Silvestri
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Debora Paris
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Martella
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Dominique Melck
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Irene Guadagnino
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Mike Cawthorne
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, UK
| | - Andrea Motta
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.
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Dubey R, Saini N. STAT6 silencing up-regulates cholesterol synthesis via miR-197/FOXJ2 axis and induces ER stress-mediated apoptosis in lung cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:32-43. [PMID: 25451482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
MiRNAs and transcription factors have emerged as important regulators for gene expression and are known to regulate various biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Previously, using genome-wide expression profiling studies, we have shown an inverse relationship of STAT6 and cholesterol biosynthesis and also identified FOXJ2 binding sites in the upstream region of 3 key genes (HMGCR, HMGCS1 and IDI1) of the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Our previous study also provided clues toward the anti-apoptotic role played by STAT6. For better understanding of the cellular response and underlying signaling pathways activated by STAT6 silencing, we examined the changes in miRNome profile after the siRNA-mediated silencing of STAT6 gene in NCI-H460 cells using LNA-based miRNA microarray. Our analysis showed significant downregulation of miRNAs, let-7b and miR-197, out of which miR-197 was predicted to target FOXJ2. We here show that miR-197 not only negatively regulates FOXJ2 expression through direct binding to its respective binding site in its 3'UTR but also alters total cholesterol levels by regulating genes associated with cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. We further demonstrated that STAT6 silencing elicited ER stress-mediated apoptosis in NCI-H460 cells through C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) induction, alteration of BH3 only proteins expression and ROS production. The apoptosis induced by STAT6 downregulation was partially reversed by NAC, the ROS scavenger. Based on the above findings, we suggest that ER stress plays a major role in STAT6-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Dubey
- Functional Genomics Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Neeru Saini
- Functional Genomics Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India.
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Sahasrabuddhe NA, Huang TC, Ahmad S, Kim MS, Yang Y, Ghosh B, Leach SD, Gowda H, Somani BL, Chaerkady R, Pandey A. Regulation of PPAR-alpha pathway by Dicer revealed through proteomic analysis. J Proteomics 2014; 108:306-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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STAT6 siRNA matrix-loaded gelatin nanocarriers: formulation, characterization, and ex vivo proof of concept using adenocarcinoma cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:858946. [PMID: 24191252 PMCID: PMC3806510 DOI: 10.1155/2013/858946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The clinical utility of siRNA therapy has been hampered due to poor cell penetration, nonspecific effects, rapid degradation, and short half-life. We herewith proposed the formulation development of STAT6 siRNA (S6S) nanotherapeutic agent by encapsulating them within gelatin nanocarriers (GNC). The prepared nanoformulation was characterized for size, charge, loading efficiency, release kinetics, stability, cytotoxicity, and gene silencing assay. The stability of S6S-GNC was also assessed under conditions of varying pH, serum level, and using electrophoretic assays. In vitro cytotoxicity performance was evaluated in human adenocarcinoma A549 cells following MTT assay. The developed formulation resulted in an average particle size, surface charge, and encapsulation efficiency as 70 ± 6.5 nm, +10 ± 1.5 mV, and 85 ± 4.0%, respectively. S6S-GNC showed an insignificant (P < 0.05) change in the size and charge in the presence of buffer solutions (pH 6.4 to 8.4) and FBS (10% v/v). A549 cells were treated with native S6S, S6S-lipofectamine, placebo-GNC, and S6S-GNC using untreated cells as a control. It was observed that cell viability was decreased significantly with S6S-GNC by 55 ± 4.1% (P < 0.001) compared to native S6S (2.0 ± 0.55%) and S6S-lipofectamine complex (40 ± 3.1%). This investigation infers that gelatin polymer-based nanocarriers are a robust, stable, and biocompatible strategy for the delivery of siRNA.
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Sajic T, Hainard A, Scherl A, Wohlwend A, Negro F, Sanchez JC, Szanto I. STAT6 promotes bi-directional modulation of PKM2 in liver and adipose inflammatory cells in rosiglitazone-treated mice. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2350. [PMID: 23917405 PMCID: PMC3734444 DOI: 10.1038/srep02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
STAT6 interacts with PPARγ to elicit macrophage polarization towards an anti-inflammatory, insulin-sensitizing phenotype. Mice deficient in STAT6 display liver lipid accumulation (hepatosteatosis). Rosiglitazone (RSG), a PPARγ agonist, ameliorates hepatosteatosis and enhances insulin sensitivity. To elucidate the role of STAT6 in PPARγ action on hepatosteatosis we compared liver proteomes of RSG-treated wild type and STAT6-deficient mice and we identified pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a glycolysis and proliferation-regulating enzyme that displayed STAT6-dependent expression. RSG induced PKM2 within inflammatory cells in liver but suppressed its expression in adipose tissue. RSG diminished hepatosteatosis and oxidative stress, enhanced fat accumulation and improved insulin sensitivity in STAT6-deficient mice. Our data reveal a complex interaction between STAT6 and PPARγ in the regulation of liver and adipose tissue lipid depot distribution and design STAT6 as a novel link between inflammatory cell metabolism and adipocyte and hepatocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Annelise Wohlwend
- Histology Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, Geneva 4, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Negro
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
- Division of Clinical Pathology
| | | | - Ildiko Szanto
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism
- Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals, 1 Rue Michel Servet, Geneva 4, 1211, Switzerland
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Bax M, Chambon C, Marty-Gasset N, Remignon H, Fernandez X, Molette C. Proteomic profile evolution during steatosis development in ducks. Poult Sci 2012; 91:112-20. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Theron L, Fernandez X, Marty-Gasset N, Pichereaux C, Rossignol M, Chambon C, Viala D, Astruc T, Molette C. Identification by proteomic analysis of early post-mortem markers involved in the variability in fat loss during cooking of mule duck "foie gras". JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:12617-12628. [PMID: 21999348 DOI: 10.1021/jf203058x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fat loss during cooking of duck "foie gras" is the main quality issue for both processors and consumers. Despite the efforts of the processing industry to control fat loss, the variability of fatty liver cooking yield remains high and uncontrolled. To better understand the biological basis of this phenomenon, a proteomic study was conducted. To analyze the protein fraction soluble at low ionic strength (LIS), we used bidimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry for the identification of spots of interest. To analyze the protein fraction not soluble at low ionic strength (NS), we used the shotgun strategy. The analysis of data acquired from both protein fractions suggested that at the time of slaughter, livers with low fat loss during cooking were still in anabolic processes with regard to energy metabolism and protein synthesis, whereas livers with high fat loss during cooking developed cell protection mechanisms. The variability in the technological yield observed in processing plants could be explained by a different physiological stage of liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Theron
- INRA, UMR 1289 Tissus Animaux Nutrition Digestion Ecosystème Métabolisme, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Small interfering RNA against transcription factor STAT6 leads to increased cholesterol synthesis in lung cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28509. [PMID: 22162773 PMCID: PMC3230611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
STAT6 transcription factor has become a potential molecule for therapeutic intervention because it regulates broad range of cellular processes in a large variety of cell types. Although some target genes and interacting partners of STAT6 have been identified, its exact mechanism of action needs to be elucidated. In this study, we sought to further characterize the molecular interactions, networks, and functions of STAT6 by profiling the mRNA expression of STAT6 silenced human lung cells (NCI-H460) using microarrays. Our analysis revealed 273 differentially expressed genes after STAT6 silencing. Analysis of the gene expression data with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software revealed Gene expression, Cell death, Lipid metabolism as the functions associated with highest rated network. Cholesterol biosynthesis was among the most enriched pathways in IPA as well as in PANTHER analysis. These results have been validated by real-time PCR and cholesterol assay using scrambled siRNA as a negative control. Similar findings were also observed with human type II pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells, A549. In the present study we have, for the first time, shown the inverse relationship of STAT6 with the cholesterol biosynthesis in lung cancer cells. The present findings are potentially significant to advance the understanding and design of therapeutics for the pathological conditions where both STAT6 and cholesterol biosynthesis are implicated viz. asthma, atherosclerosis etc.
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Posokhova E, Uversky V, Martemyanov KA. Proteomic identification of Hsc70 as a mediator of RGS9-2 degradation by in vivo interactome analysis. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:1510-21. [PMID: 20095651 DOI: 10.1021/pr901022m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Changes in interactions between signaling proteins underlie many cellular functions. In the mammalian nervous system, a member of the Regulator of G protein Signaling family, RGS9-2 (Regulator of G protein Signaling, type 9), is a key regulator of dopamine and opioid signaling pathways that mediate motor control and reward behavior. Dynamic association of RGS9-2 with a neuronal protein R7BP (R7 family Binding Protein) has been found to be critically important for the regulation of the expression level of the complex by proteolytic mechanisms. Changes in RGS9-2 expression are observed in response to a number of signaling events and are thought to contribute to the plasticity of the neurotransmitter action. In this study, we report an identification of molecular chaperone Hsc70 (Heat shock cognate protein 70) as a critical mediator of RGS9-2 expression that is specifically recruited to the intrinsically disordered C-terminal domain of RGS9-2 following its dissociation from R7BP. Hsc70 was identified by a novel application of the quantitative proteomics approach developed to monitor interactome dynamics in mice using a set of controls contributed by knockout strains. We propose this application to be a useful tool for studying the dynamics of protein assemblies in complex models, such as signaling in the mammalian nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Posokhova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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