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Zhao L, Zhou M, Zhao Y, Yang J, Pu Q, Yang H, Wu Y, Lyu C, Li Y. Potential Toxicity Risk Assessment and Priority Control Strategy for PAHs Metabolism and Transformation Behaviors in the Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10972. [PMID: 36078713 PMCID: PMC9517862 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 16 PAHs were selected as the priority control pollutants to summarize their environmental metabolism and transformation processes, including photolysis, plant degradation, bacterial degradation, fungal degradation, microalgae degradation, and human metabolic transformation. Meanwhile, a total of 473 PAHs by-products generated during their transformation and degradation in different environmental media were considered. Then, a comprehensive system was established for evaluating the PAHs by-products' neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, phytotoxicity, developmental toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and endocrine-disrupting effect through molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, 3D-QSAR model, TOPKAT method, and VEGA platform. Finally, the potential environmental risk (phytotoxicity) and human health risks (neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, developmental toxicity, and endocrine-disrupting toxicity) during PAHs metabolism and transformation were comprehensively evaluated. Among the 473 PAH's metabolized and transformed products, all PAHs by-products excluding ACY, CHR, and DahA had higher neurotoxicity, 152 PAHs by-products had higher immunotoxicity, and 222 PAHs by-products had higher phytotoxicity than their precursors during biological metabolism and environmental transformation. Based on the TOPKAT model, 152 PAH by-products possessed potential developmental toxicity, and 138 PAH by-products had higher genotoxicity than their precursors. VEGA predicted that 247 kinds of PAH derivatives had carcinogenic activity, and only the natural transformation products of ACY did not have carcinogenicity. In addition to ACY, 15 PAHs produced 123 endocrine-disrupting substances during metabolism and transformation. Finally, the potential environmental and human health risks of PAHs metabolism and transformation products were evaluated using metabolic and transformation pathway probability and degree of toxic risk as indicators. Accordingly, the priority control strategy for PAHs was constructed based on the risk entropy method by screening the priority control pathways. This paper assesses the potential human health and environmental risks of PAHs in different environmental media with the help of models and toxicological modules for the toxicity prediction of PAHs by-products, and thus designs a risk priority control evaluation system for PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Mengying Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jiawen Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qikun Pu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yang Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Cong Lyu
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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Zaragoza-Ojeda M, Torres-Flores U, Rodríguez-Leviz A, Arenas-Huertero F. Benzo[ghi]perylene induces cellular dormancy signaling and endoplasmic reticulum stress in NL-20 human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 439:115925. [PMID: 35182551 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) is produced by the incomplete combustion of gasoline and it is a marker of high vehicular flow in big cities. Nowadays, it is known that BghiP functions as ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which can cause several molecular responses. For this reason, the aim of the present study was to assess the in vitro effects of the exposure to BghiP, specifically, the induction of cellular dormancy and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) in NL-20 human cells. Our results proved that a 24 h exposure of BghiP, increased the expression of NR2F1 (p < 0.05). NR2F1 is the main activator of cell dormancy, therefore, we analyzed the expression of its target genes SOX9 and p27 showing an increase of the transcripts (p < 0.05), suggesting a pathway that could produce a cell cycle arrest. Interestingly, this effect was only observed with BghiP exposure, and not with a classic AhR ligand: benzo[a]pyrene. Moreover, in the presence of the AhR antagonist, CH223191, or when the expression of AhR was knock-down using dsiRNAs, the cellular dormancy signaling pathway was blocked. Morphological and ultrastructure analysis demonstrated that BghiP also induces ER stress, characterized by the dilated ER cisternae and the overexpression of PERK and CHOP genes (p < 0.05). Moreover, the halt of cell proliferation and the ER stress are both associated to the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) and the cell survival in response to microenvironmental cues. These responses induced by BghiP on bronchial cells open new horizons on the research of other biological effects induced by environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Zaragoza-Ojeda
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Ulises Torres-Flores
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Rodríguez-Leviz
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Patología Clínica y Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Francisco Arenas-Huertero
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico.
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Castro-Gálvez Z, Garrido-Armas M, Palacios-Arreola MI, Torres-Flores U, Rivera-Torruco G, Valle-Rios R, Amador-Muñoz O, Hernández-Hernández A, Arenas-Huertero F. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Benzo[ghi]perylene on the human bronchial cell line NL-20. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 61:104645. [PMID: 31518672 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[ghi]perylene is the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the atmosphere of highly polluted cities with high altitudes like Mexico City. We evaluated the in vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic effects that Benzo[ghi]perylene could induce to the bronchial cell line NL-20 after 3 h of exposure. Furthermore, exposed cells were washed and maintained for 24 h without the treatment (recovery time), in order to evaluate a persistent damage to the cells. We found that at 3 h of exposure, 20% and 47% of the cells displayed cytoplasmic vesicles (p <0.05) and ɣH2AX foci in the nuclei (p <0.05), respectively. Furthermore, 27% of cells showed translocation of the factor inductor apoptosis into the nuclei (p <0.05) and an increase of proliferating cells was also observed (21%, p <0.05). The cells after recovery time continued displaying morphological changes and ɣH2AX foci, despite of the increased expression (> 2-times fold change) of some DNA repair genes (p <0.05) found before the recovery time. We also found that the cell nuclei contained Benzo[ghi]perylene after the exposure and it remains there after the recovery time (p <0.01). Therefore, hereby we report the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects that Benzo[ghi]perylene is capable to induce to NL-20 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelmy Castro-Gálvez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico
| | - Mónika Garrido-Armas
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico
| | - Margarita Isabel Palacios-Arreola
- Laboratorio de Especiación Química de Aerosoles Orgánicos Atmosféricos y Desarrollo de Tecnologías Verdes, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ulises Torres-Flores
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Rivera-Torruco
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Dr. Márquez 162, Colonia Doctores, 06720 Ciudad de México, Mexico; Unidad Universitaria de Investigación, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico; Departamento de Fisiología y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico
| | - Ricardo Valle-Rios
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Dr. Márquez 162, Colonia Doctores, 06720 Ciudad de México, Mexico; Unidad Universitaria de Investigación, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico
| | - Omar Amador-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Especiación Química de Aerosoles Orgánicos Atmosféricos y Desarrollo de Tecnologías Verdes, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Abrahan Hernández-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico; Unidad de Biología de Células Individuales (Biocelin), Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico
| | - Francisco Arenas-Huertero
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico.
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Li WD, Yu S, Luo SM, Shen W, Yin S, Sun QY. Melatonin defends mouse oocyte quality from benzo[ghi]perylene-induced deterioration. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:6220-6229. [PMID: 30317565 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[ghi]perylene (B[ghi]P) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon widely found in haze. Long-term exposure to humans or animals can cause serious damage to the respiratory system. Melatonin is an endogenous natural hormone synthesized and released by the pineal gland. In this study, we investigated the effects of melatonin on in vitro cultured B[ghi]P-exposed mouse oocytes and the protective roles of melatonin. Our data indicate that B[ghi]P exposure leads to meiotic maturation arrest and reduced ability of sperm binding and parthenogenetic activation. Also, B[ghi]P exposure disrupts actin filament dynamics, spindle assembly, and kinetochore-microtubule attachment stability, which results in oocyte aneuploidy. Simultaneously, B[ghi]P exposure disturbs the distribution of mitochondria, increases the level of oxidative stress, and induces apoptosis of oocytes. Whereas all of these toxic effects of B[ghi]P can be restored after melatonin supplement. In conclusion, our findings validate that melatonin has a certain protective effect on preventing the reduced oocyte quality caused by B[ghi]P exposure during meiotic maturation in mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Dong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuai Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shi-Ming Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shen Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Genies C, Jullien A, Lefebvre E, Revol M, Maitre A, Douki T. Inhibition of the formation of benzo[a]pyrene adducts to DNA in A549 lung cells exposed to mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 35:1-10. [PMID: 27196671 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants, which exhibit carcinogenic properties especially in lungs. In the present work, we studied the effect of mixtures of 12 PAHs on the A549 alveolar cells. We first assess the ability of each PAH at inducing gene expression of phase I metabolization enzymes and at generating DNA adducts. A good correlation was found between these two endpoints. We then exposed cells to either binary mixtures of the highly genotoxic benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) with each PAH or complex mixtures of all studied PAHs mimicking by real emissions including combustion of wood, cigarette smoke, and atmospheres of garage, silicon factory and urban environments. Compared to pure B[a]P, both types of mixtures led to reduced CYP450 activity measured by the EROD test. A similar trend was observed for the formation of DNA adducts. Surprisingly, the complex mixtures were more potent than B[a]P used at the same concentration for the induction of genes coding for CYP. Our results stress the lack of additivity of the genotoxic properties of PAH in mixtures. Interestingly, an opposite synergy in the formation of B[a]P adducts were observed previously in hepatocytes. Our data also show that measurement of the metabolic activity rather than quantification of gene expression reflects the actual bioactivation of PAHs into DNA damaging species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Genies
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INAC, LCIB, LAN, F-38000, Grenoble, France; CEA, INAC, SyMMES, LAN, F-38000, Grenoble, France; Equipe EPSP Environnement et Prédiction de la Santé des Populations-laboratoire TIMC (UMR CNRS 5525), CHU de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, UFR de Médecine, Domaine de la Merci, 38706, La Tronche, France
| | - Amandine Jullien
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INAC, LCIB, LAN, F-38000, Grenoble, France; CEA, INAC, SyMMES, LAN, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuel Lefebvre
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INAC, LCIB, LAN, F-38000, Grenoble, France; CEA, INAC, SyMMES, LAN, F-38000, Grenoble, France; Equipe EPSP Environnement et Prédiction de la Santé des Populations-laboratoire TIMC (UMR CNRS 5525), CHU de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, UFR de Médecine, Domaine de la Merci, 38706, La Tronche, France
| | - Morgane Revol
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INAC, LCIB, LAN, F-38000, Grenoble, France; CEA, INAC, SyMMES, LAN, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Maitre
- Equipe EPSP Environnement et Prédiction de la Santé des Populations-laboratoire TIMC (UMR CNRS 5525), CHU de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, UFR de Médecine, Domaine de la Merci, 38706, La Tronche, France
| | - Thierry Douki
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INAC, LCIB, LAN, F-38000, Grenoble, France; CEA, INAC, SyMMES, LAN, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
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6
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Zaragoza-Ojeda M, Eguía-Aguilar P, Perezpeña-Díazconti M, Arenas-Huertero F. Benzo[ghi]perylene activates the AHR pathway to exert biological effects on the NL-20 human bronchial cell line. Toxicol Lett 2016; 256:64-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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7
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Pan S, Li D, Zhao L, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. Genotoxicity-related chemistry of human metabolites of benzo[ghi]perylene (B[ghi]P) investigated using electro-optical arrays and DNA/microsome biocolloid reactors with LC-MS/MS. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1229-39. [PMID: 23879290 PMCID: PMC3763812 DOI: 10.1021/tx400147c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is limited and sometimes contradictory information about the genotoxicity of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[ghi]perylene (B[ghi]P). Using recently developed metabolic toxicity screening arrays and a biocolloid reactor-LC-MS/MS approach, both featuring films of DNA and human metabolic enzymes, we demonstrated the relatively low reactivity of metabolically activated B[ghi]P toward DNA. Electro-optical toxicity screening arrays showed that B[ghi]P metabolites damage DNA at a 3-fold lower rate than benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), whose metabolites have a strong and well-understood propensity for DNA damage. Metabolic studies using magnetic bead biocolloid reactors coated with microsomal enzymes in 96-well plates showed that cyt P450s 1A1 and 1B1 provide high activity for B[ghi]P and B[a]P conversion. Consistent with published results, the major metabolism of B[ghi]P involved oxidations at 3,4 and 11,12 positions, leading to the formation of B[ghi]P 3,4-oxide and B[ghi]P 3,4,11,12-bisoxide. B[ghi]P 3,4-oxide was synthesized and reacted with deoxyadenosine at N6 and N7 positions and with deoxyguanosine at the N2 position. B[ghi]P 3,4-oxide is hydrolytically unstable and transforms into the 3,4-diol or converts to 3- or 4-hydroxy B[ghi]P. LC-MS/MS of reaction products from the magnetic biocolloid reactor particles coated with DNA and human enzymes revealed for the first time that a major DNA adduct results from the reaction between B[ghi]P 3,4,11,12-bisoxide and deoxyguanosine. Results also demonstrated 5-fold lower formation rates of the major DNA adduct for B[ghi]P metabolites compared to B[a]P. Overall, results from both the electro-optical array and biocolloid reactor-LC-MS/MS consistently suggest a lower human genotoxicity profile of B[ghi]P than B[a]P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenmin Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Linlin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - John B. Schenkman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032
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Syed K, Porollo A, Lam YW, Grimmett PE, Yadav JS. CYP63A2, a catalytically versatile fungal P450 monooxygenase capable of oxidizing higher-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkylphenols, and alkanes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:2692-702. [PMID: 23416995 PMCID: PMC3623170 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03767-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are known to oxidize hydrocarbons, albeit with limited substrate specificity across classes of these compounds. Here we report a P450 monooxygenase (CYP63A2) from the model ligninolytic white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium that was found to possess a broad oxidizing capability toward structurally diverse hydrocarbons belonging to mutagenic/carcinogenic fused-ring higher-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAHs), endocrine-disrupting long-chain alkylphenols (APs), and crude oil aliphatic hydrocarbon n-alkanes. A homology-based three-dimensional (3D) model revealed the presence of an extraordinarily large active-site cavity in CYP63A2 compared to the mammalian PAH-oxidizing (CYP3A4, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1) and bacterial aliphatic-hydrocarbon-oxidizing (CYP101D and CYP102A1) P450s. This structural feature in conjunction with ligand docking simulations suggested potential versatility of the enzyme. Experimental characterization using recombinantly expressed CYP63A2 revealed its ability to oxidize HMW-PAHs of various ring sizes, including 4 rings (pyrene and fluoranthene), 5 rings [benzo(a)pyrene], and 6 rings [benzo(ghi)perylene], with the highest enzymatic activity being toward the 5-ring PAH followed by the 4-ring and 6-ring PAHs, in that order. Recombinant CYP63A2 activity yielded monohydroxylated PAH metabolites. The enzyme was found to also act as an alkane ω-hydroxylase that oxidized n-alkanes with various chain lengths (C9 to C12 and C15 to C19), as well as alkyl side chains (C3 to C9) in alkylphenols (APs). CYP63A2 showed preferential oxidation of long-chain APs and alkanes. To our knowledge, this is the first P450 identified from any of the biological kingdoms that possesses such broad substrate specificity toward structurally diverse xenobiotics (PAHs, APs, and alkanes), making it a potent enzyme biocatalyst candidate to handle mixed pollution (e.g., crude oil spills).
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Affiliation(s)
- Khajamohiddin Syed
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Aleksey Porollo
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ying Wai Lam
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | | | - Jagjit S. Yadav
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Isabel RRM, Sandra GA, Rafael VP, Carmen MV, Josefina CE, del Carmen CEM, Rocío GM, Francisco AH, Elena CSM. Evaluation of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) adduct levels and DNA strand breaks in human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposedin vitroto polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with or without animal metabolic activation. Toxicol Mech Methods 2011; 22:170-83. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.623330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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10
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Lim SR, Lam CW, Schoenung JM. Quantity-based and toxicity-based evaluation of the U.S. Toxics Release Inventory. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 178:49-56. [PMID: 20122796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. EPA Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) represents an extensive, publicly available dataset on toxics and, as such, has contributed to reducing the releases and disposal of toxic chemicals. The TRI, however, reports on a wide range of releases from different sources, some of which are less likely to generate a human or ecological hazard. Furthermore, the TRI is quantity based and does not take into account the relative toxicity of chemicals. In an effort to utilize the TRI more effectively to guide environmental management and policy, this work provides an in-depth analysis of the quantity-based TRI data for year 2007 at industry sector, state, and chemical levels and couples it with toxicity potentials. These toxicity potentials are derived from the U.S. EPA's TRACI (Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other environmental Impacts) characterization factors for cancer, non-cancer and ecotoxicity. The combination of quantity-based and toxicity-based analysis allows a more robust evaluation of toxics use and priorities. Results show, for instance, that none of the highest priority chemicals identified through the toxicity-based evaluation would have been identified if only quantity-based evaluation had been used. As the chemicals are aggregated to the state and industry sector levels, the discrepancies between the evaluation methods are less significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Rin Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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11
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Platt KL, Grupe S, Fickler M. The 3,4-oxide is responsible for the DNA binding of benzo[ghi]perylene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon without a "classic" bay-region. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 176:179-87. [PMID: 18755170 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) lacks a "classic" bay-region and is therefore unable to form vicinal dihydrodiol epoxides thought to be responsible for the genotoxicity of carcinogenic PAHs like benzo[a]pyrene. The bacterial mutagenicity of BghiP increases considerably after inhibition of the microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) indicating arene oxides as genotoxic metabolites. Two K-region epoxides of BghiP, 3,4-epoxy-3,4-dihydro-BghiP (3,4-oxide) and 3,4,11,12-bisepoxy-3,4,11,12-tetrahydro-BghiP (3,4,11,12-bisoxide) identified in microsomal incubations of BghiP are weak bacterial mutagens in strain TA98 of Salmonella typhimurium with 5.5 and 1.5 his+-revertant colonies/nmol, respectively. After microsomal activation of BghiP in the presence of calf thymus DNA three DNA adducts were detected using 32P-postlabeling. The total DNA binding of 2.1 fmol/microg DNA, representing 7 adducts in 10(7) nucleotides, was raised 3.6-fold when mEH was inhibited indicating arene oxides as DNA binding metabolites. Co-chromatography revealed the identity between the main adduct of metabolically activated BghiP and the main adduct of the 3,4-oxide. DNA adducts of BghiP originating from the 3,4,11,12-bisoxide were not found. Therefore, a K-region epoxide is proposed to be responsible for the genotoxicity of BghiP and possibly of other PAHs without a "classic" bay-region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl L Platt
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Kulkarni SA, Moir D, Zhu J. Influence of structural and functional modifications of selected genotoxic carcinogens on metabolism and mutagenicity - a review. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2007; 18:459-514. [PMID: 17654335 DOI: 10.1080/10629360701430090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in molecular structure are responsible for the differential biological response(s) of a chemical inside a biosystem. Structural and functional parameters that govern a chemical's metabolic course and determine its ultimate outcome in terms of mutagenic/carcinogenic potential are extensively reviewed here. A large number of environmentally-significant organic chemicals are addressed under one or more broadly classified groups each representing one or more characteristic structural feature. Numerous examples are cited to illustrate the influence of key structural and functional parameters on the metabolism and DNA adduction properties of different chemicals. It is hoped that, in the event of limited experimental data on a chemical's bioactivity, such knowledge of the likely roles played by key molecular features should provide preliminary information regarding its bioactivation, detoxification and/or mutagenic potential and aid the process of screening and prioritising chemicals for further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Kulkarni
- Chemistry Research Division, Safe Environments Programme, Health Canada, AL: 0800C, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0L2, Canada
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