1
|
Shpaizer A, Nussinovich A, Kanner J, Tirosh O. S-Nitroso-N-acetylcysteine Generates Less Carcinogenic N-Nitrosamines in Meat Products than Nitrite. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11459-11467. [PMID: 30281301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite reacts with secondary amines to form N-nitrosamines (N-NA), which lead to gastrointestinal cancers. The aim of this study was to compare nitrite with S-nitrosocysteine (Cys-SNO) and S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (NAC-SNO) with respect to N-NA formation, which was evaluated by determining the conversion of N-methylaniline to N-nitrosomethylaniline. Under neutral and acidic pH conditions, N-NA formation rate was nitrite > Cys-SNO > NAC-SNO. In the presence of copper or nucleophiles, NAC-SNO generated much less N-NA than Cys-SNO. Nitrite and Cys-SNO produced higher amounts of N-NA in the presence of oxygen, whereas NAC-SNO was almost oxygen insensitive. In meat in the stomach medium, NAC-SNO produced much lower amounts of N-NA than other additives. In heated meat, Cys-SNO and NAC-SNO generated the nitrosyl-hemochrome pink pigment, better than nitrite. In conclusion, NAC-SNO was much less reactive for N-NA formation than nitrite and Cys-SNO in conditions relevant to meat production and stomach digestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adi Shpaizer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Amos Nussinovich
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Joseph Kanner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Oren Tirosh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kruger C, Zhou Y. Red meat and colon cancer: A review of mechanistic evidence for heme in the context of risk assessment methodology. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:131-153. [PMID: 29689357 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
On October 26, 2015, IARC published a summary of their findings regarding the association of cancer with consumption of red meat or processed meat (IARC 2015; The Lancet Oncology 2015). The Working Group concluded that there is limited evidence in human beings for carcinogenicity from the consumption of red meat and inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of consumption of red meat. Nevertheless, the working group concluded that there is strong mechanistic evidence by which ingestion of red meat can be linked to human colorectal cancer and assigned red meat to Group 2A "probably carcinogenic to humans". The Working Group cited supporting mechanistic evidence for multiple meat components, including those formed from meat processing, such as N-nitroso compounds (NOC) and heterocyclic aromatic amines, and the endogenous compound, heme iron. The mechanism of action for each of these components is different and so it is critical to evaluate the evidence for each component separately. Consequently, this review critically examined studies that investigated mechanistic evidence associated with heme iron to assess the weight of the evidence associating exposure to red meat with colorectal cancer. The evidence from in vitro studies utilized conditions that are not necessarily relevant for a normal dietary intake and thus do not provide sufficient evidence that heme exposure from typical red meat consumption would increase the risk of colon cancer. Animal studies utilized models that tested promotion of preneoplastic conditions utilizing diets low in calcium, high in fat combined with exaggerations of heme exposure that in many instances represented intakes that were orders of magnitude above normal dietary consumption of red meat. Finally, clinical evidence suggests that the type of NOC found after ingestion of red meat in humans consists mainly of nitrosyl iron and nitrosothiols, products that have profoundly different chemistries from certain N-nitroso species which have been shown to be tumorigenic through the formation of DNA adducts. In conclusion, the methodologies employed in current studies of heme have not provided sufficient documentation that the mechanisms studied would contribute to an increased risk of promotion of preneoplasia or colon cancer at usual dietary intakes of red meat in the context of a normal diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Kruger
- ChromaDex Spherix Consulting, A Business Unit of ChromaDex, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States.
| | - Yuting Zhou
- ChromaDex Spherix Consulting, A Business Unit of ChromaDex, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kobayashi J. Effect of diet and gut environment on the gastrointestinal formation of N-nitroso compounds: A review. Nitric Oxide 2017; 73:66-73. [PMID: 28587887 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diet is associated with the development of cancer in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, because dietary nitrate and nitrite are the main nitrosating agents that are responsible for the formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) when nitrosatable substrates, such as amine and amide, are present in the GI tract. However, whether the nitroso compounds become beneficial S-nitroso compounds or carcinogenic NOCs might depend on dietary and environmental factors including food stuffs, gastric acidity, microbial flora, and the mean transit time of digesta. This review focused on GI NOC formation and environmental risk factors affecting its formation to provide appropriate nutritional strategies to prevent the development of GI cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kobayashi
- Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hossein Davoodi S, Jamshidi-Naeini Y, Esmaeili S, Sohrabvandi S, Mortazavian AM. The Dual Nature of Iron in Relation to Cancer: A Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CANCER PREVENTION 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/ijcp-5494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
5
|
Czerwonka M, Tokarz A. Iron in red meat-friend or foe. Meat Sci 2016; 123:157-165. [PMID: 27744145 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In developed countries, due to high content and bioavailability, red and processed meats are the main sources of iron in the diet. Adequate intake of this nutrient is essential for the proper development and functioning of the human body, and its deficiencies are associated mainly with the occurrence of anemia, which is one of the most widespread nutritional problems in the world. However, excessive intake of iron can be detrimental to health. Studies have shown that high consumption of red meat and its products, and thereby iron, particularly in the form of heme, increases the risk of non-communicable diseases, including cancers, type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Due to the high nutritional value, the presence of red meat in the diet is preferable, but according to World Cancer Research Fund International its consumption should not exceed 500g per week. Furthermore, there are several potential ways to suppress the toxic effects of heme iron in the diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Czerwonka
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Tokarz
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chiang VSC, Quek SY. The relationship of red meat with cancer: Effects of thermal processing and related physiological mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:1153-1173. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.967833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Siew-Young Quek
- Department of Food Sciences, School of Chemistry Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Intakes of heme iron and zinc and colorectal cancer incidence: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:1175-83. [PMID: 23568532 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-013-0197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic findings concerning the associations between intakes of heme iron and zinc and colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence yielded conflicting results. We aimed to investigate the associations by performing a meta-analysis of prospective studies. METHODS We conducted a literature search on PubMed and EMBASE databases up to December 2012 to identify the prospective studies that investigated the relationships between heme iron or zinc intake and risk of CRC. We also reviewed the bibliographies of the retrieved articles to identify additional studies. We used a random-effects model to calculate the summary relative risks (RRs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Eight studies on heme iron intake and six studies on zinc intake met the inclusion criteria. The summary RR of CRC for the highest versus the lowest intake was 1.14 (95 % CI = 1.04-1.24) for heme iron and 0.83 (95 % CI = 0.72-0.94) for zinc, respectively. The observed associations were not significantly modified by subsites within the colorectum, sex, geographic area, study duration, the number of cases, or the range of intakes. In the dose-response analyses, the summary RR of CRC was 1.11 (95 % CI = 1.03-1.18) for heme iron intake of 1 mg/day, and 0.86 (95 % CI = 0.78-0.96) for zinc intake of 5 mg/day, respectively. There was little evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggests a significant positive dose-response association of heme iron intake and a significant inverse dose-response association of zinc intake with risk of CRC.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gay LJ, Mitrou PN, Keen J, Bowman R, Naguib A, Cooke J, Kuhnle GG, Burns PA, Luben R, Lentjes M, Khaw KT, Ball RY, Ibrahim AE, Arends MJ. Dietary, lifestyle and clinicopathological factors associated with APC mutations and promoter methylation in colorectal cancers from the EPIC-Norfolk study. J Pathol 2012; 228:405-15. [PMID: 22864938 DOI: 10.1002/path.4085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The tumour suppressor APC is the most commonly altered gene in colorectal cancer (CRC). Genetic and epigenetic alterations of APC may therefore be associated with dietary and lifestyle risk factors for CRC. Analysis of APC mutations in the extended mutation cluster region (codons 1276-1556) and APC promoter 1A methylation was performed on 185 archival CRC samples collected from participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk study, with the aim of relating these to high-quality seven-day dietary and lifestyle data collected prospectively. Truncating APC mutations (APC(+) ) and promoter 1A methylation (PM(+) ) were identified in 43% and 23% of CRCs analysed, respectively. Distal CRCs were more likely than proximal CRCs to be APC(+) or PM(+) (p = 0.04). APC(+) CRCs were more likely to be moderately/well differentiated and microsatellite stable than APC(-) CRCs (p = 0.05 and 0.03). APC(+) CRC cases consumed more alcohol than their counterparts (p = 0.01) and PM(+) CRC cases consumed lower levels of folate and fibre (p = 0.01 and 0.004). APC(+) or PM(+) CRC cases consumed higher levels of processed meat and iron from red meat and red meat products (p = 0.007 and 0.006). Specifically, CRC cases harbouring GC-to-AT transition mutations consumed higher levels of processed meat (35 versus 24 g/day, p = 0.04) and iron from red meat and red meat products (0.8 versus 0.6 mg/day, p = 0.05). In a logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex and cigarette-smoking status, each 19 g/day (1SD) increment increase in processed meat consumption was associated with cases with GC-to-AT mutations (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.03-2.75). In conclusion, APC(+) and PM(+) CRCs may be influenced by diet and GC-to-AT mutations in APC are associated with processed meat consumption, suggesting a mechanistic link with dietary alkylating agents, such as N-nitroso compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Gay
- Medical Research Council Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Turesky RJ, Le Marchand L. Metabolism and biomarkers of heterocyclic aromatic amines in molecular epidemiology studies: lessons learned from aromatic amines. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1169-214. [PMID: 21688801 PMCID: PMC3156293 DOI: 10.1021/tx200135s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic amines and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are structurally related classes of carcinogens that are formed during the combustion of tobacco or during the high-temperature cooking of meats. Both classes of procarcinogens undergo metabolic activation by N-hydroxylation of the exocyclic amine group to produce a common proposed intermediate, the arylnitrenium ion, which is the critical metabolite implicated in toxicity and DNA damage. However, the biochemistry and chemical properties of these compounds are distinct, and different biomarkers of aromatic amines and HAAs have been developed for human biomonitoring studies. Hemoglobin adducts have been extensively used as biomarkers to monitor occupational and environmental exposures to a number of aromatic amines; however, HAAs do not form hemoglobin adducts at appreciable levels, and other biomarkers have been sought. A number of epidemiologic studies that have investigated dietary consumption of well-done meat in relation to various tumor sites reported a positive association between cancer risk and well-done meat consumption, although some studies have shown no associations between well-done meat and cancer risk. A major limiting factor in most epidemiological studies is the uncertainty in quantitative estimates of chronic exposure to HAAs, and thus, the association of HAAs formed in cooked meat and cancer risk has been difficult to establish. There is a critical need to establish long-term biomarkers of HAAs that can be implemented in molecular epidemioIogy studies. In this review, we highlight and contrast the biochemistry of several prototypical carcinogenic aromatic amines and HAAs to which humans are chronically exposed. The biochemical properties and the impact of polymorphisms of the major xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes on the biological effects of these chemicals are examined. Lastly, the analytical approaches that have been successfully employed to biomonitor aromatic amines and HAAs, and emerging biomarkers of HAAs that may be implemented in molecular epidemiology studies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Turesky
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center , Albany, New York 12201, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mirvish SS, Davis ME, Lisowyj MP, Gaikwad NW. Effect of Feeding Nitrite, Ascorbate, Hemin, and Omeprazole on Excretion of Fecal Total Apparent N-Nitroso Compounds in Mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:2344-51. [DOI: 10.1021/tx8001884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sidney S. Mirvish
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198
| | - Michael E. Davis
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198
| | - Michal P. Lisowyj
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198
| | - Nilesh W. Gaikwad
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Santarelli RL, Pierre F, Corpet DE. Processed meat and colorectal cancer: a review of epidemiologic and experimental evidence. Nutr Cancer 2008; 60:131-44. [PMID: 18444144 DOI: 10.1080/01635580701684872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Processed meat intake may be involved in the etiology of colorectal cancer, a major cause of death in affluent countries. The epidemiologic studies published to date conclude that the excess risk in the highest category of processed meat-eaters is comprised between 20% and 50% compared with non-eaters. In addition, the excess risk per gram of intake is clearly higher than that of fresh red meat. Several hypotheses, which are mainly based on studies carried out on red meat, may explain why processed meat intake is linked to cancer risk. Those that have been tested experimentally are (i) that high-fat diets could promote carcinogenesis via insulin resistance or fecal bile acids; (ii) that cooking meat at a high temperature forms carcinogenic heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; (iii) that carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds are formed in meat and endogenously; (iv) that heme iron in red meat can promote carcinogenesis because it increases cell proliferation in the mucosa, through lipoperoxidation and/or cytotoxicity of fecal water. Nitrosation might increase the toxicity of heme in cured products. Solving this puzzle is a challenge that would permit to reduce cancer load by changing the processes rather than by banning processed meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle L Santarelli
- UMR1089 INRA-ENVT Xénobiotiques, Université de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Toulouse, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in developed countries such as the U.K., but incidence rates around the world vary approx. 20-fold. Diet is thought to be a key factor determining risk: red and processed meat, but not white meat or fish, are associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. The endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds is a possible explanation because red and processed meat, but not white meat or fish, cause a dose-dependent increase in faecal ATNCs (apparent total N-nitroso compounds) and the formation of nitroso-compound-specific DNA adducts in humans. Red meat is particularly rich in haem which has been found to promote the endogenous formation of ATNC. Nitrosyl haem and nitroso thiols have been identified as major constituents of both faecal and ileal ATNC with a significant increase in the formation of these compounds following a diet rich in red meat. In vitro incubations show that, under simulated gastric conditions, nitroso thiols are the main species of nitroso compound formed, suggesting that acid-catalysed thionitrosation is the initial step in the endogenous formation of nitroso compounds. Nitrosyl haem and other nitroso compounds can then form under the alkaline and reductive conditions of the small and large bowel.
Collapse
|
13
|
Lakshmi VM, Zenser TV. 2-(4-Carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potentiates nitrosation of a heterocyclic amine carcinogen by nitric oxide. Life Sci 2007; 80:644-9. [PMID: 17129590 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although nitrosation plays an important role in initiation of carcinogenesis, the reactive nitrogen oxygen species (RNOS) mediating this reaction by multiple pathways have not been determined. The heterocyclic amine carcinogen 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) was used as a target to investigate RNOS and pathways for potentiation of nitric oxide (NO)-mediated nitrosation. 2-(4-Carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (CPTIO) oxidizes NO to NO(2)(.) and was used as a tool to investigate NO(2)(.) potentiation of nitrosation. The IQ nitrosation product, 2-nitrosoamino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline ((14)C-N-NO-IQ), was monitored by HPLC. Autoxidation of NO, generated by spermine NONOate (2.4 microM NO/min) for 7.5 min, did not convert 10 microM (14)C-IQ to N-NO-IQ. However, the presence of 15 muM CPTIO resulted in 3 microM N-NO-IQ formation. Potentiation by CPTIO occurred at low and high fluxes of NO, 0.075 to 1.2 microM/min, and over a range of IQ to CPTIO ratios of 0.5 to 10. A significant portion of N-NO-IQ formation was insensitive to azide (10 mM) inhibition, suggesting oxidative nitrosylation. NADH (0.02 mM) did not alter nitrosation by autoxidation, but effectively inhibited potentiation by CPTIO. Ascorbic acid (0.2 mM) and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (30 mM) inhibited nitrosation with or without CPTIO, while superoxide dismutase was not inhibitory. The RNOS produced by CPTIO had a 27-fold greater affinity for IQ than those produced by autoxidation. Results are consistent with NO(2)(.) or a RNOS like NO(2)(.) potentiating IQ oxidative nitrosylation. Nitrosation occurring at both low and high fluxes of NO can contribute to carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya M Lakshmi
- VA Medical Center, and Division of Geriatric Medicine, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63125, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee RA, Kim HA, Kang BY, Kim KH. Hemoglobin induces colon cancer cell proliferation by release of reactive oxygen species. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:5644-50. [PMID: 17007016 PMCID: PMC4088164 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i35.5644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study whether hemoglobin could amplify colon cancer cell proliferation via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.
METHODS: Colon cancer cell line HT-29 was grown in the conventional method using RPMI1640 media. The viability of the cells was measured using the colorimetric MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay after adding hemoglobin. We determined reactive oxygen species levels to be indicators of oxidative stress in HT 29 cell lines with and without hemoglobin and/or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 5’-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5-DFUR) using fluorometric dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay.
RESULTS: Cellular proliferation was increased with hemoglobin in a concentration-dependent manner. A significant increment on ROS levels was found in HT 29 cells following hemoglobin incubation. The cytotoxic effects of 5-FU and 5-DFUR were significantly blunted by administration of hemoglobin. There was a slight increase of peroxiredoxin 1, superoxide dismutase 1 concentration according to different hemoglobin concentrations.
CONCLUSION: Hemoglobin has a cellular proliferative effect on HT-29 colon cancer cell line by production of ROS. Also, hemoglobin abates cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents such as 5-FU and 5-DFUR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryung-Ah Lee
- Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, 158-710, 911-1, Mokdong, Yangcheonku, Seoul, Korea.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kitamura Y, Umemura T, Okazaki K, Kanki K, Imazawa T, Masegi T, Nishikawa A, Hirose M. Enhancing effects of simultaneous treatment with sodium nitrite on 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline-induced rat liver, colon and Zymbal's gland carcinogenesis after initiation with diethylnitrosamine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:2399-404. [PMID: 16353153 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Combined effects of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) on liver, colon and Zymbal's gland carcinogenesis were assessed using a rat two-stage carcinogenesis model, with a focus on involvement of oxidative stress. Male 6-week-old F344 rats were given a single intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg of diethylnitrosamine and 4 subcutaneous injections of 40 mg/kg of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine for initiation. Then, they were administered 0 or 300 ppm IQ in the diet or 0, 0.1 or 0.2% NaNO2 in their drinking water for 27 weeks. The treatment with NaNO2+IQ significantly enhanced colon and Zymbal's gland carcinogenesis and tended to enhance hepatocarcinogenesis. The incidence of lung tumors in the IQ-treated groups was significantly increased as compared with the initiation alone group. In a second experiment, male rats were given IQ or NaNO2 under the same conditions as before for 1 week, and at sacrifice, their liver and colon tissue or mucosa were collected for analysis of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), acrolein-modified protein and the bromodeoxyuridine-labeling index (BrdU-LI) (in the colon). In the colon, 8-OHdG, acrolein-modified protein levels and BrdU-LI were significantly increased by the combined treatment. These results indicate that the treatment with NaNO2 enhances IQ-induced colon and Zymbal's gland carcinogenesis in rats and that oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation may partly be involved, especially in the colon. In addition, this experiment showed that IQ can act as a potent lung carcinogen in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuki Kitamura
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, and Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lakshmi VM, Schut HAJ, Zenser TV. 2-Nitrosoamino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline activated by the inflammatory response forms nucleotide adducts. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:1607-17. [PMID: 15964673 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Revised: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic amines and inflammation have been implicated in the etiology of colon cancer. We have recently demonstrated that during autoxidation of the inflammatory mediator nitric oxide 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) undergoes nitrosation to form 2-nitrosoamino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (N-NO-IQ). This study evaluates the genotoxicity of N-NO-IQ and compares the adducts it forms to those of 2-hydroxyamino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (N-OH-IQ). N-NO-IQ was incubated with 2'-deoxyguanosine 3'-monophosphate (dGp) under a variety of inflammatory conditions. 32P-Postlabeling demonstrated the presence of multiple adducts. Incubation of N-OH-IQ with dGp at pH 7.4, 5.5, or 2.0 resulted in the formation of a single major adduct, N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-IQ (dG-C8-IQ). Using a combination of 32P-postlabeling, HPLC, and nuclease P1 treatment, N-NO-IQ was shown to produce dG-C8-IQ under several different conditions. HOCl oxidation of N-NO-IQ increased dG-C8-IQ formation, and this was further increased as pH decreased from 7.4 to 5.5. Oxidation of N-NO-IQ formed a new adduct, adduct 2, while in the absence of oxidants adduct m was the major adduct. Adducts 2 and m were not formed by N-OH-IQ and not further identified. The results demonstrate that N-NO-IQ forms N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-IQ, is genotoxic, is activated by conditions that mediate inflammatory responses, and is a possible cancer risk factor for individuals with colitis, inflammation of the colon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya M Lakshmi
- VA Medical Center, and Division of Geriatric Medicine, 11G-JB, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63125, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|