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Xu S, Zhang S, Li Y, Liu J. Facile Synthesis of Iron and Nitrogen Co-Doped Carbon Dot Nanozyme as Highly Efficient Peroxidase Mimics for Visualized Detection of Metabolites. Molecules 2023; 28:6064. [PMID: 37630318 PMCID: PMC10458983 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual detection based on nanozymes has great potential for the rapid detection of metabolites in clinical analysis or home-based health management. In this work, iron and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots (Fe,N-CDs) were conveniently synthesized as a nanozyme for the visual detection of glucose (Glu) or cholesterol (Chol). Using inexpensive and readily available precursors, Fe,N-CDs with peroxidase-like activity were conveniently prepared through a simple hydrothermal method. Co-doping of Fe and N atoms enhanced the catalytic activity of the nanozyme. The nanozyme had a low Michaelis constant (Km) of 0.23 mM when hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used as the substrate. Free radical trapping experiments revealed that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in the nanozyme-catalyzed process were superoxide anion radicals (•O2-), which can oxidize colorless 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to generate blue oxidation product (ox-TMB) with characteristics absorbance at 652 nm. Based on this mechanism, a colorimetric sensor was constructed to detect H2O2 ranging from 0.1 μM to 200 μM with a detection limit (DL) of 75 nM. In the presence of glucose oxidase (Gox) or Chol oxidase (Chox), Glu or Chol was oxidized, respectively, and generated H2O2. Based on this, indirect detection of Glu and Chol was realized with linear detection ranges of 5-160 μM and 2-200 μM and DLs of 2.8 μM and 0.8 μM, respectively. A paper-based visual detection platform was fabricated using Fe,N-CDs as nanozyme ink to prepare testing paper by inkjet printing. Using a smartphone to record the RGB values of the testing paper after the reaction, visual detection of Glu and Chol can be achieved with linear detection ranges of 5-160 μM (DL of 3.3 μM) and 2-200 μM (DL of 1.0 μM), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jiyang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (S.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.)
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Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry identification of peptide citrullination site using Br signature. Anal Biochem 2013; 437:62-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Song J, Kim HJ. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry peptide sequencing utilizing selective N-terminal bromoacetylation. Anal Biochem 2011; 423:269-76. [PMID: 22178914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In tandem mass spectrometric peptide sequencing, simplifying the mass spectrum is often desirable. The b-series ions were distinguished from the y-series ions in the MALDI TOF-TOF spectra by incorporating a bromine-tag to the N-terminal amino group through rapid and selective acetylation using bromoacetic anhydride without blocking the lysine and tyrosine residues. The 51:49 ratio of Br-79 and Br-81 isotopes facilitated identification of ions carrying the tag. With the Br-tag in the b-series ions, N-terminal sequencing of tryptic peptides from hemoglobin as well as model peptides was straightforward. When the b-ions were low in intensity, ions without the Br-tag were identified as y-ions and used for sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Song
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kim J, Vaughn AR, Cho C, Albu TV, Carver EA. Modifications of ribonuclease A induced by p-benzoquinone. Bioorg Chem 2011; 40:92-98. [PMID: 22138305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The nature of ribonuclease A (RNase) modifications induced by p-benzoquinone (pBQ) was investigated using several analysis methods. SDS-PAGE experiments revealed that pBQ was efficient in producing oligomers and polymeric aggregates when RNase was incubated with pBQ. The fluorescence behavior and anisotropy changes of the modified RNase were monitored for a series of incubation reactions where RNase (0.050 mM) was incubated with pBQ (0.050, 0.25, 0.50, 1.50 mM) at 37 °C in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 50 mM). The modified RNase exhibited less intense fluorescence and slightly higher anisotropy than the unmodified RNase. UV-Vis spectroscopy indicated that pBQ formed covalent bonds to the modified RNase. Confocal imaging analysis confirmed the formation of the polymeric RNase aggregates with different sizes upon exposure of RNase to high concentrations of pBQ. The interaction between the modified RNase and salts affecting biomineralization of salts was also investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Overall, our results show that pBQ can induce formation of both RNase adducts and aggregates thus providing a better understanding of its biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Box 2252, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN 37403, United States.
| | - Albert R Vaughn
- Department of Chemistry, Box 2252, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN 37403, United States
| | - Chris Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Box 2252, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN 37403, United States
| | - Titus V Albu
- Department of Chemistry, Box 5055, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38505, United States
| | - Ethan A Carver
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Box 2653, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN 37403, United States
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Sarma D, Hanzlik RP. Synthesis of carbon-14, carbon-13 and deuterium labeled forms of thioacetamide and thioacetamide S-oxide. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2011; 54:795-798. [PMID: 26069392 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thioacetamide (TA) is a model hepatotoxin that undergoes metabolic activation via two successive S-oxidations. The ultimate toxic metabolite thioacetamide S,S-dioxide, or its tautomer acetimidoyl sulfinic acid CH3C(NH)SO2H, then acylates lysine side chains on cellular proteins leading to cellular dysfunction or death. To identify individual target proteins, quantitate the extent of their modification and elucidate the structural details of their modification we required both radio-labeled and stable-labeled forms of TA and its intermediate metabolite thioacetamide S-oxide (TASO). The latter is stable when purified but can be difficult to isolate. Considering currently available isotopic precursors we devised and report here methods for the synthesis and isolation of TA and TASO labeled with C-14, C-13 and/or deuterium. The methods are straightforward, utilize readily available precursors and are amenable to small scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diganta Sarma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Robert P Hanzlik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Ikehata K, Duzhak TG, Galeva NA, Ji T, Koen YM, Hanzlik RP. Protein targets of reactive metabolites of thiobenzamide in rat liver in vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1432-42. [PMID: 18547066 PMCID: PMC2493440 DOI: 10.1021/tx800093k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thiobenzamide (TB) is a potent hepatotoxin in rats, causing dose-dependent hyperbilirubinemia, steatosis, and centrolobular necrosis. These effects arise subsequent to and appear to result from the covalent binding of the iminosulfinic acid metabolite of TB to cellular proteins and phosphatidylethanolamine lipids [ Ji et al. ( 2007) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 20, 701- 708 ]. To better understand the relationship between the protein covalent binding and the toxicity of TB, we investigated the chemistry of the adduction process and the identity of the target proteins. Cytosolic and microsomal proteins isolated from the livers of rats treated with a hepatotoxic dose of [ carboxyl- (14)C]TB contained high levels of covalently bound radioactivity (25.6 and 36.8 nmol equiv/mg protein, respectively). These proteins were fractionated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and radioactive spots (154 cytosolic and 118 microsomal) were located by phosphorimaging. Corresponding spots from animals treated with a 1:1 mixture of TB and TB- d 5 were similarly separated, the spots were excised, and the proteins were digested in gel with trypsin. Peptide mass mapping identified 42 cytosolic and 24 microsomal proteins, many of which appeared in more than one spot on the gel; however, only a few spots contained more than one identifiable protein. Eighty-six peptides carrying either a benzoyl or a benzimidoyl adduct on a lysine side chain were clearly recognized by their d 0/ d 5 isotopic signature (sometimes both in the same digest). Because model studies showed that benzoyl adducts do not arise by hydrolysis of benzimidoyl adducts, it was proposed that TB undergoes S-oxidation twice to form iminosulfinic acid 4 [PhC(NH)SO 2H], which either benzimidoylates a lysine side chain or undergoes hydrolysis to 9 [PhC(O)SO 2H] and then benzoylates a lysine side chain. The proteins modified by TB metabolites serve a range of biological functions and form a set that overlaps partly with the sets of proteins known to be modified by several other metabolically activated hepatotoxins. The relationship of the adduction of these target proteins to the cytotoxicity of reactive metabolites is discussed in terms of three currently popular mechanisms of toxicity: inhibition of enzymes important to the maintenance of cellular energy and homeostasis, the unfolded protein response, and interference with kinase-based signaling pathways that affect cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ikehata
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Tatyana G. Duzhak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | | | - Tao Ji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Yakov M. Koen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Robert P. Hanzlik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
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Carol-Visser J, van der Schans M, Fidder A, Hulst AG, van Baar BLM, Irth H, Noort D. Development of an automated on-line pepsin digestion-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry configuration for the rapid analysis of protein adducts of chemical warfare agents. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 870:91-7. [PMID: 18573700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rapid monitoring and retrospective verification are key issues in protection against and non-proliferation of chemical warfare agents (CWA). Such monitoring and verification are adequately accomplished by the analysis of persistent protein adducts of these agents. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is the tool of choice in the analysis of such protein adducts, but the overall experimental procedure is quite elaborate. Therefore, an automated on-line pepsin digestion-LC-MS configuration has been developed for the rapid determination of CWA protein adducts. The utility of this configuration is demonstrated by the analysis of specific adducts of sarin and sulfur mustard to human butyryl cholinesterase and human serum albumin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Carol-Visser
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Koen YM, Yue W, Galeva NA, Williams TD, Hanzlik RP. Site-specific arylation of rat glutathione s-transferase A1 and A2 by bromobenzene metabolites in vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 19:1426-34. [PMID: 17112229 PMCID: PMC1661840 DOI: 10.1021/tx060142s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The hepatotoxicity of bromobenzene (BB) derives from its reactive metabolites (epoxides and quinones), which arylate cellular proteins. Application of proteomic methods to liver proteins from rats treated with a hepatotoxic dose of [14C]-BB has identified more than 40 target proteins, but no adducted peptides have yet been observed. Because such proteins are known to contain bromophenyl- and bromodihydroxyphenyl derivatives of cysteine, histidine, and lysine, the failure to observe modified peptides has been attributed to the low level of total covalent binding and to the "dilution" effect of multiple metabolites reacting at multiple sites on multiple proteins. In this work glutathione S-transferase (GST), a well-known and abundant BB-target protein, was isolated from liver cytosol of rats treated with 14C-BB by use of a glutathione (GSH)-agarose affinity column and further resolved by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) into subunits M1, M2, A1, A2 and A3. The subunits were identified by a combination of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), whole-molecule mass spectrometry, and peptide mass mapping and found to contain radioactivity corresponding to 0.01-0.05 adduct per molecule of protein. Examination of tryptic digests of these subunits by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) failed to reveal any apparent adducted peptides despite observed sequence coverages up to 87%. However, use of HPLC-linear ion-trap quadrupole Fourier transform mass spectrometry (LTQ-FTMS) to search for predicted modified tryptic peptides revealed peaks corresponding, with a high degree of mass accuracy, to a bromobenzoquinone adduct of peptide 89-119 in both GSTA1 and A2. The identity of these adducts and their location at Cys-111 was confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS). No evidence for the presence of any putative BB-adducts in GST M1, M2, or A3 was obtained. This work highlights the challenges involved in the unambiguous identification of reactive metabolite adducts formed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakov M Koen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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