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Beretti F, Gatti M, Zavatti M, Bassoli S, Pellacani G, Maraldi T. Reactive Oxygen Species Regulation of Chemoresistance and Metastatic Capacity of Melanoma: Role of the Cancer Stem Cell Marker CD271. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041229. [PMID: 37189846 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BRAF mutations are present in 30-50% of cases of cutaneous melanoma, and treatment with selective BRAF and MEK inhibitors has been introduced. However, the development of resistance to these drugs often occurs. Chemo-resistant melanoma cells show increased expression of CD271, a stem cell marker that features increased migration. Concordantly, resistance to the selective inhibitor of oncogenic BRAFV600E/K, vemurafenib, is mediated by the increased expression of CD271. It has recently been shown that the BRAF pathway leads to an overexpression of the NADPH oxidase Nox4, which produces reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we examined in vitro how Nox-derived ROS in BRAF-mutated melanoma cells regulates their drug sensitivity and metastatic potential. We demonstrated that DPI, a Nox inhibitor, reduced the resistance of a melanoma cell line (SK-MEL-28) and a primary culture derived from a BRAFV600E-mutated biopsy to vemurafenib. DPI treatment affected the expression of CD271 and the ERK and Akt signaling pathways, leading to a drop in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which undoubtedly promotes an invasive phenotype in melanoma. More importantly, the scratch test demonstrated the efficacy of the Nox inhibitor (DPI) in blocking migration, supporting its use to counteract drug resistance and thus cell invasion and metastasis in BRAF-mutated melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Beretti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Martina Gatti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Zavatti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Sara Bassoli
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pellacani
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Dermatology Clinic, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Tullia Maraldi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
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2
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Assanga SBI, Luján LML, McCarty MF, Di Nicolantonio JJ. Nutraceutical and Dietary Resources for Breast Cancer Prevention – Highlighting Strategies for Suppressing Breast Aromatase Expression. PHARMANUTRITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2022.100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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3
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Alyounes W, Barguil S, Soukkarieh C. p-Toluenediamine hair dyes induce cellular proliferation and genotoxicity. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2022.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Sulforaphane Impact on Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Bladder Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115938. [PMID: 34073079 PMCID: PMC8197880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) is a natural glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables that acts as a chemopreventive agent, but its mechanism of action is not clear. Due to antioxidative mechanisms being thought central in preventing cancer progression, SFN could play a role in oxidative processes. Since redox imbalance with increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in the initiation and progression of bladder cancer, this mechanism might be involved when chemoresistance occurs. This review summarizes current understanding regarding the influence of SFN on ROS and ROS-related pathways and appraises a possible role of SFN in bladder cancer treatment.
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Wu F, Yang S, Dai X, Gu L, Xu F, Fang X, Yu S, Ding CF. Discrimination of Aminobiphenyl Isomers in the Gas Phase and Investigation of Their Complex Conformations. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:716-724. [PMID: 33527834 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of positional isomers is of great significance because their different chemical properties but similar structures make separation difficult. In this work, a simple method for simultaneously discriminating three positional isomers of 2-aminobiphenyl (2-ABP), 3-ABP, and 4-ABP was studied by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and quantum mechanical calculations at the molecular level. In the experiments, three ABP isomers were mixed with α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins (CD), and the IMS results show that the three ABP isomers were clearly recognized by the formed complex of [α-CD + ABP + H]+ via measuring their IMS, in which the different ion mobilities of 1.515, 1.544, 1.585 V·s·com-2 with the collision cross sections (CCS) of 307.3, 312.5, 320.8 Å2 were obtained for [α-CD + 2-ABP + H]+, [α-CD + 3-ABP + H]+, and [α-CD + 4-ABP + H]+, respectively. Collision induced dissociation analysis of the three [α-CD + ABP + H]+ isomer complexes were further studied, indicating that the same fragmentation process required different collisional energies, and the greater the CCS for the [α-CD + ABP + H]+ with looser structure and the smaller energy required. Besides, the favorable conformation and the CCS value of the different [CD + ABP + H]+ isomer complexes were measured via quantum mechanical calculations to detail their intermolecular interactions. It revealed that the intermolecular binding between 2-ABP and α-CD is different from that of 3- and 4-ABP, resulting in different molecular conformations and CCS, and the interaction modes of ABP with β-CD are similar to that with γ-CD, which are very consistent with the experimental observations. Finally, relative quantification of the method was performed, and satisfactory linearity with correlation coefficients (R2) greater than 0.99 was obtained. This method for isomer discrimination and conformation analysis possesses the advantages of simplicity, sensitivity, cost-effectiveness, and as such it may be widely applied in chemistry and pharmaceutical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shutong Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liancheng Gu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fuxing Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shaoning Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chuan-Fan Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
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6
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Yukimatsu N, Gi M, Okuno T, Fujioka M, Suzuki S, Kakehashi A, Yanagiba Y, Suda M, Koda S, Nakatani T, Wanibuchi H. Promotion effects of acetoaceto-o-toluidide on N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced bladder carcinogenesis in rats. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3617-3631. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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7
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Cardoso APF, Al-Eryani L, States JC. Arsenic-Induced Carcinogenesis: The Impact of miRNA Dysregulation. Toxicol Sci 2019; 165:284-290. [PMID: 29846715 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a toxic metalloid widely present in the earth's crust, and is a proven human carcinogen. Chronic arsenic exposure mainly through drinking water causes skin, lung, and urinary bladder cancers, and is associated with liver, prostate, and kidney cancers, cardiovascular and neurological disorders, and diabetes. Several modes of action have been suggested in arsenic carcinogenesis. However, the molecular etiology of arsenic-induced cancer remains unclear. Recent evidence clearly indicates that gene expression modifications induced by arsenic may involve epigenetic alterations, including miRNA dysregulation. Many miRNAs have been implicated in different human cancers as a consequence of losses and or gains of miRNA function that contribute to cancer development. Progress in identifying miRNA dysregulation induced by arsenic has been made using different approaches and models. The present review discusses the recent data regarding dysregulated expression of miRNA in arsenic-induced malignant transformation in vitro, gaps in current understanding and deficiencies in current models for arsenic-induced carcinogenesis, and future directions of research that would improve our knowledge regarding the mechanisms involved in arsenic-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Ferragut Cardoso
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Laila Al-Eryani
- DNA Repair Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4262
| | - J Christopher States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
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8
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Singh P, Kumar R, Singh AK, Yadav P, Khanna RS, Vinayak M, Tewari AK. Synthesis and crystal structure of quinolinium salt: Assignment on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory activity and DNA cleavage activity. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.02.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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9
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Saghiri MA, Orangi J, Asatourian A, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N. Functional role of inorganic trace elements in angiogenesis part III: (Ti, Li, Ce, As, Hg, Va, Nb and Pb). Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 98:290-301. [PMID: 26638864 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many essential elements exist in nature with significant influence on human health. Angiogenesis is vital in developmental, repair, and regenerative processes, and its aberrant regulation contributes to pathogenesis of many diseases including cancer. Thus, it is of great importance to explore the role of these elements in such a vital process. This is third in a series of reviews that serve as an overview of the role of inorganic elements in regulation of angiogenesis and vascular function. Here we will review the roles of titanium, lithium, cerium, arsenic, mercury, vanadium, niobium, and lead in these processes. The roles of other inorganic elements in angiogenesis were discussed in part I (N, Fe, Se, P, Au, and Ca) and part II (Cr, Si, Zn, Cu, and S) of these series. The methods of exposure, structure, mechanisms, and potential activities of these elements are briefly discussed. An electronic search was performed on the role of these elements in angiogenesis from January 2005 to April 2014. These elements can promote and/or inhibit angiogenesis through different mechanisms. The anti-angiogenic effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles comes from the inhibition of angiogenic processes, and not from its toxicity. Lithium affects vasculogenesis but not angiogenesis. Nanoceria treatment inhibited tumor growth by inhibiting angiogenesis. Vanadium treatment inhibited cell proliferation and induced cytotoxic effects through interactions with DNA. The negative impact of mercury on endothelial cell migration and tube formation activities was dose and time dependent. Lead induced IL-8 production, which is known to promote tumor angiogenesis. Thus, understanding the impact of these elements on angiogenesis will help in development of new modalities to modulate angiogenesis under various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Saghiri
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Angiogenesis and Regenerative Group, Dr. H. Afsar Lajevardi Research Cluster, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Jafar Orangi
- Angiogenesis and Regenerative Group, Dr. H. Afsar Lajevardi Research Cluster, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Armen Asatourian
- Angiogenesis and Regenerative Group, Dr. H. Afsar Lajevardi Research Cluster, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Christine M Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Mangum LC, Borazjani A, Stokes JV, Matthews AT, Lee JH, Chambers JE, Ross MK. Organochlorine insecticides induce NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species in human monocytic cells via phospholipase A2/arachidonic acid. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:570-84. [PMID: 25633958 DOI: 10.1021/tx500323h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulative organohalogen chemicals, such as organochlorine (OC) insecticides, have been increasingly associated with disease etiology; however, the mechanistic link between chemical exposure and diseases, such as atherosclerosis, cancer, and diabetes, is complex and poorly defined. Systemic oxidative stress stemming from OC exposure might play a vital role in the development of these pathologies. Monocytes are important surveillance cells of the innate immune system that respond to extracellular signals possessing danger-associated molecular patterns by synthesizing oxyradicals, such as superoxide, for the purpose of combating infectious pathogens. We hypothesized that OC chemicals can be toxic to monocytes because of an inappropriate elevation in superoxide-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) capable of causing cellular oxidative damage. Reactive oxyradicals are generated in monocytes in large part by NADPH oxidase (Nox). The present study was conducted to examine the ability of two chlorinated cyclodiene compounds, trans-nonachlor and dieldrin, as well as p,p'-DDE, a chlorinated alicyclic metabolite of DDT, to stimulate Nox activity in a human monocytic cell line and to elucidate the mechanisms for this activation. Human THP-1 monocytes treated with either trans-nonachlor or dieldrin (0.1-10 μM in the culture medium) exhibited elevated levels of intracellular ROS, as evidenced by complementary methods, including flow cytometry analysis using the probe DCFH-DA and hydroethidine-based fluorometric and UPLC-MS assays. In addition, the induced reactive oxygen flux caused by trans-nonachlor was also observed in two other cell lines, murine J774 macrophages and human HL-60 cells. The central role of Nox in OC-mediated oxidative stress was demonstrated by the attenuated superoxide production in OC-exposed monocytes treated with the Nox inhibitors diphenyleneiodonium and VAS-2870. Moreover, monocytes challenged with OCs exhibited increased phospho-p47(phox) levels and enhanced p47(phox) membrane localization compared to that in vehicle-treated cells. p47(phox) is a cytosolic regulatory subunit of Nox, and its phosphorylation and translocation to the NOX2 catalytic subunit in membranes is a requisite step for Nox assembly and activation. Dieldrin and trans-nonachlor treatments of monocytes also resulted in marked increases in arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosanoid production, which could be abrogated by the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor arachidonoyltrifluoromethyl ketone (ATK) but not by calcium-independent PLA2 inhibitor bromoenol lactone. This suggested that cytosolic PLA2 plays a crucial role in the induction of Nox activity by increasing the intracellular pool of AA that activates protein kinase C, which phosphorylates p47(phox). In addition, ATK also blocked OC-induced p47(phox) serine phosphorylation and attenuated ROS levels, which further supports the notion that the AA pool liberated by cytosolic PLA2 is responsible for Nox activation. Together, the results suggest that trans-nonachlor and dieldrin are capable of increasing intracellular superoxide levels via a Nox-dependent mechanism that relies on elevated intracellular AA levels. These findings are significant because chronic activation of monocytes by environmental toxicants might contribute to pathogenic oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee C Mangum
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Abdolsamad Borazjani
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - John V Stokes
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Anberitha T Matthews
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Jung Hwa Lee
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Janice E Chambers
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Matthew K Ross
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
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11
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Chen LC, Chueh TC, Tuan YF, Chen CC, Chien CC, Lee HY, Chen SC. Activation of MAPK pathways and downstream transcription factors in 2-aminobiphenyl-induced apoptosis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:205-211. [PMID: 23836369 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
2-Aminobiphenyls (2-ABP) induces oxidative DNA damage and leads to apoptosis. The precise signaling pathways of inducing apoptosis in vitro are still unknown. This study provides insight into the relationship between 2-ABP-induced apoptosis and the activation of MAPK and downstream transcription factors using pharmacological inhibitors of ERK, p38, and JNK pathways. Results showed that 2-ABP induced the activation of ERK and JNK but not p38. The ERK/JNK pathways downstream transcription factors, c-Jun and ATF-2, were also activated by 2-ABP. The inhibitory effects of ERK inhibitor, U0126, on 2-ABP-induced caspase-3 activity were not detected. However, JNK inhibitor, SP600125, significantly attenuated the caspase-3 activity induced by 2-ABP. The expression of the transcription factors c-Jun and ATF-2 were decreased in 2-ABP treated cells in the presence of ERK/JNK inhibitors, suggesting that the expression of ERK/JNK pathways leads to the downstream activation of c-Jun and ATF-2. N-acetylcysteine, an ROS scavenger, inhibited 2-ABP-induced activation of ERK and JNK, the cell death and caspase-3 activity, which suggested that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in apoptosis through activation of caspase-3 in a ROS/JNK-dependent signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Chin Chen
- Department of Nutrition, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, 84001, Taiwan
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Tsai MH, Lin ZC, Liang CJ, Yen FL, Chiang YC, Lee CW. Eupafolin inhibits PGE2 production and COX2 expression in LPS-stimulated human dermal fibroblasts by blocking JNK/AP-1 and Nox2/p47(phox) pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:240-51. [PMID: 24967690 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Eupafolin, a major active component found in the methanol extracts of Phyla nodiflora, has been used to treat inflammation of skin. We examined its effects on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in LPS-treated human dermal fibroblasts. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly increased prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) production associated with increased COX-2 expression in Hs68 cells. This effect was blocked by eupafolin, TLR-4 antibody, antioxidants (APO and NAC), as well as inhibitors, including U0126 (ERK1/2), SB202190 (p38), SP600125 (JNK1/2), and Tanshinone IIA (AP-1). In gene regulation level, qPCR and promoter assays revealed that COX-2 expression was attenuated by eupafolin. In addition, eupafolin also ameliorated LPS-induced p47 phox activation and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and NADPH oxidase (Nox) activity. Moreover, pretreatment with eupafolin and APO led to reduced LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38. Further, eupafolin attenuated LPS-induced increase in AP-1 transcription factor binding activity as well as the increase in the phosphorylation of c-Jun and c-Fos. In vivo studies have shown that in dermal fibroblasts of LPS treated mice, eupafolin exerted anti-inflammation effects by decreasing COX-2 protein levels. Our results reveal a novel mechanism for anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of eupafolin that involved inhibition of LPS-induced ROS generation, suppression of MAPK phosphorylation, diminished DNA binding activity of AP-1 and attenuated COX-2 expression leading to reduced production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Our results demonstrate that eupafolin may be used to treat inflammatory responses associated with dermatologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Horng Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Chan Lin
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Jung Liang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Lin Yen
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lienhai Rd., Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chiang
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Wen Lee
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi, Taiwan; Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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13
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Chen LC, Wu JC, Tuan YF, Tseng YK, Hseu YC, Chen SC. Molecular mechanisms of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine-mediated toxicity in HepG2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2014; 55:407-420. [PMID: 24604609 DOI: 10.1002/em.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (DCB) (CAS 91-94-1), a synthetic, chlorinated, primary aromatic amine, is typically used as an intermediate in the manufacturing of pigments for printing inks, textiles, paints, and plastics. In this study, we found that DCB could significantly inhibit the cell viability of HepG2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Flow cytometry revealed that DCB induced G2/M-phase arrest and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. DCB treatment dramatically induced the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm ) and enhanced the enzymatic activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3 whilst hardly affecting caspase-8 activity. Furthermore, Western blotting indicated that DCB-induced apoptosis was accompanied by the down-regulation of Bcl-2/Bax ratio. These results suggested that DCB led to cytotoxicity involving activation of mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis through Bax/Bcl-2 pathways in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, HepG2 cells treated with DCB showed significant DNA damage as supported by the concentration-dependent increase in olive tail moments as determined by the comet assay and by concentration- and time-dependent increase in histone H2AX phosphorylation (γ-H2AX). Two-dimensional-difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), combined with mass spectrometry (MS), was used to unveil the differences in protein expression between cells exposed to 25 µM or 100 µM of DCB for 24 hr and the control cells. Twenty-seven differentially expressed proteins involved in DNA repair, unfolded protein response, metabolism, cell signaling, and apoptosis were identified. Among these, 14-3-3 theta, CGI-46, and heat-shock 70 protein 4 were confirmed using Western blot assay. Taken together, these data suggest that DCB is capable of inducing DNA damage and some cellular stress responses in HepG2 cells, thus eventually leading to cell death by apoptosis.
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MESH Headings
- 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine/adverse effects
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinogens/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Caspase 8/metabolism
- Caspase 9/metabolism
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Chin Chen
- Department of Nutrition, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
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14
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Gundert-Remy U, Bernauer U, Blömeke B, Döring B, Fabian E, Goebel C, Hessel S, Jäckh C, Lampen A, Oesch F, Petzinger E, Völkel W, Roos PH. Extrahepatic metabolism at the body's internal–external interfaces. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:291-324. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.900565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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He J, Wang M, Jiang Y, Chen Q, Xu S, Xu Q, Jiang BH, Liu LZ. Chronic arsenic exposure and angiogenesis in human bronchial epithelial cells via the ROS/miR-199a-5p/HIF-1α/COX-2 pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:255-61. [PMID: 24413338 PMCID: PMC3948041 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental and occupational exposure to arsenic is a major public health concern. Although it has been identified as a human carcinogen, the molecular mechanism underlying the arsenic-induced carcinogenesis is not well understood. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the role and mechanisms of miRNAs in arsenic-induced tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth. METHODS We utilized an in vitro model in which human lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells were transformed through long-term exposure to arsenic. A human xenograft tumor model was established to assess tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo. Tube formation assay and chorioallantoic membranes assay were used to assess tumor angiogenesis. RESULTS We found that miR-199a-5p expression levels were more than 100-fold lower in arsenic-transformed cells than parental cells. Re-expression of miR-199a-5p impaired arsenic-induced angiogenesis and tumor growth through its direct targets HIF-1α and COX-2. We further showed that arsenic induced COX-2 expression through HIF-1 regulation at the transcriptional level. In addition, we demonstrated that reactive oxygen species are an upstream event of miR-199a-5p/ HIF-1α/COX-2 pathway in arsenic-induced carcinogenesis. CONCLUSION The findings establish critical roles of miR-199a-5p and its downstream targets HIF-1/COX-2 in arsenic-induced tumor growth and angiogenesis. CITATION He J, Wang M, Jiang Y, Chen Q, Xu S, Xu Q, Jiang BH, Liu LZ. 2014. Chronic arsenic exposure and angiogenesis in human bronchial epithelial cells via the ROS/miR-199a-5p/HIF-1α/COX-2 Pathway. Environ Health Perspect 122:255-261; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307545.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Gai L, Cai N, Wang L, Xu X, Kong X. Ursolic acid induces apoptosis via Akt/NF-κB signaling suppression in T24 human bladder cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1673-7. [PMID: 23483134 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Akt/NF-κB pathway is involved in numerous anti‑apoptotic and drug resistance events which occur in various types of bladder cancer. The present study investigated the role of ursolic acid in the regulation of anti-apoptotic Akt and NF-κBp65 signaling. T24 human bladder cancer cells were treated with ursolic acid at final concentrations of 12.5, 25 or 50 µmol/l for 48 h. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blotting were performed to detect mRNA and protein expression, respectively. The results showed that anti-apoptotic phospho-Akt1 (pAkt1), phospho-IκBα (pIκBα), NF-κBp65 and Bcl-2 were inhibited and pro-apoptotic caspase-3 was upregulated in a dose‑dependent manner. A 50 µmol/l dose of ursonic acid decreased the mRNA expression levels of anti-apoptotic NF-κBp65 and Bcl-2 0.17 (8.9/52.6)-fold and 0.22 (9.5/42.3)‑fold, respectively. The pro-apoptotic caspase-3 mRNA expression levels were upregulated 4.78 (38.7/8.1)-fold. The anti-apoptotic pAkt1, pIκBα, NF-κBp65 and Bcl-2 protein levels were downregulated to 5.1 (blot grayscales vs. control at 32.3), 3.2 (vs. 24.2), 8.5 (vs. 45.1) and 9.2 (vs. 40.3). The protein levels of pro-apoptotic caspase-3 were upregulated to 20.7 (vs. 4.7). The proliferative activity of T24 cells treated with 12.5, 25.0 and 50.0 µmol/l ursolic acid was significantly reduced compared with that of control cells (83.8, 56.2 and 31.5 vs. 97.6%, respectively, P<0.05 for each). In conclusion, ursolic acid is important in inducing apoptosis via the suppression of Akt/NF-κB signaling in T24 human bladder cancer cells and this occurs in a dose-dependent manner. Ursolic acid may therefore serve as a naturally occurring candidate drug for the prevention and treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Gai
- Department of Urologic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 13003, PR China.
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Lee YS, Lee SJ, Seo KW, Bae JU, Park SY, Kim CD. Homocysteine induces COX-2 expression in macrophages through ROS generated by NMDA receptor-calcium signaling pathways. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:422-31. [PMID: 23485152 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.784965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) at elevated levels is a putative risk factor for many cardiovascular disorders including atherosclerosis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Hcy on the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in murine macrophages and the mechanisms involved. Hcy increased the expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein in dose- and time-dependent manners, but did not affect COX-1 expression. Hcy-induced COX-2 expression was attenuated not only by the calcium chelators, EGTA and BAPTA-AM, but also by an antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine. Calcium chelators also attenuated Hcy-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in macrophages, indicating that Hcy-induced COX-2 expression might be mediated through ROS generated by calcium-dependent signaling pathways. In another series of experiments, Hcy increased the intracellular concentration of calcium in a dose-dependent manner, which was attenuated by MK-801, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor inhibitor, but not by bicuculline, a gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor inhibitor. Molecular inhibition of NMDA receptor using small interfering RNA also attenuated Hcy-induced increases in intracellular calcium. Furthermore, both ROS production and Hcy-induced COX-2 expression were also inhibited by MK-801 as well as by molecular inhibition of NMDA receptor. Taken together, these findings suggest that Hcy enhances COX-2 expression in murine macrophages by ROS generated via NMDA receptor-mediated calcium signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Korea
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